药物临床前研究与转化医学——实验动物的应用与动物实验

本文讨论了药物临床前研究与实验动物和动物模型之间的关系,探讨了实验动物和动物模型在新药研发过程中实现转化研究的要求和条件.讨论了实验动物质量对新药研发的影响,分析了实验动物质量的影响因素;讨论了实验动物模型的主要类型和特点,分析了进行实验动物模型研究的要点和要求;分析了动物模型与新药研发过程中实现转化研究的条件,提出加强转化研究需要实验动物和动物模型研究的支撑.     

施肥对日光温室黄瓜生长和土壤生物学特性的影响

采用田间试验研究了施肥对黄土高原日光温室黄瓜生长发育和产量,以及对土壤微生物区系和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,施用有机肥和沼肥明显促进了黄瓜生长发育,提高了黄瓜产量,叶面施肥可以降低无机化肥和有机肥用量,施肥对日光温室土壤生物学特性有明显影响,施用有机肥和叶面施肥增加了土壤细菌数量;施用无机化肥和沼肥增加了真菌的数量,施用有机肥降低了真菌的数量;施肥增加了放线菌的数量．同时施肥提高了土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性,但对过氧化氢酶影响较小．施用有机肥提高了脲酶和磷酸酶活性,施用化肥和沼肥对土壤脲酶和土壤磷酸酶活性影响差异不大。     

华福花的解剖学特征及其同五福花的比较

本文记载了华福花的地理分布,生长和繁衍的物理条件,详细描述了营养器官的解剖学特征和花粉形态。从四个方面比较了两种植物的共同点和不同点,强调了华福花和五福花相比处于更高的阶段,并在发展和分化中。     

中国的涧黾(半翅目)(英文)

本文简述了中国涧黾属的研究进展和概况。阐述和纠正了过去在种类鉴定和研究中的错误和混乱状况。提供了完整的中国涧黾16个种的检索表及其地理分布。介绍了涧黾属昆虫的典型栖息环境。描述了分别采自湖北和广东的三个新种。     

中国粮食和农业植物遗传资源状况报告(Ⅱ)

10多年来,中国政府十分重视粮食和农业植物遗传资源的保护和可持续利用,并根据《粮食和农业植物遗传资源全球行动计划》20项优先领域,通过制定和完善相关的法律法规,加强了粮食和农业植物遗传资源的管理;通过培训和科普宣传,提高了公众意识;通过国际合作和协作网建设,实现了信息、人员和植物遗传资源的交流与交换;通过各种国家计划和项目的实施,建立和完善了植物遗传资源保护体系,实现了植物遗传资源的安全保存和可持续利用,为中国乃至世界植物育种和粮食安全发挥了较大作用。     

合理施肥对银杏园土壤肥力和酶活性的影响

首次研究合理施肥对银杏园土壤肥力和酶活性的影响,结果表明合理施肥,改善了土壤理化性状,显著地提高了土壤肥力和土壤酶的活性;从而培育了银杏发达的根群,促进了树体的生长。增加了银杏鲜根重和百叶鲜重,减少了银杏黄化株率,提高了银杏挂果株率及种核的产量和品质。     

浅析虚拟仿真技术在医学实验教学中的应用

随着社会的发展和进步,人们的生活水平和生活质量都得到了很大的改善,因此,对医学的发展也提高了关注。目前,医学教学观念和教学模式都发生了很大的转变,学校也开始了对高素质人才的有效培养和教学,其中,虚拟仿真技术是医学教学中的重要手段和方式,对传统的医学实验教学提出了很大的改进。虚拟仿真技术对推动医学教学改革、创新教学模式和培养学生的综合技能都有着重要的作用和影响。本文主要介绍了虚拟仿真技术的概念,并分析了虚拟仿真技术在医学实验教学中的具体应用。     

施蚯蚓粪对日光温室土壤及番茄产量与品质的影响

设施蔬菜化肥过量施用造成土壤劣化、土传病虫害发生严重,从而导致蔬菜产量和品质下降。蚯蚓粪在改善土壤环境和促进蔬菜生长、提高产量和品质方面具有良好的效果。本试验在日光温室采用等量撒施和沟施两种方式研究了增施蚯蚓粪对土壤养分、酶活性、微生物数量及番茄生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明: 与不施蚯蚓粪的对照相比,撒施蚯蚓粪和沟施蚯蚓粪处理均改善了土壤环境,显著增加了土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾等养分含量;显著提高了蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,增加了土壤中细菌、放线菌数量,降低了真菌数量。沟施蚯蚓粪处理明显促进了植株地上部的生长,撒施效果不显著。蚯蚓粪处理明显增强了植株根系活力,提高了叶片的光合作用和叶绿素含量,促进了植株氮和钾含量的积累。撒施和沟施蚯蚓粪处理的番茄产量比对照分别提高了22.7%和32.6%。沟施处理果实中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、维生素C和可滴定酸含量分别提高了66.1%、11.0%、122.6%和29.9%,硝酸盐含量降低了65.7%,而撒施处理对番茄果实品质提升效果不明显。     

