拟环纹豹蛛的生物生态学研究

运用田间观察和室内外饲养相结合的方法,对稻田蜘蛛优势种拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata的生物生态学特性进行了研究。拟环纹豹蛛在湘西北1年发生2～3代,第3代不完整,以第2代历期最短,第3代（越冬代）历期最长;以成蛛、亚成蛛或幼蛛越冬,其分布图式为聚集分布;4月下旬即由田埂向稻田内迁移,在水稻生育期有3次数量高峰; 属游猎型蜘蛛,可步行在水稻、水面、陆地等处捕食飞虱、叶蝉等多种目标害虫; 受惊时潜入水中或潜伏。雌雄蛛均可多次交配,雌蛛一生最多可产卵5次,实验种群卵囊含卵量76～337粒,平均156粒。孵化的幼蛛,先群集在雌蛛背面,3～5天后开始扩散,6～7天扩散到高峰。幼蛛期47～158天;成蛛期121～236天,雌蛛较雄蛛长21～62天。性比除第2代外的各代均为雄性多于雌性。本文详细记述了拟环纹豹蛛的求偶与交配行为,产卵与护卵习性,孵化与携幼行为,幼蛛生长、蜕皮、各龄期形态特征及耐饥、耐旱能力等。     

Seasonal variations in body melanism and size of the wolf spider Pardosa astrigera (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Variations in species morphology and life‐history traits strongly correlate with geographic and climatic characteristics. Most studies on morphological variations in animals focus on ectotherms distributed on a large geographic scale across latitudinal and/or altitudinal gradient. However, the morphological variations of spiders living in the same habitats across different seasons have not been reported. In this study, we used the wolf spider, Pardosa astrigera, as a model to determine seasonal differences in adult body size, melanism, fecundity, and egg diameter both in the overwintering and the first generation for 2010 and 2016. The results showed that in 2010, both females and males of the overwintering generation were significantly darker than the first generation. Moreover, the overwintering females were markedly larger and produced more and bigger eggs than the first generation in both 2010 and 2016. Considering the overwintering P. astrigera experiencing low temperature and/or desiccation stress, these results suggest that substantially darker and larger body of the overwintering generation is adaptive to adverse conditions.     

Physiological costs during the first maternal care in the wolf spider Pardosa saltans (Araneae,Lycosidae)

Many arachnids like other terrestrial arthropods, provide extensive maternal care. Few studies have quantified the underlying physiological costs of maternal care. We investigated how maternal care affects the free-moving wolf spider’s (Pardosa saltans) energy requirements. We described in detail their basic reproduction biology (i.e. carrying cocoon and young) and we evaluated the variation in the females’ energy reserves during maternal care. Our results show that mothers guard eggs until hatching and then guard their spiderlings for 27–30 more days. Laboratory observations indicated that spiderlings start leaving the maternal abdomen gradually 5–7 days after hatching. Females carry an egg sac (cocoon) that can weigh up to 77% of their post-reproduction weight and carry young that weigh 87–100% of their body mass. Females lost weight over time despite regular food intake, while carrying cocoon and young; but their weights increased gradually during the dispersal of young. The contributions of proteins, glucose and triglycerides to maintain females’ energy were calculated. Their energetic state varied during maternal care, in particular lipid levels declined, during the care of spiderlings when the females’ predatory behaviour was inhibited. Our results show that the maternal care provided by P. saltans females is particularly costly physiologically, during the 30 days following egg sac formation and development of spiderlings, even when food is available.     

田间施药对拟环纹豹蛛羧酸酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶分布及活性的影响

利用紫外分光光度法,对化学防治田(化防田)和生物防治田(生防田)中的拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata体内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)的分布及其活性进行了比较研究。结果表明,生防田拟环纹豹蛛身体各分部的AChE活性[包括头胸部1.251 nmol/(mg·min)、腹部0.467 nmol/(mg·min)和附肢0.760 nmol/(mg·min)]均高于化防田蜘蛛[包括头胸部0.895 nmol/(mg·min)、腹部0.445 nmol/(mg·min)和附肢0.724 nmol/(mg·min)],而生防田豹蛛的CarE活性[包括头胸部0.122 nmol/(mg·min)、腹部0.593 nmol/(mg·min)和附肢0.073 nmol/(mg·min)]均低于化防田蜘蛛[包括头胸部0.158 nmol/(mg·min)、腹部0.708 nmol/(mg·min)和附肢0.115 nmol/(mg·min)],说明化防田拟环纹豹蛛产生了一定程度的抗药性。拟环纹豹蛛体内的AChE主要集中在头胸部,CarE主要集中在腹部,这种分布特征是与其抗药性机制相适应的,并对其抗药性机制的形成做出了初步解释。这些结果也提示,拟环纹豹蛛对甲胺磷等农药的抗性不能在短期内形成,必须经历水稻→害虫→蜘蛛的较长的适应演化过程。     

