Assimilation of gaseous ammonia and the transport of its products in barley and spinach leaves

The interactions between the assimilation and transport of nitrogenand carbon were investigated in barley and spinach leaves. Bothplants were fumigated with NH₃ (1 mg m^–3 and the contentof amino acids, sucrose and carbon intermediates of amino acidmetabolism were analysed in the leaves, apoplast and phloemsap. The following changes took place in the C- and N-metabolismof barley leaves during 5 h of fumigation with NH₃ (a) The contentsof amino acids, especially glutamine, largely increased andthe contents of sucrose, 2-oxoglutarate, phosphoenolpyruvate,and glycerate-3-phosphate declined. (b) A decrease in the phophoenolpyruvatecontent was accompanied by an increased activity of phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxylase. (c) The altered cytosolic concentrations of aminoacids and sucrose during NH₃ fumigation correlated with similarchanges in the apoplast and phloem sap. The altered percentageof each amino acid relative to the total amino acid concentrationin the cytosol, caused by NH₃ fumigation, is reflected in theapoplast and the phloem sap. The results indicate that the concentrations of amino acids in the cytosol determine their concentrationsin the phloem. Key words: Amino acids, ammonia fumigation, barley leaves, C: N partitioning, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, phloem sap, spinach leaves     

Light Intensity Affects the Coloration and Structure of Chimeric Leaves of <i>Ananas comosus</i> var<i>. bracteatus</i>

Ananas comosus var. bracteatus is an important ornamental plant because of its green/white chimeric leaves. The accumulation of anthocyanin makes the leaf turn to red especially in the marginal part. However, the red fades away in summer and winter. Light intensity is one of the most important factors affecting leaf color along the seasons. In order to understand the effects of light intensity on the growth and coloration of the chimeric leaves, Ananas comosus var. bracteatus was grown under full sunlight, 50% shade and 75% shade for 75 days to evaluate the concentration of pigments, the color parameters (values L*, a*, b*) and the morpho-anatomical variations of chimeric leaves. The results showed that a high irradiance was beneficial to keep the chimeric leaves red. However, prolonged exposure to high irradiance caused a damage, some of the leaves wrinkled and even burned. Shading instead decreased the concentration of anthocyanin and increased the concentration of chlorophyll, especially in the white marginal part of the leaves. Numerous chloroplasts were observed in the mesophyll cells of the white marginal part of the chimeric leaves under shading for 75 days. The increase in chlorophyll concentration resulted in a better growth of plants. In order to balance the growth and coloration of the leaves, approximately 50% shade is suggested to be the optimum light irradiance condition for Ananas comosus var. bracteatus in summer.     

Comparison of the contents of sucrose and amino acids in the leaves, phloem sap and taproots of high and low sugar-producing hybrids of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

The contents of sucrose and amino acids in the leaves, phloemsap and taproots have been analysed in three experimental hybridsof sugar beet and compared with earlier analysed leaf and phloemsap contents in spinach and barley. The three hybrids accumulatedsucrose and amino acids to various extents in the mature rootsas well as in the young taproots (9–12 weeks). The differencesin the sucrose-to-amino acid ratios in the taproots were reflectedin the corresponding ratios in the phloem sap. The leaf contentsof sucrose and amino acids in the three hybrids were found tobe very similar to each other and also to those in spinach andbarley. In contrast, the phloem concentration of sucrose (1.3M) was much higher, and that of amino acids much lower thanin spinach and barley. In the taproots, the overall concentrationof sucrose was about half that in the phloem sap. From thesefindings it is con cluded that the decisive factor in the highsucrose accumulation in sugar beet roots is the very efficientprocess of phloem loading in the leaves. The patterns of theamino acids in the phloem sap and in the taproots resembledthose in the leaves, indicating that there is no special transportform for a-amino nitrogen from the leaves to the roots, butall amino acids which are present in the cytosol are translocated. Key words: Amino acids, Beta vulgaris L., phloem sap, sucrose, tap roots, transport     

