温度对野蚕黑卵蜂卵巢发育和卵子发生的影响

分别在19、22、25、28和31℃条件下,观察不同温度对野蚕黑卵蜂Telenomus theophilae Wu et Chen(Hymenoptera:Scelionidae)雌蜂卵巢发育和卵子发生的影响.结果表明,在19～28℃之间,雌蜂卵巢生长,基端卵子生长和卵巢中卵子发生的速度随温度上升而逐步加快.在31℃下,羽化1d后雌蜂卵巢长宽显著短于25℃和28℃下同日龄的的雌蜂,卵巢中成熟卵也显著减少,但从羽化后第2d开始,各项指标均与25℃和28℃下的接近.这说明该蜂对温度的适应范围较广,在19～31℃之间,虽然野蚕黑卵蜂的卵巢发育速度不同,但所能达到的最大卵量没有明显差异,说明这5个温度对于该蜂的卵子形成均较为适宜.     

取食不同种类糖对中红侧沟茧蜂寿命和卵成熟的影响

为了阐明取食糖类食物与中红侧沟茧蜂寿命和卵成熟的关系,本研究比较了取食葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖和甘露糖对中红侧沟茧蜂寿命和卵成熟的影响。结果显示:与饲喂清水对照相比,取食蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、麦芽糖的寄生蜂寿命显著延长,雌蜂分别为17.6 d,15.6 d,14.4 d和10.3 d;雄蜂分别为7.6 d,11.0 d,11.3 d和6.6 d。取食5种糖雌蜂的寿命均显著高于雄蜂。解剖中红侧沟茧蜂的卵巢发现:初羽化的卵巢中成熟卵约占总卵量的13%,平均为7.13粒。取食不同糖类物质的雌蜂卵巢中成熟卵均呈现先显著上升后逐步下降的趋势,但取食不同糖的成熟卵形成的高峰期时间不同。研究结果为提高该蜂的繁殖潜能和繁殖效率提供依据。     

野蚕黑卵蜂雌性内生殖器官的结构及其发育

报道了野蚕黑卵蜂成虫雌性内生殖器官的结构及其发育的系统观察结果.雌性成虫内生殖器官包括一对卵巢、两条侧输卵管、中输卵管、受精囊和附腺.成虫期卵巢生长速度随日龄是先增大后减小,但卵子随日龄是增大后并不下降,而且卵子成熟量一直保持较高水平,显示该蜂具有较强的生殖力.成虫期内其它生殖器官一般随日龄的增长而增大,达到一定程度后基本保持稳定.     

取食不同糖分对卵育型寄生蜂潜蝇姬小蜂雌蜂寿命和卵子发生的影响

取食糖类物质有利于延长具寄主取食特性的卵育型寄生蜂的寿命。为了明确自然界常见糖分对卵育型寄生蜂的营养功能差异, 本研究比较了取食葡萄糖、 果糖、 蔗糖、 海藻糖和松三糖5种常见糖分对斑潜蝇类害虫的优势寄生蜂潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea雌蜂寿命和卵子发生的影响。结果显示: 取食5种糖均能显著延长雌蜂寿命（P<0.0001）; 取食果糖的雌蜂寿命显著长于取食葡萄糖、 蔗糖、 海藻糖和松三糖的雌蜂寿命（P<0.0001）, 取食葡萄糖、 蔗糖和海藻糖3个处理间差异不显著（P>0.4234）, 但均显著长于取食松三糖（P<0.0001）; 同时, 各个处理的雌蜂寿命与其个体大小均分别呈显著正相关关系。初羽化雌蜂卵巢中没有Ⅲ级卵子（即成熟卵子）; 清水处理的雌蜂, 24 h后卵巢中Ⅲ级卵子达到高峰, 48 h时则全部重吸收; 而取食5种糖的雌蜂, 卵巢中的Ⅲ级卵子和总卵子数量整体上均呈现先显著上升而后逐步下降的趋势, 取食不同糖分的雌蜂卵子形成高峰期的时间不同, 而且取食不同糖分的雌蜂间Ⅲ级卵子高峰日数量和总卵子高峰日数量均无显著差异（P>0.05）。该研究结果为潜蝇姬小蜂的大量室内饲养和田间释放提供了依据。     