Cloning and differential expression of three heat shock protein genes associated with thermal stress from the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Pardosa pseudoannulata is the main predatory natural enemy of crop pests in a paddy ecosystem. When P. pseudoannulata is exposed to unfavorable temperature conditions, the response of heat shock proteins could resist the damage, and is therefore, conducive to the organism’s rapid adaptation to the surrounding stress environment. In this study, we explored the roles of hsp70 and hsp90 genes in response to heat stress, using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends technique and cloned full-length cDNAs of Pphsp70, Pphsp83, and Pphsp90. The mRNA expression levels of the three genes under different temperature stresses (25, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, and 43 °C) and with different duration stresses (4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 h) were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The full-length cDNA of Pphsp70, Pphsp83, and Pphsp90 was 2331 base pair (bp), 2466 bp, and 2663 bp, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequences of Pphsp70, Pphsp83, and Pphsp90 showed that the sequences had high homology with that of other spiders. The mRNA expression of all three genes was extremely significantly up-regulated at 43 °C. Moreover at 43 °C, the expression of all three genes in both female and male spiders at the duration of 4 h was the highest compared to that of other stress duration groups. Therefore, it can be inferred that the three genes of P. pseudoannulata play a crucial protective role in resistance in a high-temperature environment.     

Aerial dispersal in relation to habitat in eight wolf spider species (Pardosa,Araneae, Lycosidae)

Summary In the eight Pardosa species studied, aerial dispersal occurs generally in the young instars. The climatic conditions, particularly wind but also temperature and humidity, affect the occurrence of aerial dispersal. Within the different systematic groups in the genus, species with relatively high and relatively low dispersal capacities occur. These differences in dispersal capacity are discussed in relation with the abundance and stability of the habitat, in which the species are found.     

甲胺磷对拟环纹豹蛛中肠蛋白消化酶活性影响的压电传感监测（英文）

利用压电体声波阻抗分析法实时动态监测了拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata中肠蛋白消化酶对酪蛋白的酶促水解过程及不同浓度梯度（0.008%、0.016%、0.024%和0.032%）的甲胺磷农药对酶活性的影响,并用紫外分光光度法进行了验证。结果表明,合适低剂量(0.008%)的甲胺磷农药可显著地增强拟环纹豹蛛蛋白消化酶的活性,较高剂量(0.032%)的农药却显著抑制蛋白消化酶的活性,且水解过程稳态频移值可准确地反映酶活性与农药浓度的关系。本工作为研究低剂量农药增强蜘蛛控虫力的机理及酶活性的快速检测提供了一种可行的新方法。     

Morphology and function of the spinning apparatus of the wolf spider Pardosa amentata (Cl.) (Araneae,Lycosidae)

The histology of the four types of silk gland, occurring in the wolf spider Pardosa amentata are given. The changes in epithelium height, lumen breadth and size of the granules were studied in relation to silk production in the sub-adult and adult stage of the life-cycle.     

Prey preference of the wolf spider,Pardosa pseudoannulata (Boesenberg et Strand)

Functional responses of the wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata (Boesenberg et Strand) attacking the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål.), and the mirid predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter were both those of Holling Type II. The attack rate was higher and handling time lower for C. lividipennis. However, when caged with the two prey, the wolf spider showed a significant preference for N. lugens at a lower prey proportion. Proportions of prey attacked were significantly different from the expected ratios of prey available as well as from the predicted preferences derived from the functional response parameters. As proportions of N. lugens attacked changed from greater to less than expected as the proportions of N. lugens available increased, a “reverse switch” behaviour seems to be evident.     