Xylem Sap from Actinidia chinensis: seasonal Changes in Composition

Seasonal variation was followed in the content of total a-aminoacids, arginine, calcium, total carbohydrate, ß-galactosidaseactivity, magnesium, nitrate, phosphatase activity, phosphateand sulphate in vacuum-extracted xylem sap from Actinidia chinensisvar. hispida, the Chinese gooseberry or kiwifruit. There wasa marked increase in the concentration of most sap componentsjust prior to leaf emergence followed by a rapid decrease afterthe leaves had expanded. Experiments with excised extensionshoots showed that much of this spring-time increase in concentrationsof sap components was due to mobilization of nutrients withinthe shoot itself. Sap from the trunk and the older brancheschanged less in composition than did sap from the younger partsof the plant. The amplitude and direction of trends in concentrationof sap from the different parts of the plant varied with nutrientand with time. Analysis of vacuum-extracted xylem sap collectedduring periods of rapid transpiration from early summer onwardsgives a reliable indication of the composition of the transpirationstream. Actinidia chinensis, Chinese gooseberry, kiwifruit, storage reserves, xylem sap, amino acids, arginine, calcium, carbohydrate, ßgalactosidase, magnesium, nitrate, phosphatase, phosphate, potassium, sulphate     

Xylem Transfer of Organic Solutes inSantalum albumL. (Indian Sandalwood) in Association with Legume and Non-legume Hosts

Indian sandalwood (Santalum album), a commercially importantroot hemi-parasitic angiosperm, was partnered singly in potculture with one of three nitrogen-fixing legumes or a eucalypthost. Xylem (tracheal) sap of stems of host and parasite andethanolic extracts of endophytic tissue of haustoria of theparasite were analysed for amino acids, organic acids and sugarsto determine which sets of solutes were available to and obtainedby the parasite from different hosts. There were high concentrationsof asparagine, followed by glutamate, aspartate and     

A critical re-examination of pressure-volume analysis of conifer shoots: comparison of three procedures for generating PV curves on shoots of Pinus resinosa Ait. seedlings

Prediction of water relations attributes for red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) derived from pressure-volume (PV) curves varieddepending on which of three methods was used. The sap expressionmethod entailed the enclosure of a shoot in a pressure chamberand expression of xylem sap by applying a constant selectedpressure until sap flow ceased, at which point xylem water potentialand shoot weight were measured. A sap expression PV curve wasformed by aggregating pairs of water potential-weight measurements,each pair supplied by one of 25 shoots. The repeat pressurizationmethod involved repeatedly measuring xylem water potential andshoot weight on a single shoot drying on a laboratory bench.Repeat pressurization PV curves were constructed from data providedby a single shoot. The composite method utilized single measurementsof xylem water potential and shoot weight on 25-30 differentshoots ranging in relative water content from about 1.0 to 0.5achieved by bench drying. Composite PV curves were constructedfrom aggregate data supplied by a population of shoots. Therewas close agreement in all PV attributes generated using repeatpressurization and sap expression methods. In contrast, withthe composite PV method, there was a fundamental differencein the slope of the linear region of the PV curves, causingosmotic potentials at full turgor and turgor loss to be morenegative, and relative water content at turgor loss to be lowerand symplast fraction to be higher. Comparison of compositeand repeat pressurization PV curves over the same ranges inwater content did not eliminate differences in derived waterrelations attributes. Differences in water potential isothermsrelated to the PV procedures used suggest that prolongedor repeatedexposure to gas at high pressure may introduce errors in theestimation of water relations attributes. Key words: Pinus resinosa, pressure chamber, pressure volume, tissue water relations     

