亚热带不同树种土壤水源涵养功能

亚热带地区由于大面积的砍伐使天然林被人工林所代替,对森林土壤水源涵养功能造成了很大影响。树种可以通过自身特性来改变土壤物理结构进而影响土壤持水能力,因此合理选择树种对区域水源涵养具有重要意义。然而,立地条件的差异往往会对实验结果产生影响。为减少立地条件的差异,2012年2月在土壤发育和经营历史相同的林地上建立了中亚热带常见树种同质园。2019年8月测定了种植12个树种后不同土层(0—10、10—20、20—30、30—40 cm和40—50 cm)的土壤容重、含水量、总/毛管/非毛管孔隙度、最大/毛管/非毛管持水量和蓄水量。结果表明,种植不同树种7年后,土壤容重、含水量、总/毛管/非毛管孔隙度、最大/毛管/非毛管持水量和蓄水量均在表层(0—20 cm)土壤中差异显著,而在深层(20—50 cm)土壤中差异不显著。土壤孔隙度、持水量和蓄水量均与土壤容重呈显著负相关关系,而与土壤含水量呈显著正相关关系。与其他树种相比,种植鹅掌楸、枫香和全缘叶栾树等落叶阔叶树种可在较短时间内增加土壤孔隙度,提高土壤持水量和蓄水量。因此,在亚热带人工林经营管理中,可在杉木、马尾松纯林中适当引入鹅掌楸、枫香和全缘叶栾树等落叶阔叶树种,提升亚热带森林土壤水源涵养功能。     

青藏高原东北缘不同土地利用类型土壤质量综合评价

土壤质量评价是合理利用土壤资源的重要前提。通过采集青藏高原东北缘甘肃省天祝县境内林地(n=9)、草地(n=18)和耕地(n=38)土壤样品,并测定土壤容重、田间持水量和有机质等13项土壤理化性质指标,采用主成分分析和相关性分析构建最小数据集(MDS),建立土壤质量评价指标体系,对3个不同土地利用类型的土壤质量进行综合评价。结果表明: 林地的总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、田间持水量、毛管持水量、饱和含水量、有机质、全氮和速效钾含量显著高于草地和耕地。林地土壤质量评价指标体系包括田间持水量、有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效钾,土壤质量指数(SQI)介于0.329～0.678,平均值为0.481;草地土壤质量评价指标体系包括田间持水量和速效氮,SQI介于0.302～0.703,平均值为0.469;耕地土壤质量评价指标体系包括毛管持水量、非毛管孔隙度、速效氮、速效磷和速效钾,SQI介于0.337～0.616,平均值为0.462。影响林地、草地和耕地土壤质量的最大障碍指标分别为速效钾、田间持水量和毛管持水量。基于MDS的土壤质量指数能够实现研究区不同土地利用类型土壤质量的准确评价,土壤质量整体上表现为林地>草地>耕地,评价结果对该区域土壤可持续管理具有重要参考价值。     

上海外环线绿地群落凋落物对土壤水分物理性质的影响

选取上海外环线绿化带8个人工植物群落为对象,以裸地为对照,研究了凋落物量、土壤孔隙性状和持水特性,探讨了城市绿地群落凋落物对土壤水分物理性质的影响.结果表明:各群落0～10 cm土壤的最大持水量、毛管持水量、最小持水量、质量含水量、体积含水量、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度和土壤通气度均显著高于裸地(P<0.05),而容重均显著低于裸地(P<0.05);10～20 am土壤水分物理性质差异不显著;凋落物年凋落量与绿地群落0～10 cm土壤毛管孔隙度呈显著负相关,而与绿地群落0～10 cm土壤持水特性相关性均不显著;凋落物现存量与绿地群落0～10 cm土壤总孔隙度和通气度呈显著正相关,与0～10 cm土壤容重呈显著负相关;而凋落物年凋落量、现存量与绿地群落10～20 cm土壤水分物理性质相关性均不显著;绿地群落凋落物蓄积能有效改善绿地群落内表层土壤(0～10 cm)水分物理性质,主要是改良土壤孔隙状况;在绿地养护中应保留绿地群落凋落物.     

桉树人工林林下植被、地面覆盖物与土壤物理性质的关系

对儋州市东成镇的7个不同类型的桉树(Eucalyptussp.)人工林和一个马占相思林(Acaciamangium)林下的土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤容重、土壤坚实度(硬度)以及土壤的机械组成等5个土壤物理指标进行研究。结果表明,有林下植被的桉树人工林地的土壤含水量比无林下植被的桉树人工林地的高出11.2~62.9 g.kg-1;同一样地内,有枯枝落叶覆盖物的土壤含水量平均比没有枯枝落叶覆盖物的土壤含水量高27.6~38.2 g.kg-1;有林下植被的桉树人工林地土壤温度比无林下植被的桉树人工林地和空旷弃荒地低,但却比无林下植被、树冠大、荫蔽度大的马占相思林地的高。有林下植被的桉树人工林地的土壤硬度要比无林下植被的桉树人工林地、马占相思林地和空旷弃荒地的小5.49~18.76 kg.cm-3。林下植被覆盖率高的桉树人工林地,其容重比有林下植被的桉树人工林地、无林下植被的桉树人工林地、马占相思林地、牧草实验地样地小0.33~0.48 g.cm-3。这说明桉树人工林下植被和枯枝落叶是影响土壤含水量、土壤硬度、土壤温度、土壤容重等土壤物理性质的重要因子。因此,为了有效改善桉树林的立地条件以及能更好地经营桉树人工林,在...     

干旱荒漠区煤矸石山覆土区土壤水分物理性质的空间异质性

基于网格取样(20m×20m),采用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,研究了干旱荒漠区煤矸石山表层(0～5 cm)土壤水分物理性质的空间异质性和分布格局.结果表明:研究区土壤容重、毛管孔隙度、毛管最大持水量、总孔隙度、饱和含水量表现为弱变异,土壤含水率表现为中等变异.除土壤容重的最佳拟合模型为高斯模型外,其余指标的最佳...     

火烧对黔中喀斯特山地马尾松林土壤理化性质的影响

在黔中喀斯特山地马尾松人工次生林内取样分析火烧和对照样地间土壤理化指标的变化,研究了火烧对林地土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明马尾松火烧林地表层土壤毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度升高、最大持水量和最小持水量增加,土壤密度和非毛管孔隙度降低、土壤质量含水量和体积含水量减少;土壤有机质、全N量、全P量、全K量,水解N量、有效P量、速效K量、交换性盐基量和pH值增大,阳离子交换量降低。林火对马尾松林地土壤主要理化指标影响的趋势为或表层土壤影响率大于剖面影响率、或表层土壤影响率小于剖面影响率,不同指标在土壤剖面的变化趋势或增加、或降低,对数或幂函数拟合曲线均达相关显著性水平。火烧和对照样地间的表层土壤理化指标变化主要反映了林火影响,近岩层土壤理化指标变化主要是成土母质在空间上的分异,也受生物的影响。乔木层植株死亡率同表层土壤最大持水量、最小持水量、有机质量和全N量的正相关性显著,同土壤密度的负相关性显著;灌木层植株死亡率同表层土壤密度正相关性显著,同毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、质量含水量、最大持水量、最小持水量、有机质量、全N量、全P量和速效K量的负相关性达显著或极显著水平;灌木层生物损失量同表层土壤密度和有机质量正相关显著,同速效K量的负相关性显著,枯物层生物损失量同pH值的正相关性显著。火烧马尾松林分平均胸径同表层土壤密度正相关性显著,同毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、质量含水量、最大持水量、最小持水量和有机质量的负相关性显著。     

冰雪灾害对粤北杉木林土壤物理性质的影响

2008 年1 月至2 月, 雨雪冰冻天气袭击广东粤北地区。冻雨在枝叶上形成冰柱, 造成大量的折干残体。冰雪灾害对森林土壤的影响是森林恢复和管理的关键所在, 然而对灾害引起土壤物理性质的变化研究甚少。为了研究冰雪灾害对土壤物理性质的影响, 在粤北乐昌林场杉木林内建立三个面积为20 m×20 m 的固定标准地, 分别在标准地中心以及四个角采集上土层(0-20 cm)和下土层(20-40 cm)的土样, 测定土壤物理性质: 土壤容重、毛管持水量、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和通气孔隙度。研究结果表明: 与2008 年相比, 2011 年杉木林地土壤容重降低, 而土壤毛管持水量、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度和通气孔隙度均升高, 说明冰雪灾害对土壤物理性质有重要影响。     

禁牧封育对黄河源高寒草甸植被群落结构及土壤水分特征的影响

为探讨禁牧封育对黄河源高寒草甸生态系统的影响,研究选取玛沁高寒草甸作为对象,通过野外调查和室内试验,分析了禁牧封育对黄河源高寒草甸植被结构和土壤水分特征在不同禁牧封育条件下的变化情况。结果表明:(1)随着禁牧封育年限的延长,植被盖度和高度均呈增加趋势,物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和物种数呈先增加后稳定趋势,优势度指数先下降后稳定,均匀度指数变化不显著。就功能群而言,随封育年限增加,禾本科、豆科植物重要值占比呈逐步增加趋势,莎草类植物重要值占比呈先快速增加后趋于稳定的趋势,杂类草重要值占比明显下降。(2)随禁牧封育年限增加,地上生物量逐步增加,地下生物量和地上地下总生物量呈先增加后稳定趋势,禁牧封育对地下生物量的影响主要集中在0-20 cm。(3)禁牧封育对黄河源高寒草甸土壤容重、持水量及孔隙度的影响主要集中在表层(0-5 cm),随封育年限的增加,表层土壤容重呈先下降后稳定趋势,土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量和田间持水量呈增加趋势,土壤毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度先增加后稳定,非毛管孔隙度无显著变化。与重度退化相比,封育5年样地0-5 cm土壤容重显著下降30.25%(P<0.05),饱和持水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量、毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度分别显著增加14.44%、18.36%、28.19%、18.36%、12.09%(P<0.05)。表明短期禁牧封育不仅有利于改善黄河源高寒草甸植被群落结构,而且能够增强该地区土壤水源涵养功能。     

三峡山地不同类型植被和坡位对土壤水文功能的影响

土壤层下渗和贮蓄水分的水文功能是森林保持水土、涵养水源的基础。以三峡山地大老岭林区为研究区,采集常绿林、落叶林和草地覆盖下不同坡位的原状土样,测定其饱和导水率和水分特征曲线,分析植被类型和坡位对土壤水分参数和库容的影响。结果表明:常绿林地的入渗性能最好,饱和导水率为7.80—322.81 cm/d,大于落叶林地(0.33—137.03 cm/d)和草地(0.84—115.80 cm/d);坡位间差异表现为上坡高于下坡。不同样地的饱和含水量差异较小,但毛管持水量和田间持水量差异明显,草地最大,为20.77%—50.39%;不同坡位比较表现为下坡高于上坡。不同样地土壤水库容量差异较大,由田间持水量得到的库容量占总库容量的百分比以草地最大(63.25%),其次是落叶林地,常绿林地最小;坡位上表现为下坡的田间持水库容大于上坡。饱和导水率与土壤总孔隙度、有机质含量呈显著正相关,与容重呈显著负相关;饱和含水量、毛管持水量、田间持水量均与土壤总孔隙度、有机质含量和粉粒含量呈显著正相关,与容重、砂粒含量呈显著负相关。综合以上,草地持水性能最强,利于保蓄水分,常绿林地最弱,更利于水分入渗,补给地下水,下坡位的持水性能强于上坡位。     

西双版纳热带山地雨林枯落物及其土壤水文功能

研究了云南西双版纳热带不同海拔梯度山地雨林枯落物层及土壤层水文功能.结果表明: 土壤容重随着海拔的增加而降低,土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、土壤最大持水率、最大持水量、有效持水量和土壤含水量随海拔的增加而增加,局部有所波动;雨季前期含水量、饱和含水量和有效调蓄水空间随海拔的增加而增加,其中,饱和含水量和土壤有效调蓄水空间在不同海拔区差异均显著(P<0.05).土壤渗透性能与总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),其中,非毛管孔隙对土壤渗透性的影响更为显著.不同海拔枯落物未分解层厚度均占总厚度的一半以上,枯落物厚度均表现为未分解层＞半分解层;枯落物总蓄积量和半分解层蓄积量占枯落物总蓄积量的比例均随海拔的增加而增加,说明低海拔枯落物分解速度较慢,高海拔枯落物分解速度较快.不同海拔枯落物半分解层和未分解层最大持水量、最大持水率、自然含水率、有效拦蓄率和有效拦蓄量均随海拔的增加而增加,并且各海拔未分解层均高于半分解层,而有效拦蓄量深度随海拔的增加而降低,局部有所波动.综合未分解层和半分解层的变化规律可知,高海拔拦蓄能力较强,低海拔较弱.不同海拔枯落物持水量随着浸泡时间增加而增加;枯落物吸水速率随着浸泡时间增加而降低,12 h后枯落物吸水速率逐渐趋于饱和.不同海拔枯落物持水量与浸水时间可用对数方程表示;吸水速率与浸泡时间可用冥函数方程表示.综合分析各项因子,低海拔热带山地雨林水源涵养能力普遍低于高海拔.     

Numerical approaches towards life cycle interpretation five examples

The ISO-standard for LCA distinguishes four phases, of which the last one, the interpretation, is the least elaborated. It can be regarded as containing procedural steps (like a completeness check) as well as numerical steps (like a sensitivity check). This paper provides five examples of techniques that can be used for the numerical steps. These are the contribution analysis, the perturbation analysis, the uncertainty analysis, the comparative analysis, and the discernibility analysis. All five techniques are described at a non-technical level with respect to basic concept, possibilities, tabular and graphical representation, restriction and warnings, and all are illustrated with a simple example.     

影响水稻光合日变化的酶和相关因素的分析

水稻叶片的最大光合速率出现在上午１０：００时,Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ初始活力也在此时达到最大,然后逐渐降低,下午１４：００时略上升后又下降．Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ初始活力与光合速率之间极显著相关,相关系数为 ０．９４７４．运用相关性分析、回归分析、通径分析,对晴（有时有云）天气水稻叶片的光合速度、光合关键酶及有关因素的日变化进行综合评估,结果发现中午光合下降主要来自气孔限制,同时Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性也下降;Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性是影响光合日变化的又一重要生化因子．体内Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性受Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活化酶的调节．     

Discrimination of higher plant calluses based on embryogenic capacity and taxonomic classification by pyrolysis mass spectrometry

Pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) is a rapid, simple, high-resolution analytical method based on thermal degradation of complex material in a vacuum, and has been widely applied to the discrimination of closely related microbial strains. Minimally prepared samples of embryogenic and non-embryogenic calluses derived from various higher plants (sweet potato, morning glory, Korean ginseng, Siberian ginseng, and balloon flower) were subjected to PyMS for spectral fingerprinting. A dendrogram based on the unweighted pair group method, with arithmetic mean of pyrolysis mass spectra, divided the calluses into Siberian ginseng embryogenic callus and the others, which were subsequently divided into embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus groups, regardless of plant species from which the calluses were derived. In the non-embryogenic callus group, the dendrogram was in agreement with the known taxonomy of the plants. These results indicate that PyMS analysis could be applied for discriminating plant calluses based on embryogenic capacity and taxonomic classification.     

Fish ecoregions of Kansas: stream fish assemblage patterns and associated environmental correlates

Synopsis Principal components analysis was performed on fish presence/absence data for 39 common fish species from 410 stream sites in Kansas. The analysis confirmed ten ecologically meaningful fish assemblages, based on species associations. Factor scores based on these assemblages were then clustered into six geographic areas or fish ecoregions. Canonical discriminant analysis identified environmental variables that distinguished the derived fish ecoregions. Mean annual runoff, mean annual growing season, and discharge appear most important. Mean width, mean depth, chloride concentration, water temperature, substrate type, gradient, and percent of pool habitat were less important. Correspondence exists between these fish ecoregions and the patterns of physiographic regions, river basins, geology, soil, and potential natural vegetation in Kansas. The multivariate statistical approach used to classify fish ecoregions should have considerable potential value for fish assessment and management purposes in areas other than the state of Kansas.     

Intraspecific variation in Licuala glabra Griff. (Palmae) in Peninsular Malaysia– a morphometric analysis

We studied vegetative and reproductive characters of 74 herbarium specimens of Licuala glabra Griff. (Palmae) collected from 22 localities throughout Peninsular Malaysia. To test the null hypothesis that there are no distinct groups within the species, cluster analysis (nearest neighbour), principal coordinates and principal components analyses were performed on the set of 43 qualitative and quantitative characters. The results obtained suggested that: (1) there are three infraspeciflc groups within the species, viz., the two published varieties glabra and selangorensis as well as a possible third novel taxon; (2) there is clustering of individuals corresponding to their geographic localities; (3) clusters generated using only reproductive characters indicate a biogeographic distribution of populations correlated with the mountain ranges in the peninsula.     

Some remarks about the analysis of active control studies

In an active-controlled trial, the experimental treatment can be declared to be non-inferior to the control if the confidence interval for the difference excludes a fixed pre-specified margin. Recently, some articles have discussed an alternative method where the data from the current study and placebo-controlled studies for the active control are combined together into a single test statistic to test whether a fixed fraction of the effect of the active control is preserved. It has been shown that, conditional on nuisance parameters from the active-controlled study, a fixed margin can be defined that will be operationally equivalent to this latter method. In this article, we will discuss statistical properties associated with these approaches. Specifically, the interim monitoring boundaries and level of evidence will be considered.     

Normal Approximations of Exact Tests in Configural Frequency Analysis

The most common tests for types and antitypes in configural frequency analysis are normal approximations of exact tests. In the paper such statistics under the complete independence model and under the fixed margins model are discussed. It turns out that these test statistics are not acceptable when the number of simultaneously performed tests is large or when the expected frequencies are small. In these cases, the use of exact tests is advocated and some existing computer programs for such tests are indicated. A normal approximation based on the strong version of the De Moivre-Laplace limit theorem is also discussed. Empirical examples are given from longitudinal data describing psychological development of boys.     

Phenotypic evaluation of genetic variability and selection of yield contributing traits in chickpea recombinant inbred line population under high temperature stress

Heat is a major abiotic stress that drastically reduces chickpea yield. This study aimed to identify heat-responsive traits to sustain crop productivity by screening a recombinant inbred line (RILs) population at two locations in India (Ludhiana and Faridkot). The RIL population was derived from an inter-specific cross between heat-tolerant genotype GPF 2 (C. arietinum L.) and heat sensitive accession ILWC 292 (C. reticulatum). The pooled analysis of variance showed highly significant differences for all the traits in RILs and most of the traits were significantly affected by heat stress at both locations. High values of genotypic coefficient of variation (19.52–38.53%), phenotypic coefficient of variation (20.29–39.85%), heritability (92.50–93.90%), and genetic advance as a percentage of mean (38.68–76.74%) have been observed for plant height, number of pods per plant, biomass, yield, and hundred seed weight across the heat stress environments. Association studies and principal component analysis showed a significant positive correlation of plant height, number of pods per plant, biomass, hundred seed weight, harvest index, relative leaf water content, and pollen viability with yield under both timely-sown and late-sown conditions. Path analysis revealed that biomass followed by harvest index was the major contributor to yield among the environments. Both step-wise and multiple regression analyses concluded that number of pods per plant, biomass and harvest index consistently showed high level of contribution to the total variation in yield under both timely-sown and late-sown conditions. Thus, the holistic approach of these analyses illustrated that the promising traits provide a framework for developing heat-tolerant cultivars in chickpea.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00977-5.     

分子水平的遗传多样性及其测量方法

遗传多样性水平是一项很重要的数据。目前从分子水平量化遗传多样性的方法以等位酶分析、ＲＦＬＰ分析和ＲＡＰＤ分析为代表。遗传变异在基因组中并非随机分布,所以取样方式对分析结果的影响不容忽视。本文叙述了遗传变异的产生和分布,并以此为基础比较了上述３种分析方法的理论与实践。     

甲醇对酵母过氧化氢酶活性的影响机理研究

将酵母过氧化氢酶加入一定比例的甲醇,测定其活性变化。结果表明:在含2%甲醇时酶活比对照提高4026%。将粗酶液用70%饱和度的硫酸铵盐析后离心所得的上清液再加入硫酸铵至80%饱和度,离心的沉淀溶解在缓冲液中,上SephadexG75柱,分离出的有酶活性的蛋白峰经电泳得一条蛋白带,说明过氧化氢酶已经被提纯到电泳纯。光谱分析发现,甲醇处理后过氧化氢酶纯酶的吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱与未经处理的比较基本不变,而差示光谱出现明显的正峰和负峰。由动力学分析可知,在甲醇中,过氧化氢酶的Vmax和Km值均有不同程度提高 。