美洲斑潜蝇成虫的卵巢结构观察及营养影响卵子发生的试验

卵育型(Synovigenic)植食性昆虫的雌成虫需要取食寄主植物组织或非寄主食物(如花蜜、花粉等)以延长寿命和促进产卵。为了明确寄主食物和非寄主食物对美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae卵子发生的功能差异,本实验在明确美洲斑潜蝇成虫卵巢发育动态和结构的基础上,比较了清水(饥饿,对照)、菜豆叶片、20%葡萄糖溶液、菜豆叶片+20%葡萄糖溶液四种处理下的雌成虫卵子发生动态。结果显示:美洲斑潜蝇为强卵育型昆虫,初羽化成虫体内无卵子;两侧卵巢管数之和为11-18根,大多数情况下,左右两侧卵巢管数目不等。成虫在饥饿条件下,几乎不能形成成熟卵子;继续取食寄主叶片、20%葡萄糖溶液和寄主叶片+20%葡萄糖溶液,均可显著促进卵子发生和卵成熟,但补充葡萄糖溶液起到极显著促进作用;成虫不具备卵子重吸收功能。本文重点从卵育型角度,对美洲斑潜蝇取食寄主食物和非寄主食物的营养功能进行了讨论。研究结果为美洲斑潜蝇以及该类植食性害虫的室内饲养和田间生态调控提供了依据。     

不同营养源对白蛾周氏啮小蜂主要生物学特性的影响

补充10%果糖水、10%蔗糖水、10%葡萄糖水、10%蜂蜜水后,均显著提高了亲代蜂的寿命,其中10%的果糖水效果最好,比对照长2.13 d;补充10%果糖水和10%葡萄糖水均能显著延长子代蜂的寿命,并显著提高了子代蜂的出蜂量,其中10%的果糖水处理效果最好。发生寄生行为的小蜂,其寿命明显短于未发生寄生行为的小蜂。     

微生态制剂EM原露对熊蜂蜂王产卵前期卵巢发育及卵子发生的影响

用60%蔗糖,60%蔗糖加EM原露,60%蔗糖加花粉,60%蔗糖加花粉加EM原露4种食料饲喂复苏熊蜂Bombus terrestris L.蜂王,研究EM原露对复苏蜂王产卵前期卵巢发育及卵子发生的影响。结果表明,EM原露对熊蜂蜂王产卵前期卵巢发育及卵子发生表现出一定抑制性,但影响不显著。虽然于第2天,EM原露对其开始发生显著抑制性影响(P=0.047),且EM原露与花粉的交互作用对其发育促进影响亦显著(P=0.014),但从第5天始,EM原露对其影响下降为不显著,而花粉开始表现出显著性促进熊蜂蜂王卵巢发育(P=0.000)。EM原露对熊蜂蜂王卵子发生并无促进或抑制作用,然而花粉的缺失促使熊蜂蜂王卵子发生停滞。     

Effect of different nutrition on the main biological characteristics of Chouioia cunea

补充10％果糖水、10％蔗糖水、10％葡萄糖水、10％蜂蜜水后,均显著提高了亲代蜂的寿命,其中10％的果糖水效果最好,比对照长2.13d;补充10％果糖水和10％葡萄糖水均能显著延长子代蜂的寿命,并显著提高了子代蜂的出蜂量,其中10％的果糖水处理效果最好.发生寄生行为的小蜂,其寿命明显短于未发生寄生行为的小蜂.     

中国黑卵蜂属Aholcus亚属记述(膜翅目:缘腹细蜂科)

Aholcus是黑卵蜂属Telenomus的一个亚属,其特点是雌蜂触角10节。目前全世界共记述的26种。其中旧北区16种,非洲7种,美洲3种。 本文记述我国Aholcus亚属7种,其中茶毛虫黑卵蜂 T.(A.)euproctidis Wilcox,梧桐毒蛾黑卵蜂 T.(A.)adenyus Nixon,天蛾黑卵蜂 T.(A.)stigis Nixon,古毒蛾黑卵蜂 T.(A.)monticola Kieffer(新描述)为我国第一次纪录,杨扇舟蛾黑卵蜂 T.(A.)closterae,野蚕黑卵蜂 T.(A.)theophilae,桑蟥黑卵蜂 T.(A.)rondotiae为新种。此     

棉铃虫卵巢形态与卵子发生过程观察

害虫发生高峰期、 发生量的准确预测和田间防治适期的确定与种群雌虫卵巢结构及卵子发生过程密切相关。为了明确棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera卵巢结构及卵子发生过程, 本研究利用光学体视显微镜和透射电子显微镜, 对棉铃虫成虫卵巢管和卵子的超微结构进行了研究, 并确定了发育级别划分标准。结果表明: 根据卵巢的形状、 卵的产生过程、 卵黄沉积情况等将棉铃虫卵巢发育程度分为6个级别, 即发育初期(0级)、 卵黄沉积前期(Ⅰ级)、 卵黄沉积期(Ⅱ级)、 成熟待产期(Ⅲ级)、 产卵盛期(Ⅳ级)和产卵末期(Ⅴ级)。根据卵子发生过程中滋养细胞、 卵母细胞的变化, 将卵子发生期分为3个阶段： 卵黄发生前期、 卵黄发生期和卵黄成熟期。本研究首次对棉铃虫的卵子发生进行电子显微观察, 并完善了棉铃虫卵巢发育的分级标准, 为进一步研究棉铃虫的生殖发育机理提供了理论参考, 对田间棉铃虫种群发生期和发生量的预测预报也有重要的实践参考价值。     