生态效率方法研究进展与应用

生态效率同时考虑经济效益和环境效益,是将可持续发展的宏观目标融入中观（区域）和微观（企业）的发展规划与管理中的有效工具。回顾了生态效率的概念和发展过程,分析了其内涵和指标体系,探讨了几种典型计算方法与模型,并介绍了国内外在企业、行业和区域3个层次上的应用实践,讨论和提出了进一步开展生态效率研究的焦点问题和未来方向。     

混合式教学在面向非生物类学生“生命科学导论”课程中的探索与实践

在“互联网+”时代下,本科教学模式正因信息技术的快速发展发生着变革,线上教学和线下教学相结合的混合式教学模式正在各高校推行和发展。为促进教学模式改革和提升教学效果,本课程组针对面向非生物学专业学生开设的“生命科学导论”通识课程开展了混合式教学改革探索。通过线上线下混合式教学探索和实践,课程集合了高水平大型开放式网络课程(Massive Open Online Course,MOOC)、小班化教学、多元化平台、多维度教学模式等特点,建设了多学科背景的协作式教学团队,形成了重过程重能力的多元评价体系,践行了知识传授与价值引领相结合的育人理念,获得了宝贵的实践经验和良好的教学成效,可为国内高校同类课程的改革建设提供借鉴和参考。混合式教学的开展,拓展了教学的广度和深度,激发了学生的学习兴趣和潜能,开拓了学生的思维和视角,培养了学生的科学素养和综合能力,为创新型复合型人才的培养发挥了积极作用。     

Consistent partnership formation: application to a sexually transmitted disease model

We apply a consistent sexual partnership formation model which hinges on the assumption that one gender's choices drives the process (male or female dominant model). The other gender's behavior is imputed. The model is fitted to UK sexual behavior data and applied to a simple incidence model of HSV-2. With a male dominant model (which assumes accurate male reports on numbers of partners) the modeled incidences of HSV-2 are 77% higher for men and 50% higher for women than with a female dominant model (which assumes accurate female reports). Although highly stylized, our simple incidence model sheds light on the inconsistent results one can obtain with misreported data on sexual activity and age preferences.     

ARIMA模型在杭州市中小学生咳嗽症状监测中的应用

目的：探讨时间序列ARIMA模型在时间序列资料分析中的应用,建立咳嗽症状监测数据的预测模型.方法：采用条件最小二乘方法估计模型参数.通过对数转换及差分方法使原始序列平稳,按照残差不相关原则、简洁原则确定模型结构,依据AIC和SBC准则确定模型阶数,最终建立起ARIMA预测模型.结果：ARIMA（1,1,1）模型拟合效果较好,方差估计值为0.7361,AIC=95.6092,SBC=98.8310,对模型进行白噪声残差检验,提示残差为白噪声.结论：症状监测这种具有时间序列特点的资料可以用ARIMA模型来进行拟合估计.本文中预测结果可信区间比较宽,可能是因为时间序列比较短,还未能考虑到季节趋势.另外,所用监测数据是在中小学生在校发生症状的人数,故在节假日会出现缺失值,样本量和时间长度均有限,可能影响模型估计的准确性,本研究的结论还有待于将来资料积累后进行修正和深化.     

Control of a nonsquare drug infusion system: A simulation study.

A model predictive control strategy was developed and tested on a nonlinear canine circulatory model for the regulation of hemodynamic variables under critical care conditions. Different patient conditions such as congestive heart failure, post-operative hypertension, and sepsis shock were studied in closed-loop simulations. The model predictive controller, which uses a different linear model depending on the patient condition, allowed constraints to be explicitly enforced. The controller was initially tuned on the basis of a linear plant model, then tested on the nonlinear physiological model; the simulations demonstrated the ability to handle constraints, such as drug dosage specifications, commonly desired by critical care physicians.     

Application of CT images in the diagnosis of lung cancer based on finite mixed model

ObjectiveInvestigating the application of CT images when diagnosing lung cancer based on finite mixture model is the objective. Method: 120 clean healthy rats were taken as the research objects to establish lung cancer rat model and carry out lung CT image examination. After the successful CT image data preprocessing, the image is segmented by different methods, which include lung nodule segmentation on the basis of Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization – Gaussian mixture model (APSO-GMM), lung nodule segmentation on the basis of Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization – gamma mixture model (APSO-GaMM), lung nodule segmentation based on statistical information and self-selected mixed distribution model, and lung nodule segmentation based on neighborhood information and self-selected mixed distribution model. The segmentation effect is evaluated. Results: Compared with the results of lung nodule segmentation based on statistical information and self-selected mixed distribution model, the Dice coefficient of lung nodule segmentation based on neighborhood information and self-selected mixed distribution model is higher, the relative final measurement accuracy is smaller, the segmentation is more accurate, but the running time is longer. Compared with APSO-GMM and APSO-GaMM, the dice value of self-selected mixed distribution model segmentation method is larger, and the final measurement accuracy is smaller. Conclusion: Among the five methods, the dice value of the self-selected mixed distribution model based on neighborhood information is the largest, and the relative accuracy of the final measurement is the smallest, indicating that the segmentation effect of the self-selected mixed distribution model based on neighborhood information is the best.     

