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1.
During September 1990, an extensive sampling of the freshwaters of Easter Island was conducted. The resulting list of rotifer species, supplemented by taxa present in samples collected during a previous trip to the island, is compared with that of another oceanic island of volcanic origin, namely Santa Cruz, Galápagos archipelago. In spite of less research, Santa Cruz has a richer rotifer fauna which, unlike Easter Island, includes endemic species. Possible causes for the faunal poverty of Easter Island are: large source-to-target distance, small target size, uniformity of the target island's ecosystems and limited age of its aquatic biotopes. 相似文献
2.
G. Y. Minuk J. G. Waggoner R. Jernigan L. E. Nicolle B. Postl J. H. Hoofnagle 《CMAJ》1982,127(9):850-852
To determine the prevalence of hepatitis A in a Canadian Inuit population, serum from 85% of the 850 inhabitants of Baker Lake, Northwest Territories, was tested by radioimmunoassay for antibody to the hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV). The overall prevalence of anti-HAV in the community was 71%. Exposure to the virus occurred early in life, such that by the age of 6 years 53% of the children had anti-HAV in their serum. The rate approached 100% by the age of 50 years. These findings document the ubiquitous nature of the hepatitis A virus in this northern Inuit settlement and suggest that immunoprophylaxis be considered for individuals taking short-term employment in such places. 相似文献
3.
Eliane Matos dos Santos Gloria Regina da Silva e Sá Marilda Mendon?a Siqueira Reinaldo de Menezes Martins Luiz Antonio Bastos Camacho Vanessa dos Reis von Doellinger Maria de Lourdes de Sousa Maia 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》2014,109(3):335-339
A non-controlled longitudinal study was conducted to evaluate the combined vaccine
against measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) immunogenicity in 150 children vaccinated in
the routine of three health units in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2008-2009,
without other vaccines administered during the period from 30 days before to 30 days
after vaccination. A previous study conducted in Brazil in 2007, in 1,769 children
ranging from 12-15 months of age vaccinated against yellow fever and MMR
simultaneously or at intervals of 30 days or more between doses, had shown low
seroconversion for mumps regardless of the interval between administration of the two
vaccines. The current study showed 89.5% (95% confidence interval: 83.3; 94.0)
seroconversion rate for mumps. All children seroconverted for measles and rubella.
After revaccination, high antibody titres and seroconversion rates were achieved
against mumps. The results of this study and others suggest that two MMR doses confer
optimal immunoresponses for all three antigens and the possible need for additional
doses should be studied taking into account not only serological, but also
epidemiological data, as there is no serological correlate of protection for
mumps. 相似文献
4.
《The Australian journal of anthropology》2006,17(2):235-252
Book reviewed in this article: Thomas Hylland Eriksen and Finn Sivert Nielsen. A History of Anthropology Hildred Geertz and Ida Bagus Made Togog. Tales from a Charmed Life: a Balinese Painter Reminisces Jean Guiart. Une Clé de la Société Canaque: Les Réseaux d'Identité Partagée Ingjerd Hoem. Theatre and Political Process: Staging Identities in Tokelau and New Zealand Lawrence Kalinoe and James Leach (eds) Paul Memmott (ed.) Take2: Housing Design in Indigenous Australia Andrew Metcalfe and Ann Game. The Mystery of Everyday Life Hirokazu Miyazaki. The Method of Hope: Anthropology, Philosophy, and Fijian Knowledge Christer Norström. ‘They Call for Us’. Strategies for Securing Autonomy among the Paliyans, Hunter‐gatherers of the Palni Hills, South India Marilyn Strathern. Commons and Borderlands: Working Papers on Interdisciplinarity, Accountability and the Flow of Knowledge Jennifer Vanderbes. Easter Island Jo Anne van Tilburg. Among Stone Giants. The Life of Katherine Routledge and her Remarkable Expedition to Easter Island 相似文献
5.