Metabolism of Inorganic Carbon Taken Up by Roots in Salix Plants

The metabolic products of inorganic carbon taken up throughthe roots from nutrient solution were studied in willow plants.Willow cuttings (Salix cv. Aquatica gigantea) were suppliedwith unlabelled or ¹⁴C-labelled NaHC0₃ for 1, 5, 10, and 24h in light or in darkness. After feeding, the plants were dividedinto six samples (upper and lower leaves and corresponding stems,cuttings and roots), which were frozen in liquid N₂. Freeze-driedground samples were extracted into water-soluble, chloroform-solubleand insoluble fractions. The water-soluble fraction was furtherseparated into basic, acidic, and neutral fractions by ion-exchangechromatography. In the light experiment pronase treatment wasused to separate the insoluble fraction into proteins and insolublecarbohydrates. After I h feeding time, most of the ¹⁴C was fixed into organicacids and amino acids both in light and in darkness in all partsof the plants. In the roots a large part of the ^l4C-carbon wasincorporated into the protein and insoluble fractions alreadyduring short feeding times, and the amounts incorporated increasedwith time. In the leaves, after 1 and 5 h the main labelledcompounds were the organic acids and amino acids, but after10 h about half of the total ¹⁴C was in protein and in the insolublefraction. A further analysis of amino acids and organic acidswith HPLC showed that C-4 acids were labelled initially andthat over time the proportion of different acids changed. These results indicate that the metabolism of carbon in rootsmight take place via ß-carboxylation of PEP. Partof the fixed ¹⁴C is transported from the roots, probably asamino acids and organic acids, to the shoot. In roots the C-4acids are metabolized further into structural compounds (proteinsand insoluble carbohydrates). Key words: DIC, Salix, roots, metabolism, HPLC     

Maintenance carbon cycle in crassulacean Acid metabolism plant leaves : source and compartmentation of carbon for nocturnal malate synthesis

The reciprocal relationship between diurnal changes in organic acid and storage carbohydrate was examined in the leaves of three Crassulacean acid metabolism plants. It was found that depletion of leaf hexoses at night was sufficient to account quantitatively for increase in malate in Ananas comosus but not in Sedum telephium or Kalanchoë daigremontiana. Fructose and to a lesser extent glucose underwent the largest changes. Glucose levels in S. telephium leaves oscillated diurnally but were not reciprocally related to malate fluctuations.

Analysis of isolated protoplasts and vacuoles from leaves of A. comosus and S. telephium revealed that vacuoles contain a large percentage (>50%) of the protoplast glucose, fructose and malate, citrate, isocitrate, ascorbate and succinate. Sucrose, a major constituent of intact leaves, was not detectable or was at extremely low levels in protoplasts and vacuoles from both plants.

In isolated vacuoles from both A. comosus and S. telephium, hexose levels decreased at night at the same time malate increased. Only in A. comosus, however, could hexose metabolism account for a significant amount of the nocturnal increase in malate. We conclude that, in A. comosus, soluble sugars are part of the daily maintenance carbon cycle and that the vacuole plays a dynamic role in the diurnal carbon assimilation cycle of this Crassulacean acid metabolism plant.

     

The Role of Nitrate in the Osmoregulation of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Grown at Different Light Intensities

Blom-Zandstra, M. and Lampe, J. E. M., 1985. The role of nitratein the osmoregulation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown atdifferent light intensities.—J. exp. Bot. 36: 1043–1052. The effect of different light intensities on the nitrate accumulationvis-à-vis the concentration of other solutes in plantsap expressed from lettuce leaves was studied. After growinglettuce plants under constant environmental conditions for 52d, they were transferred to different light intensities andharvested periodically. A quantitative analysis of componentsin solution in the expressed plant sap showed a decrease innitrate concentration and an increase in the organic acids (mainlymalate) and sugars (mainly glucose) with increasing light intensity.The light intensity only slightly increased the osmolarity ofthe expressed plant sap. The measured osmolarity correspondedvery well with the value estimated from the quantitative analysesimplying that all osmotically active compounds had been accountedfor. The decrease in nitrate concentration in the expressedplant sap was fully compensated for by an increase in the dissociatedorganic acids that partly dissociate twofold to sustain electroneutralityand by an increase in both organic acids and sugars to maintainthe osmolarity. The suggestion is supported that nitrate mayserve as osmoticum at low light conditions to compensate forthe shortage of carbohydrates resulting from suboptimal photosynthesis. Key words: Nitrate accumulation, osmoregulation, Lactuca saliva L.     