Relation between habitat structure and development of the glandulae ampullaceae in eight wolf spider species (Pardosa,Araneae, Lycosidae)

Summary In eight Pardosa species studied there is a correlation between the structure of the habitat in which the species live, the quantity of silk (drag-lines) produced, the plane in which the silk is spun and the degree of development of the silk glands (the gl. ampullaceae). In general, species living in field-type vegetation have large gl. ampullaceae, produce large quantities of silk and spin proportionally more silk in the vertical plane, while the converse is true for species from open-ground type vegetation.     

CNS microstructure in the wandering wolf spider Arctosa kwangreungensis (Araneae: Lycosidae)

The supraesophageal ganglion of the wolf spider Arctosa kwangreungensis is made up of a protocerebral and tritocerebral ganglion, whereas the subesophageal ganglionic mass is composed of a single pair of pedipalpal ganglia, four pairs of appendage ganglia, and a fused mass of abdominal neuromeres. In the supraesophageal ganglion, complex neuropile masses are located in the protocerebrum which include optic ganglia, the mushroom bodies, and the central body. Characteristically, the only nerves arising from the protocerebrum are the optic nerves, and the neuropiles of the principal eyes are the most thick and abundant in this wandering spider. The central body which is recognized as an important association center is isolated at the posterior of the protocerebrum and appears as a complex of highly condensed neurons. These cells give off fine parallel bundles of axons arranged in the mushroom bodies. The subesophageal nerve mass can be divided into two main tracts on the basis of direction of the neuropiles. The dorsal tracts are contributed to from the motor or interneurons of each ganglion, whereas the ventral tracts are from incoming sensory axons.     

Silk production in adult females of the Wolf spider Pardosa amentata (Lycosidae, Araneae)

The production of silk in adult females of the wolf spider Pardosa amentata (CI.) has been studied. The role of female silk in courtship behavour is discussed on teh basis of experimental data.     

Fitness costs and benefits of antipredator behavior mediated by chemotactile cues in the wolf spider Pardosa milvina (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Animals may exhibit a variety of defensive behaviors in thepresence of indirect predator cues. Such behavior offers immediatefitness benefits but may also incur substantial foraging andreproductive costs. We measured shifts in space use (verticalclimbing) by the wolf spider Pardosa milvina induced by chemotactilecues (silk and excreta) from a co-occurring predatory wolfspider Hogna helluo. We then measured foraging and reproductive costs, as well as survival benefits, of this behavior. For 2weeks, we maintained mated adult female Pardosa in plasticcontainers with one of three treated peat moss substrates:a container previously occupied by a conspecific for 3 days,a container previously occupied by an adult Hogna for 3 days,and a container devoid of either cue (control). We measuredprey capture efficiency, body condition, egg sac production,egg sac weight, and egg number for individuals in each treatment.We also counted the number of Pardosa that survived and exhibitedclimbing behavior in the presence of a live Hogna with andwithout silk and excreta cues. Pardosa climbed container wallssignificantly more often in the presence of Hogna silk andexcreta relative to other treatments. Pardosa exposed to Hognacues coupled with live Hogna survived significantly longerthan spiders that had no predator cues available. Pardosa placedin containers with Hogna cues, but no Hogna, lost weight morequickly, ate fewer prey, were in poorer body condition, producedlighter egg sacs, and produced fewer eggs than spiders in controlor conspecific treatments.     

Incongruous nuclear and mitochondrial phylogeographic patterns in two sympatric lineages of the wolf spider Pardosa astrigera (Araneae: Lycosidae) from China

We investigated the genetic structure of mitochondrial DNA (COI and 16S rRNA-tRNA(Leu(CUN))-ND1) and nuclear DNA (ITS2) variations among and within populations of Pardosa astrigera in China. Two phenotypes of males were recognized. They differed genetically also in the presence (type A) or absence (type B) of common insertions and deletions in ITS2. The concordance between mtDNA based phylogeny and the phenotypic variations of P. astrigera was weak. Haplotypes of type A did not form a monophyletic group. Instead they were found in three clades, in one of them mixed with type B haplotypes, most likely as a result of long-term and ongoing gene flow of mtDNA between the two phenotypic groups (M = 0.69). Pairwise sequence divergences of all data sets indicated that the genetic divergences between the two phenotypes fall within intraspecific range. Our results indicated that the P. astrigera populations in China consist of two sympatric lineages with male phenotypic variations. Patterns of mismatch distribution within lineages suggested long-term demographic stability in the lineage A, and growth in lineage B that expanded rapidly and recolonized from a southern refuge to the northern parts of China during the late-Pleistocene. On the basis of the estimated divergence time between the two lineages (0.18-0.41 Ma), we suggest that the dry-cold climate and the uplift of the Tibetan plateau during the mid-Pleistocene appear to have a determinating impact on the evolutionary history of P. astrigera in China.     