Analysis of the statistical thermodynamic model for nonlinear binary protein adsorption equilibria

The statistical thermodynamic (ST) model was used to study nonlinear binary protein adsorption equilibria on an anion exchanger. Single-component and binary protein adsorption isotherms of bovine hemoglobin (Hb) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) on DEAE Spherodex M were determined by batch adsorption experiments in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer containing a specific NaCl concentration (0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 M) at pH 7.40. The ST model was found to depict the effect of ionic strength on the single-component equilibria well, with model parameters depending on ionic strength. Moreover, the ST model gave acceptable fitting to the binary adsorption data with the fitted single-component model parameters, leading to the estimation of the binary ST model parameter. The effects of ionic strength on the model parameters are reasonably interpreted by the electrostatic and thermodynamic theories. The effective charge of protein in adsorption phase can be separately calculated from the two categories of the model parameters, and the values obtained from the two methods are consistent. The results demonstrate the utility of the ST model for describing nonlinear binary protein adsorption equilibria.     

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine membranes modified with zeaxanthin: numeric study of membrane organisation

The model of a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayer containing a xanthophyll pigment zeaxanthin (ZEA) is proposed. The model is based on the ten-state Pink-Green-Chapman model of a lipid monolayer. The Monte Carlo method of computer simulation has been applied. Our model of the lipid membrane consists of two lipid monolayers with ZEA molecules spanning the lipid bilayer. The concentration of ZEA molecules is assumed to be conserved. Within the model, the interactions between lipid monolayers in a bilayer exist through ZEA molecules only. The experimental data concerning the aggregation of ZEA in DPPC from the literature and from our research were applied as a criterion to fit the model parameters. The model gives the dependences of the main phase transition temperature on ZEA/DPPC molar ratio, the percentage of ZEA in a monomeric form on ZEA/DPPC molar ratio and on temperature. The dependences obtained within the model and the experimental ones are in qualitative agreement. The influence of intermolecular interaction parameters on ZEA aggregation has been discussed. The differences between the model and the experimental results concerning mainly the pattern of ZEA aggregation have been discussed. Analyses of the lipid microconfiguration allow to advance the hypothesis concerning the influence of ZEA on the membrane permeability.     

Closed loop identification of transfer function model for unstable bioreactors for tuning PID controllers

Closed loop identification of transfer function model for an unstable bioreactor is proposed based on an optimization method using either a step or a pulse response of PI/PID controlled bioreactor. A simple method is proposed for the initial guesses of the parameters of the first order plus time delay (FOPTD) transfer function model. A PID controller is designed for the identified model. Simulation study on the nonlinear model equations of an unstable bioreactor exhibiting multiple steady-states shows that the PID controller designed on the identified FOPTD model gives a good closed loop response similar to the one designed based on the linearized model from the nonlinear model equations.     

The evolutionary landscape of functional model proteins.

To study the distinct influences of structure and function on evolution, we propose a minimalist model for proteins with binding pockets, called functional model proteins, based on a shifted-HP model on a two-dimensional square lattice. These model proteins are not maximally compact and contain an empty lattice site surrounded by at least three nearest neighbors, thus providing a binding pocket. Functional model proteins possess a unique native state, cooperative folding and tolerance to mutation. Due to the explicit functionality in these models (by design), we have been able to explore their fitness or evolutionary landscapes, as characterized by the size and distribution of homologous families and by the complexity of the inter-relatedness of the functional model proteins. Mindful that these minimalist models are highly idealized and two-dimensional, functional model proteins should nevertheless provide a useful means for exploring the constraints of maintaining structure and function on the evolution of proteins.     

Lake circulation and sediment transport in Lake Myvatn

Lake circulation and sediment transport in Lake Myvatn have been calculated using AQUASEA, a numerical model developed by Vatnaskil Consulting Engineers. The goal of the modelling was to calculate changes in sediment transport within the lake due to changes in lake bathymetry caused by diatomite mining. The model uses the Galerkin finite element method and consists of a hydrodynamic flow model and a transport-dispersion model. The flow model is based on the shallow water equations and the wave equation. The transport model is based on the conservation of mass for suspended sediment. The model was calibrated against measurements performed during the summer of 1992. These included measurements of water elevation, current velocity, wave height, and concentration of suspended sediment. After calibration, the model was run for different mining scenarios to determine their impact on the sediment transport in the lake.     

MODELING AGE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY FOR MARINE MAMMAL POPULATIONS

A method is presented for estimating age-specific mortality based on minimal information: a model life table and an estimate of longevity. This approach uses expected patterns of mammalian survivorship to define a general model of age-specific mortality rates. One such model life table is based on data for northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) using Siler's (1979) 5-parameter competing risk model. Alternative model life tables are based on historical data for human females and on a published model for Old World monkeys. Survival rates for a marine mammal species are then calculated by scaling these models by the longevity of that species. By using a realistic model (instead of assuming constant mortality), one can see more easily the real biological limits to population growth. The mortality estimation procedure is illustrated with examples of spotted dolphins (Stenella attenuata) and harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena).