实验动物资源开发,引进,共享,供应

实验动物资源作为重要的科技资源,对生命科学发展起到重要作用.本文就我国实验动物资源的开发、引进、共享、供应情况进行阐述,对存在的问题进行分析,并提出发展建议,供决策部门 参考.     

相思子根化学成分研究——相思子醌A,B,D,E,F,G

从民间药用抗肝炎药相思子（ＡｂｒｕｓｐｒｅｃａｔｏｒｉｕｓＬ．）根中分得８个异黄烷醌类化合物,即相思子醌Ａ、Ｂ、Ｄ、Ｅ、Ｆ、Ｇ以及已知化合物３,７二羟基６甲氧基双氢黄酮和２,８二羟基３,４,９,１０四甲氧基紫檀素。用化学转化和光谱学方法包括１Ｈ１ＨＣＯＳＹ、１Ｈ１３ＣＣＯＳＹ、ＣＤ等方法鉴定它们的结构。     

引用,引用,引用!

<正>在国外买房子,中介常说的要考虑的3个最关键的因素是:地段,地段,地段(Location,Location,Location)!当然在中国不一样,只要是买到的房子,好像都会涨价。当然,你要是在09年买了海南的房子,你也会同意location是重要的。     

Autophagosomes,phagosomes, autolysosomes,phagolysosomes, autophagolysosomes… Wait,I’m confused

When an autophagosome or an amphisome fuse with a lysosome, the resulting compartment is referred to as an autolysosome. Some people writing papers on the topic of autophagy use the terms “autolysosome” and “autophagolysosome” interchangeably. We contend that these words should be used to denote 2 different compartments, and that it is worthwhile maintaining this distinction—the autophagolysosome has a particular origin in the process of xenophagy that makes it distinct from an autolysosome.     

Autophagosomes,phagosomes, autolysosomes,phagolysosomes, autophagolysosomes… Wait,I’m confused

When an autophagosome or an amphisome fuse with a lysosome, the resulting compartment is referred to as an autolysosome. Some people writing papers on the topic of autophagy use the terms “autolysosome” and “autophagolysosome” interchangeably. We contend that these words should be used to denote 2 different compartments, and that it is worthwhile maintaining this distinction—the autophagolysosome has a particular origin in the process of xenophagy that makes it distinct from an autolysosome.     

Der Einfluß endogener Faktoren auf den Asche-, Kalzium-, Magnesium-, Kalium-, Natrium-, Phosphor-, Zink-, Eisen-, Kupfer- und Mangangehalt der Schweineborste

The objective of the present study was to investigate physiological effects of a marginal copper and iron supply on pigs. Therefore an experiment was conducted with 4 × 12 growing pigs of the crossbreed Pietrain × Deutsche Landrasse. The animals were fed for a period of 119 days with a diet poor of copper (1.5 mg Cu/kg diet) and/or poor of iron (35 mg Fe/kg diet). Control animals were supplied adequately with copper (4.8 mg Cu/kg diet) and iron (85 mg Fe/kg diet). The diet was given according to weight. After reaching an average weight of 102.6 ± 3.5 kg the animals were slaughtered. Due to the activity of the coerulplasmin and katalase enzyme and the haematological parameters, the supply of copper and iron could be classified as marginal. There was no interaction between copper deficiency and iron metabolism. The protein metabolism was unchanged. Low copper intake reduced the copper concentrations in serum, liver, muscle and backfat, and low iron intake reduced the iron concentration in serum, liver and muscle. Marginal copper and iron supply had no relevant effect on either food intake and growth performance or carcass characteristics and meat quality.     

Der Mengen- und Spurenelementgehalt des Rinderhaares als Indikator der Calcium-, Magnesium-, Phosphor-, Kalium-, Natrium-, Eisen-, Zink-, Mangan-, Kupfer-, Molybdän- und Kobaltversorgung

Beyond the energy requirement of maintenance, the assimilated energy, occurring in bioproducts, is linearly proportional to the intake of metabolizable energy in non‐underfed conditions. In contrast, resting metabolic rate is differing between individuals within a population of an animal species. As adaptability to changed environmental conditions may play a role, young bulls were exposed to thermoneutral (18°C) and low (4°C) ambient temperatures and were fed at two feeding levels (1.0 and 1.6 times energy requirement in maintenance) to produce metabolic rate differences, using the same animals, metabolic rate was altered by reducing the sympathetic outflow in each case. Expression of sulfonylurea receptors in circulating mononuclear leukocytes and cells from skeletal muscle (m. semitendinosus) was studied by flow cytom‐etry. Changes of metabolic rate at rest corresponded to the portion of cells with sulfonylurea receptors expression. The data from reducing the sympathetic outflow and those from sulfonylurea receptors expression are useful to explain metabolic rate differences among individuals of an animal population.     

Der Mengen- und Spurenelementgehalt des Rinderhaares als Indikator der Calcium-, Magnesium-, Phosphor-, Kalium-, Natrium-, Eisen-, Zink-, Mangan-, Kupfer-, Molybdän- und Kobaltversorgung

Many health effects can be attributed to the Mediterranean herb oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and several studies demonstrated the improving effect on performance, changes in blood count, antibacterial, antifungal and immunmodulating abilities. The majority of these investigations were carried out with processed essential oil, while whole plant material was only used in a few studies. Thus, the aim of the present experiment was to test the effect of increasing proportions of dried oregano in piglet feed on health and performance, with a special focus on immune modulation. A total of 80 male castrated weaned piglets (body weight [BW] 7.9 kg ±1.0 kg) were used in a feeding experiment lasting 5 weeks. They were assigned to 4 experimental groups: a control diet, and three diets with an oregano supplementation at 2 g, 4 g and 8 g per kg feed, respectively, corresponding to 23.5 mg, 46.9 mg and 93.9 mg carvacrol/kg DM. After 3 weeks, half of each group was challenged with 5 µg lipopolysaccharides (LPS) per kg BW. Blood samples were collected 2 h after LPS stimulation and analysed for T-cell phenotypes, granulocyte activity, clinical-chemistry as well as white and red blood count. The results indicate no effects of oregano on performance. In contrast, oregano altered the lymphocyte proportion and the ratio of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-cells as well as the triglyceride concentration in the serum of non-stimulated and in LPS-stimulated piglets. In conclusion, whole plant supplementation of oregano to piglet feed altered immune-related parameters, but did not modulate the acute inflammatory response induced by LPS stimulation.     

过量表达棉花液泡H+-ATPase C亚基基因促进酵母细胞伸长和提高盐胁迫耐受性

棉花液泡H -ATPase在纤维细胞的伸长过程中具有重要作用,能够通过对纤维细胞膨压的调节而介导细胞的极性膨大.拟南芥液泡H -ATPase C亚基(DET3)具有调节液泡H -ATPase活性,进而调控细胞伸长的作用.为了快速鉴定棉花液泡H -ATPase C亚基基因(GhDET3)的功能和推测其在棉花纤维生长中的作用,作者构建了GhDET3的酵母表达载体pREP5N( ).GhDET3,并进行了裂殖酵母的遗传转化.结果表明,在酵母细胞中过量表达GhDET3基因,能够促进酵母细胞的伸长和提高酵母细胞对NaCl和高pH的耐受性,说明GhDET3对液泡H -ATPase的活性有重要影响,由此推测GhDET3基因与棉花纤维细胞的伸长生长具有密切关系.     

Cloning and expression of two sterol C-24 methyltransferase genes from upland cotton （Gossypium hirsuturm L.）

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are an important class of plant steroidal hormones that are essential in a wide variety of physiological processes. Two kinds of intermediates, sitosterol and campesterol, play a crucial role in cell elongation, cellulose biosynthesis, and accumulation. To illuminate the effects of sitosterol and campesterol on the development of cotton (Gossypium hirsuturm L.) fibers through screening cotton fiber EST database and contigging the candidate ESTs, two key genes GhSMT2-1 and GhSMT2-2 controlling the sitosterol biosynthesis were cloned from developing fibers of upland cotton cv. Xuzhou 142. The full length of GhSMT2-1 was 1, 151bp, including an 8bp 5'-untranslated region (UTR), a 1, 086bp open reading frame (ORF), and a 57bp 3'-UTR. GhSMT2-1 gene encoded a polypeptide of 361 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 40kDa. The full length of GhSMT2-2 was 1, 166bp, including an 18bp 5'-UTR, a 1, 086bp ORF, and a 62bp 3'-UTR. GhSMT2-2 gene encoded a polypeptide of 361 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular mass of 40kDa. The two deduced amino acid sequences had high homology with the SMT2 from Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum. Furthermore, the typical conserved structures characterized by the sterol C-24 methyltransferase, such as region I (LDVGCGVGGPIVIRAI), region Ⅱ (IEATCHAP), and region Ⅲ (YEWGWGQSFHF), were present in both deduced proteins. Southern blotting analysis indicated that GhSMT2-1 or GhSMT2-2 was a single copy in upland cotton genome. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that the highest expression levels of both genes were detected in 10 DPA (day post anthesis) fibers, while the lowest levels were observed in cotyledon and leaves. The expression level of GhSMT2-1 was 10 times higher than that of GhSMT2-2 in all the organs and tissues detected. These results indicate that the homologue of sterol C-24 methyltransferase gene was cloned from upland cotton and both GhSMT2 genes play a crucial role in fiber elongation. The role of GhSMT2-1 may be more important than that of GhSMT2-2.     

A novel cottong ovule culture: Induction, growth, and characterization of submerged cotton fibers (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Summary The growth of submerged cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fibers from cultured ovules has been investigated. The results indicate that exogenous plant hormone levels regulate the induction of submerged fiber growth. The age of ovules at induction is also important. Cell diameter, wall thickness, and cell length of submerged fibers were measured and compared with air-grown fibers and fibers grown in vivo (produced by cotton plants grown in the greenhouse). Various cellwall thickening patterns were observed among submerged fibers, while only one predominant cell-wall deposition pattern was produced in air-grown fibers and in fibers produced in vivo. The diameter of submerged fibers was about the same as that of air-grown fibers but about 22% less than that of fibers grown, in vivo. It appears that the secondary cell wall thickenings are initiated earlier in submerged fibers. The cell-wall thickness of submerged fibers, at 41 d post anthesis (DPA), was 51% greater than that of fibers grown in vivo, whereas the cell-wall thickness of air-grown fibers was 42% less than that of fibers produced in vivo. The cell length of submerged fibers was approximately half that of fibers grown in vivo. and the air-grown fiber length was about two-thirds of fibers grown in vivo. The age of ovules at induction affects the outcome of the air-grown fiber-cell length, but does not appear to affect the length of submerged fiber cells. To produce submerged fiber growth, we found that the optimal age of ovules at induction was 0 DPA, and the optimal medium (with a GA₃ of 0.5 μM and an IAA range of 5-20 μM) depends on the time of ovule induction (−2 to+2DPA). We conclude that conditions leading to submerged cotton fiber growth have great potential for (a) direct monitoring of growth and making precise, detailed measurements during fiber growth and development; (b) producing cellulose and fibers in vitro more efficiently than earlier ovule-culture methods; and (c) using these unique cultures to obtain a better understanding of signal transduction and gene expression leading to growth, development, and programmed cell death in the life history of the cotton fiber.     

棉花PTS2受体基因(GhPex7)的克隆及表达分析

利用cDNA—AFLP差异片段F010,通过RACE延伸、EST、检索等方法获得了一个棉花过氧化物酶体定位信号2受体蛋白基因(peroxisomal targetingsignal type 2 receptor,GhPex7p)的编码序列。该cDNA包含一个954bp的开放阅读框,编码317个氨基酸,推测其等电点为5．603。同源性分析表明：推测GhPex7与拟南芥、酵母、果蝇、小鼠和人的Pex7p基因存在序列相似性,其中与拟南芥的同源性最高,为83％,并具有3段WD-40蛋白家族的保守域,与拟南芥AtPex7的编码蛋白同类。Southern杂交结果表明该基因在陆地棉基因组中存在两个拷贝。Northern blotting和RT-PCR分析表明该基因在棉花根、茎、叶、花、胚珠和纤维中均表达,但茎、叶组织中的表达水平明显高于胚珠和纤维。     

Regulation of cotton fiber elongation by xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase genes

Ligon lintless mutant (li1li1) with super-short fibers (5-8 mm in length) and its wild type (Li1Li1) with normal fibers (30 mm in length) were used to study the function of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) genes during fiber elongation in cotton. Wild-type cotton attained the fiber elongation stage earlier (5 days post-anthesis, DPA), than the Ligon lintless mutant (12 DPA) with a higher fiber elongation velocity of about 1.76 mm/day. Xyloglucan contents in Ligon lintless mutant fibers were 5-fold higher than the wild type during 9-15 DPA. It was also observed that the activity of XTH in wild-type cotton fibers was about 2-fold higher than that of the Ligon lintless mutant with a peak at 12 DPA. DNA blot analysis indicated that the XTH gene in the Ligon lintless mutant and its wild type belonged to a multiple allelic series. However, RNA blot analysis and quantitative real-time PCR exhibited an earlier expression (10 DPA) of XTH in wild type as compared to delayed (15 DPA) expression in the Ligon lintless mutant. The study also revealed that 9-15 DPA might be a key phase for upregulation of fiber elongation via increasing XTH activity. Higher XTH activity can cleave down the xyloglucan-cellulose chains thus loosening fiber cell wall and promoting fiber cell elongation in wild type as compared to its mutant.