Microhabitat selection and audible sexual signalling in the wolf spider Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata (Araneae, Lycosidae)

We studied the microhabitat selection and male sexual signalling behaviour in the wolf spider Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata (Ohlert). Males strike dry leaves with their abdomen, producing an audible sexual drumming signal, and females use this signal to choose mating partners. In the field we followed male drumming rate and microhabitat selection using both the mark–recapture method and direct observations. In the laboratory we conducted an experiment on male microhabitat and drumming substrate selection. We found that in the field males were not distributed randomly among the habitat; fewer males were found in areas that had high sedge cover, low elevation, and low dry leaf cover. In the laboratory experiment, males spent more time on dry leaf substrate. Drumming rate in the field was positively correlated with dry leaf cover and in the laboratory males clearly preferred dry leaves as drumming substrate. Temperature was positively correlated with male drumming rate, and with male and female mobility. We conclude that in H. rubrofasciata male distribution and sexual signalling rate, and thus mating success, are greatly affected by environmental factors. Therefore, males may be sexually selected to make effective use of their signalling habitat by active microhabitat choice. Received: 27 December 1999 / Received in revised form: 14 February 2000 / Accepted: 14 February 2000     

洱海周边拟环纹豹蛛和星豹蛛卵袋中寄生蜂种类及其寄主选择

结合野外调查及室内实验观察,对云南洱海周边地区的拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata(Boesenberg et Strand,1906)和星豹蛛Pardosa astrigera L.Koch,1878卵袋中寄生蜂种类及其寄主的选择性作了为期1年的调查研究.共发现了2种寄生蜂,即Idiolispa sp.和Idris sp.,两种寄生蜂均可不同程度地寄生在两种蜘蛛的卵袋里.Idiolispa sp.偏好寄生拟环纹豹蛛的卵袋,而Idris sp.则不具寄生偏好性,两种蜘蛛均是其适合的寄主.分析了Idiolispa sp.产生寄主选择偏好性的原因.     

Absence of social facilitation of courtship in the wolf spider, Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz) (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Males of many animal species are reproductively limited by the difficulty and time costs of finding mates. Males of such species should be selected to take advantage of any cues that might reveal the location of prospective mates. Cues to female location are not restricted to those produced by females, but might also include the highly apparent courtship displays of males that have already found a female. By “eavesdropping” on these courting rivals, initiating sexual displays when courting rivals are detected (i.e., social facilitation of displays); males might effectively exploit the mate-searching efforts of their rivals. We tested the possibility that male Schizocosa ocreata wolf spiders exhibit social facilitation of courtship behaviors using a combination of live behavioral trials and video playback with single stimulus presentations. When exposed to visual cues from another male, male S. ocreata can discern the presence of another individual whether that individual is courting or not. However, we found no evidence of social facilitation of courtship or chemoexploratory behaviors in response to seismic or visual cues presented in isolation or combined. While complex, multimodal, male courtship signals are important in mate choice by female S. ocreata, males do not appear to use these cues to socially facilitate their own courtship.     

Predation versus resource limitation in survival of adult burrowing wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Summary The influences of food supply and density on adult survival were examined in the burrowing wolf spider Geolycosa rafaelana (Lycosidae), using manipulations of spider populations on eight 400 sq m experimental plots. A total of 110 adult spiders were captured, weighed, marked, and returned to their burrows during April–May 1983. Treatments of (1) food supplementation, (2) density reduction, (3) food supplementation combined with density reduction, and (4) no manipulation (control) were applied to the eight populations, and adult survival and reproduction were monitored during May–October 1983. Survival rates were higher for nonreproducing adult female populations with reduced density, and lower for nonreproducing females in populations with food supplementation. A pompilid wasp, Paracyphononyx funereus, was documented as a parasitoid of G. rafaelana, producing 50%–65% mortality in adult females during winter, and 4–5% mortality in adult females during summer. The observed survival responses were correlated with variations in predation, while parasitism did not appear to be strongly density-dependent.