Antitranspirant Activity in Xylem Sap of Maize Plants

Xylem sap from unwatered maize plants was collected and testedfor antitranspirant activity. Two assays were used. These werea transpiration assay with detached wheat leaves and a stomatalbio-assay involving the direct microscopic observation of epidermisof Commelina communis. The reduction in transpiration of detached wheat leaves promotedby xylem sap could be duplicated almost exactly by the applicationof solutions of ABA of equivalent concentration to that foundin the xylem sap. Removal of virtually all the ABA from thexylem sap, using an immunoaffinity column, removed virtuallyall the antitranspirant activity in both assays. These results are discussed in the context of other resultswhich suggest the presence of as-yet unidentified inhibitorsin the xylem sap of unwatered plants. We suggest that with maize plants at least, stomatal responsesto soil drying can be entirely explained by enhanced concentrationof ABA in the xylem stream. Key words: Antitranspirant activity, ABA, ABA bio-assay, xylem sap     

Postillumination burst of carbon dioxide in crassalacean Acid metabolism plants

Immediately following exposure to light, a postillumination burst of CO₂ has been detected in Crassulacean acid metabolism plants. A detailed study with pineapple (Ananas comosus) leaves indicates that the postillumination burst changes its amplitude and kinetics during the course of a day. In air, the postillumination burst in pineapple leaves generally is exhibited as two peaks. The postillumination burst is sensitive to atmospheric CO₂ and O₂ concentrations as well as to the light intensity under which plants are grown. We propose that the CO₂ released in the first postillumination burst peak is indicative of photorespiration since it is sensitive to either O₂ or CO₂ concentration while the second CO₂ evolution peak is likely due to decarboxylation of organic acids involved in Crassulacean acid metabolism.     

Molecular diversity in pineapple assessed by RFLP markers

Pineapple, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr, is the third most important tropical fruit cultivated in all tropical and subtropical countries. Pineapple germplasm includes all seven species of the genus Ananas and the unique species of the related genus Pseudananas. A knowledge of its diversity structure is needed to develop new breeding programs. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to study molecular diversity in a set of 301 accessions, most of which were recently collected. This sample was analysed using 18 homologous genomic probes. Dissimilarities were calculated by a Dice index and submitted to Factorial Analysis. The same data were represented as a diversity tree constructed with the score method. Pseudananas sagenarius displayed a high polymorphism and shares 58.7% of its bands with Ananas. Within Ananas, variation appears continuous and was found mostly at the intraspecific level, particularly in the wild species Ananas ananassoides and Ananas parguazensis. As for the cultivated species, Ananas comosus appears relatively homogeneous despite its wide morphological variation and Ananas bracteatus, which is grown as a fence and for fruit, appears still much less variable. By contrast Ananas lucidus, cultivated by the Amerindians for fiber, displays a high polymorphism. This tree displayed a loose assemblage of numerous clusters separated by short distances. Most species were scattered in various clusters, a few of these being monospecific. Some accessions which had not been classified, as they shared morphological traits typical of different species, re-group with one or the other, and sometimes with both species in mixed clusters. No reproductive barrier exists in this germplasm and these data indicate the existence of gene flow, enhancing the role of effective sexual reproduction in a species with largely predominant vegetative mutiplication. Received: 8 March 2000 / Accepted: 14 April 2000     

Ammonium and urea as nitrogen sources for bromeliads

Epiphytic bromeliads have no contact with the pedosphere, so they need to draw their nutrients from the atmosphere as well as from the host tree and animal debris. Terrestrial bromeliads, like Ananas comosus, generally depend on the soil as their main nutrient source. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare some aspects of the nitrogen metabolism of two bromeliads with different growth habits: Ananas comosus, a terrestrial bromeliad, and Vriesea gigantea, an epiphytic tank bromeliad. Nitrogen-starved plants were grown in vitro for 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days, either with 5 mmol L⁻¹ ammonium [(NH₄)₂SO₄] or urea as the sole nitrogen source. When NH₄⁺ was supplied to the plants, it stimulated a faster increase of chlorophyll content in A. comosus than in V. gigantea. In the presence of urea, after 15 days of the plants in culture, there was a significant increase in tissue free-NH₄⁺ and total amino acids for V. gigantea only. V. gigantea presented a higher level of total free amino acids than A. comosus when nitrogen was supplied to the plants. Asparagine was the main amino acid accumulated in both bromeliads when plants were transferred to the medium with nitrogen. When the ratio of the main individual free amino acids between the bromeliads grown in NH₄⁺ and urea was compared, values such as 7.2 for asparagine, 5.3 for glutamate, and 1.8 for aspartate in A. comosus, and values such as 2.3 for asparagine, 1.1 for glutamate and 0.7 for aspartate in V. gigantea were observed, demonstrating that the last is more efficient in assimilating urea. The results prompted us to support the idea that V. gigantea, an epiphytic tank bromeliad, is better adapted to absorb and assimilate organic nitrogen, such as urea, while A. comosus, a terrestrial plant, is better adapted to inorganic nitrogen forms, such as ammonium. The natural exposure of tank bromeliads to urea is discussed in the paper.     

Cell wall alterations in the leaves of fusariosis-resistant and susceptible pineapple cultivars

Fusariosis, caused by the fungus Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. ananas (Syn. F. guttiforme), is one of the main phytosanitary threats to pineapple (Ananas comosus var. comosus). Identification of plant cell responses to pathogens is important in understanding the plant–pathogen relationship and establishing strategies to improve and select resistant cultivars. Studies of the structural properties and phenolic content of cell walls in resistant (Vitoria) and susceptible (Perola) pineapple cultivars, related to resistance to the fungus, were performed. The non-chlorophyll base of physiologically mature leaves was inoculated with a conidia suspension. Analyses were performed post-inoculation by light, atomic force, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and measurement of cell wall-bound phenolic compounds. Non-inoculated leaves were used as controls to define the constitutive tissue characteristics. Analyses indicated that morphological differences, such as cell wall thickness, cicatrization process and lignification, were related to resistance to the pathogen. Atomic force microscopy indicated a considerable difference in the mechanical properties of the resistant and susceptible cultivars, with more structural integrity, associated with higher levels of cell wall-bound phenolics, found in the resistant cultivar. p-Coumaric and ferulic acids were shown to be the major phenolics bound to the cell walls and were found in higher amounts in the resistant cultivar. Leaves of the resistant cultivar had reduced fungal penetration and a faster and more effective cicatrization response compared to the susceptible cultivar.     

Control of Seed Protein Accumulation in Field Bean (Vicia faba L.)

A study was made of the changes during development in the totalamino acid and 3, 4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) content ofbean pod phloem sap, employing EDTA to aid phloem exudation.Two field bean lines, Dacre B and D, selected for their lowand high seed protein content respectively, were compared. Throughoutdevelopment, the sap samples of Dacre D had a greater aminoacid concentration than those from Dacre B. The sap of DacreB contained a higher proportion of DOPA than that of Dacre D.These two lines of Dacre were also studied with respect to accumulationof protein and uncombined amino acid in cotyledons grown bothin vitro and in vivo. Dacre D accumulated more total proteinthan Dacre B but contained a similar amount of uncombined aminoacids when grown in vivo. However, the amount of total proteinaccumulated was similar when the cotyledons were grown in vitro.The data suggest that the supply of nutrients to the pod maybe the basis of the different protein concentrations in themature seed of these lines. Vicia faba L., field bean, phloem sap, cotyledon culture, amino acids, DOPA, protein     

Amino Acid Release from the Seed Coat of Developing Seeds of Vicia faba and Pisum sativum

After removal of the embryo from developing ovules of Viciafaba L. and Pisum sativum L., seed-coat exudates were collectedand the amino acid fraction of the exudate was analyzed. InV. faba, alanine was the most important compound of the aminoacid fraction. In P. sativum, alanine and glutamine were thetwo most important components, whereas only small amounts ofasparagine were present. Comparison with published data suggeststhat seed-coat exudates may differ from phloem sap in the relativeimportance of these amino acids. Pisum sativum, pea, Vicia faba, broad bean, amino acid transport, amino acid unloading, seed-coat exudate, seed development     

Nitrogen Assimilation in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Mazurka) in Response to Nitrate and Ammonium Nutrition

Barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Mazurka) were grown inaerated solution cultures with 2 mM or 8 mM inorganic nitrogensupplied as nitrate alone, ammonium alone or 1:1 nitrate+ammonium.Activities of the principal inorganic nitrogen assimilatoryenzymes and nitrogen transport were measured. Activities ofnitrate and nitrite reductases, glutamine synthetase and glutamatesynthase were greater in leaves than in roots but glutamatedehydrogenase was most active in roots. Only nitrate and nitritereductases changed notably (4–10 times) in response tothe different nitrogen treatments. Nitrate reductase appearedto be rate-limiting for nitrate assimilation to glutamate inroots and also in leaves, where its total in vitro activitywas closely related to nitrate flux in the xylem sap and wasslightly in excess of that needed to reduce the transportednitrate. Xylem nitrate concentration was 13 times greater thanthat in the nutrient solution. Ammonium nitrogen was assimilatedalmost completely in the roots and the small amount releasedinto the xylem sap was similar for the nitrate and the ammoniumtreatments. The presence of ammonium in the nutrient decreasedboth export of nitrate to the xylem and its accumulation inleaves and roots. Nitrate was stored in stem bases and was releasedto the xylem and thence to the leaves during nitrogen starvation.In these experiments, ammonium was assimilated principally inthe roots and nitrate in the leaves. Any advantage of this divisionof function may depend partly on total conversion of inorganicnitrogen to amino acids when nitrate and ammonium are givenin optimal concentrations. Hordeum vulgare L., barley, nitrate, ammonium, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, glutamate dehydrogenase, nitrogen transport     

Origin of Foliar Nitrogen and Changes in Free Amino-Acid Composition and Content of Leaves, Stubble, and Roots of Perennial Ryegrass During Re-growth after Defoliation

Nitrogen re-mobilization and changes in free amino acids werestudied as a function of time in leaves, stubble, and rootsduring ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) re-growth. Experiments with¹⁵N labelling clearly showed that during the first days nearlyall the nitrogen in new leaves came from organic nitrogen re-mobilizedfrom roots and stubble. On the days of defoliation, stubblehad the highest content of free amino acids with 23 mg per gdry weight against 15 mg and 14 mg in leaves and roots, respectively.The major amino acids in leaves were asparagine (23% of totalcontent in free amino acids), aminobutyrate, serine, glutamine,and glutamate (between 7% and 15%) whereas in roots and stubblethe contribution of amides was high, especially asparagine (about50%). Re-growth after cutting was associated with a rapid increaseof the free amino acid content in leaves, with a progressivedecrease in roots while stubble content remained virtually unchanged.In leaves, asparagine increased from the first day of re-growth,while the aspartate level remained unchanged and glutamine increasedstrongly on the first day but decreased steadily during thenext few days of re-growth. Asparagine in stubble and rootschanged in opposite directions: in stubble it tended to increasewhereas in roots it clearly decreased. In contrast, stubbleand roots showed a similar decrease in glutamine. In these twoplant parts, as in leaves, aspartate remained at a low level.Results concerning free amino acids are discussed with referenceto nitrogen re-mobilization from source organs (stubble androots) to the sink organ (regrowing leaves). Key words: Lolium perenne L, re-growth, nitrogen, free amino acids, glutamine, asparagine     

基于联合测序分析技术挖掘红苞凤梨lncRNA信息

为了揭示lncRNA在红苞凤梨嵌合叶片形成和生长发育过程中的调控作用机制,该文以金边红苞凤梨为材料,采用Hiseq2500测序和SMRT三代全长转录组测序联合测序分析技术,分析挖掘红苞凤梨lncRNA信息。结果表明:(1)鉴定得到6 018条lncRNA,包含3 298个基因间lncRNA,870个反义lncRNA,717个内含子lncRNA和1 109个正义lncRNA,数据量较二代测序有了极大的提高。(2)结构分析表明,红苞凤梨lncRNA的总体表达丰度低于mRNA;序列长度在400~1 200 nt区间比例高于mRNA,而在1 600 nt区间,lncRNA分布的比例显著小于mRNA; lncRNA中的外显子数量总体少于mRNA,开放阅读框长度总体上也短于mRNA。(3)差异表达分析表明,在全绿、全白叶片发育过程中鉴定到1 710个差异表达lncRNA。(4)靶基因预测结果表明,5 441个lncRNA通过cis作用方式预测到靶基因,1 544个lncRNA通过trans方式预测到靶基因。(5)靶基因的功能注释和富集分析显示,差异表达lncRNA的靶基因主要作为酶蛋白参与调节叶片代谢活动和信号转导等方面,与叶片的颜色形成、光合作用和生长发育密切相关。该文鉴定出的lncRNA信息以及对其结构和功能的分析,为红苞凤梨以及凤梨科其他植物的lncRNA表观遗传调控机理研究提供了数据基础,筛选出的差异表达lncRNA在金边红苞凤梨叶片嵌合性状的形成和生长发育中具有重要的调控作用。