Carbon catabolite repression of invertase during batch cultivations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the role of glucose, fructose, and mannose

When Saccharomyces cerevisiae are grown on a mixture of glucose and another fermentable sugar such as sucrose, maltose or galactose, the metabolism is diauxic, i.e. glucose is metabolized first, whereas the other sugars are metabolized when glucose is exhausted. This phenomenon is a consequence of glucose repression, or more generally, catabolite repression. Besides glucose, the hexoses fructose and mannose are generally also believed to trigger catabolite repression. In this study, batch fermentations of S. cerevisiae in mixtures of sucrose and either glucose, fructose or mannose were performed. It was found that the utilization of sucrose is inhibited by concentrations of either glucose or fructose higher than 5 g/l, and thus that glucose and fructose are equally capable of exerting catabolite repression. However, sucrose was found to be hydrolyzed to glucose and fructose, even when the mannose concentration was as high as 17 g/l, indicating, that mannose is not a repressing sugar. It is suggested that the capability to trigger catabolite repression is connected to hexokinase PII, which is involved in the in vivo phosphorylation of glucose and fructose. Received: 5 May 1998 / Received revision: 3 August 1998 / Accepted: 8 August 1998     

A method for the isolation of Chinese hamster cell variants with an altered ability to utilise carbohydrates

Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1) are able to utilise only a few carbohydrates for growth such as glucose, mannose, fructose and galactose. They do not grow on ribose, lactose, sucrose, glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, citrate, succinate, fumarate or malate nor on glycogenic or ketogenic amino acids. After mutagenesis and selection in glucose free medium supplemented with various, individual, growth substrates, we have isolated single-cell derived clones which are now able to grow on one of the following energy source: ribose, lactose, sucrose or lactate.     

Analysis of sugar composition and pesticides using HPLC and GC–MS techniques in honey samples collected from Saudi Arabian markets

Honey is a complex foodstuff found in nature which is used without any processing. Honey has been in use in medicine as well as raw food since ancient times. Essentially, it is a blend of sugars especially fructose and glucose. The objectives of the study were to determine major sugar composition as well as pesticides contamination in honey samples. Further, Hydroxy-methyl-furfuraldehyde (HMF) level was also determined to ascertain the freshness of honey samples. A total of 14 samples were collected from local market and tested for fructose, glucose, sucrose, HMF and organochlorine pesticides using HPLC and GC–MS techniques respectively. The total sugars in the 14 honey samples were found ranging between 50.26 and 74.74 g/100 g of honey. The chromatographic results showed the presence of the sugars like fructose and glucose in all honey samples. The honey sample SH–11 was found to contain the highest amount of fructose (40.63%). On the other hand, the lowest amount of fructose with 29.08% was observed in SH–7. The HPLC analysis also revealed the presence of sucrose in two samples but under the permissible limit. The average ratio of fructose to glucose in these honey samples was 1.3. None of the sample has ratio below 1.0 indicating lesser chances for honey to crystallize on storage. Out of 14 honey samples, 13 samples were found negative for the presence of any of the 63 pesticides tested. Only sample No. 13, was found to contain 15.95 ppb hexachlorobenzene per kilogram of honey. The HMF was not detected in four samples but in remaining samples it was well below the maximum permissible limit. No pesticide and sugar adulteration was observed in any of the honey samples. The honeys collected from Saudi Arabian markets were found to confirm the standards set by the regional and international standardization organization, the GSO and Codex Alimentarius Commission respectively.     

Different effects of galactose and mannose on cell proliferation and intracellular soluble sugar levels in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna angularis</Emphasis> suspension cultures

Plant cells utilize various sugars as carbon sources for growth, respiration and biosynthesis of cellular components. Suspension-cultured cells of azuki bean (Vigna angularis) proliferated actively in liquid growth medium containing 1% (w/v) sucrose, glucose, fructose, arabinose or xylose, but did not proliferate in medium containing galactose or mannose. These two latter sugars thus appeared distinct from other sugars used as growth substrates. Galactose strongly inhibited cell growth even in the presence of sucrose but mannose did not, suggesting a substantial difference in their effects on cell metabolism. Analysis of intracellular soluble-sugar fractions revealed that galactose, but not mannose, caused a conspicuous decrease in the cellular level of sucrose with no apparent effects on the levels of glucose or fructose. Such a galactose-specific decrease in sucrose levels also occurred in cells that had been cultured together with glucose in place of sucrose, suggesting that galactose inhibits the biosynthesis, rather than uptake, of sucrose in the cells. By contrast, mannose seemed to be metabolically inert in the presence of sucrose. From these results, we conclude that sucrose metabolism is important for the heterotrophic growth of cells in plant suspension-cultures.     

Carbohydrate Utilization in Lactobacillus sake

The ability of Lactobacillus sake to use various carbon sources was investigated. For this purpose we developed a chemically defined medium allowing growth of L. sake and some related lactobacilli. This medium was used to determine growth rates on various carbohydrates and some nutritional requirements of L. sake. Mutants resistant to 2-deoxy-d-glucose (a nonmetabolizable glucose analog) were isolated. One mutant unable to grow on mannose and one mutant deficient in growth on mannose, fructose, and sucrose were studied by determining growth characteristics and carbohydrate uptake and phosphorylation rates. We show here that sucrose, fructose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, and glucose are transported and phosphorylated by the phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS). The PTS permease specific for mannose, enzyme II(supMan), was shown to be responsible for mannose, glucose, and N-acetylglucosamine transport. A second, non-PTS system, which was responsible for glucose transport, was demonstrated. Subsequent glucose metabolism involved an ATP-dependent phosphorylation. Ribose and gluconate were transported by PTS-independent permeases.     

HPLC—ELSD法与HPLC—RID法检测蜂蜜中糖分的比较

采用高效液相-蒸发光散射检测方法测定蜂蜜中的果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖的含量,从而判断蜂蜜中的糖是否符合国家标准有无掺假。采用ELSD法检测结果表明,果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、麦芽糖的线性范围均是0．6—10mg／mL,相对标准偏差分别为0．308％、0．424％、0．327％、0．539％。并将ELSD法与国标中的RID法进行比较,结果显示前者的灵敏度更高,检出限更低,线性范围更广。由此看来,蒸发光散射检测器的比示差折光检测器的在我们检测糖项目上应用较好。     

Effect of six sugars on the longevity,oviposition performance and nutrition accumulation in an endoparasitoid,Meteorus pulchricornis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The effects of six sugar resources (fructose, glucose, sucrose, trehalose, raffinose and honey) on the longevity, oviposition performance and nutrition levels of Meteorus pulchricornis, a thelytokous larval endoparasitoid of the common cutworm Spodoptera litura were examined under laboratory conditions. Female adults of M. pulchricornis fed 1 M fructose, glucose, trehalose or sucrose solutions survived longer than those fed on other sugar solutions or water. When provided with honey or sucrose solutions, the female parasitoids laid more offspring than those fed other sugar diets or the control. The body size of offspring driven from honey-, fructose-, sucrose-, and glucose-fed females, along with water-fed group, were larger than the trehalose- and raffinose-fed females. However, the emergence rates of all offspring generated from different sugars- and water-fed females were similar. When separately given honey, sucrose or fructose, M. pulchricornis females accumulated fructose at a higher level than the other groups. Parasitoid wasps fed trehalose solution accumulated the highest level of total sugar. Glycogen levels and lipid content were highest at emergence and then decreased across all diets. In addition, females fed on trehalose had the highest level of glycogen compared to other sugar diets and water control regardless of emergency level. Females fed trehalsoe, fructose, and glucose solutions had a higher level of lipid than those fed other sugar solutions and water at life end. The outcome of this study can benefit both laboratory rearing and management interventions that improve sugar sources for the parasitoid in the field.     

Isolation of a Regulatory Mutant of Fructose-1, 6-diphosphatase in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis

By selecting for growth on glycerol, but absence of growth on glucose, a mutant of Saccharomyces carlsbergensis was isolated which does not grow on glucose, fructose, mannose, or sucrose, which shows long-term adaptation to maltose, but which can grow normally on galactose, ethanol, or glycerol. In the mutant, fructose diphosphatase is not inactivated after the addition of glucose, fructose or mannose to the medium, resulting in the simultaneous presence of fructose diphosphatase and phosphofructokinase activity. Under these conditions, a cycle is probably catalyzed between fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1,6-diphosphate, resulting in the net consumption of adenosine triphosphate and an immediate stop of protein synthesis.     

Sexual process in eight-spored ascus-forming yeast, Schizosaccharomyces japonicus II. Dependency of the sexual process on the carbon source

The carbon-source dependency of the sexual process in Schizosaccharomycesjaponicus was studied. Schiz. japonicus grew well in vegetativemedia containing glucose, sucrose, fructose or raffinose, anddid poorly in one containing mannose. On the other hand, itssexual process proceeded well in sporulation media containingglucose, sucrose or mannose, and was markedly delayed in thosecontaining fructose or raffinose. Neither vegetative growthnor sexual process occurred when non-fermentable carbon sources,such as glycerol, were used. The amount of glucose in the sporulationmedium sufficient for completion of the sexual process varieddepending on the cell-population density. Glucose was requiredfor both zygote and ascus formation but not for spore liberation.Cells were committed to sporulation shortly after the stageof zygote formation. (Received August 3, 1978; )