Background
In 2013 a rubella outbreak occurred among Japanese people of working-age which resulted in 14,357 reported cases. The Japanese government subsequently recommended voluntary vaccination or rubella antibody testing for young women (15–49 years of age) who were planning to conceive and for adult men, children, and other persons in potential contact with pregnant women at home. However, the expense and time involved for vaccination, antibody testing and visiting a clinic may represent a major barrier to voluntary compliance among this busy demographic. The aim of the current study was, therefore, to examine potential relationships between the social background of Japanese working-age individuals affected by the 2013 voluntary vaccination campaign.Methods
A web-based survey of 1,889 Japanese men and women aged 20–49 years was conducted in early 2014. Statistical analyses were used to explore the associations between social background and testing for rubella antibody and / or vaccination uptake during the previous year.Results
Twenty-four percent of respondents who were planning a pregnancy had been tested for rubella antibody or vaccinated in 2013. However, among those without a current desire for pregnancy, 3% of men and 7% of women, respectively, were tested or vaccinated. Regardless of whether they were planning to conceive, testing for rubella antibodies or vaccination was statistically associated with having acquaintances who had been vaccinated, understanding the government recommendations, and being able to confirm their lack of rubella vaccination history using Maternal and Child Health Handbook records in both men and women.Conclusion
To help eliminate rubella in Japan, additional initiatives need to target Japanese individuals who cannot envisage a direct benefit from vaccination. The results of this study suggest that disseminating the government recommendation to all potentially affected subpopulations, along with maintaining life-time vaccination records might offer a solution to encourage vaccination uptake among working-age adults in Japan, as elsewhere. 相似文献6.
J Strauss S S Dobahi L Danes K Kopecky E Svandová 《Journal of hygiene, epidemiology, microbiology, and immunology》1989,33(2):163-167
476 sera from subjects of 6 age groups were investigated using the HI test for rubella, the sera originating from 5 distinct regions of Yemen, namely highland, coastal the agricultural area Abijan, Vadi Hadramot and the capital Aden. The positivity rate among children aged 1-6 ys was 46.2%, the values obtained for girls aged 15-18, women in the 19-24 and 25-29 ys age group being 81%, 86.3% and 89.9%, respectively. When the findings of the immunological survey were evaluated with respect to the five different regions studied, the positivity rate in the highlands was found to be significantly higher among girls under 18 ys of age. The geometric means of HI titres for rubella antibodies proved to be the lowest in 1-3-year-old children (1: 59) and the highest in girls aged 15-18 ys (1: 163). The authors discuss the comparatively high risks of contracting rubella during pregnancy in four regions of Yemen. 相似文献
7.
8.
Thirty-five larvae and adults of the paedomophic goby Schindleria praematura were collected around Easter Island, during November 1999. Mean abundance from the five stations where they were caught ( n =26) was 10.2 ± 6.1 individuals 1000 m−3 . They occurred only in shallow areas. Oocyte counts ranged from 70 to 110. Otolith examination suggests that adults appear to live no longer than 3 months. 相似文献
9.
We have undertaken a seroprevalence study with more than 13,000 children, who had been included in the German KIGGS survey, a representative sample of children and adolescents 0-17 years of age. The IgG titres against measles, mumps and rubella were determined in 1 to 17 year olds While 88.8% of the children were MMR-vaccinated at least once, 76.8% of children aged 1 to 17 years showed prevalence of antibodies to MMR. The highest seronegativity was seen with respect to mumps. Gender differences were most pronounced with regard to rubella IgG titres: girls aged 14 to 17 years were best protected, although seronegativity in 6.8% of this vulnerable group still shows the need of improvement. Search for predictors of missing seroprevalence identified young age to be the most important predictor. Children living in the former West and children born outside of Germany had a higher risk of lacking protection against measles and rubella, while children with a migration background but born in Germany were less often seronegative to measles antibodies than their German contemporaries. An association of seronegativity and early vaccination was seen for measles but not for mumps and rubella. A high maternal educational level was associated with seronegativity to measles and rubella. In vaccinated children, seronegativity was highest for mumps and lowest for rubella. For mumps, high differences were observed for seronegativity after one-dose and two-dose vaccination, respectively. Seronegativity increases as time since last vaccination passes thus indicating significant waning effects for all three components of MMR. 相似文献
10.
The efficacy of an attenuated rubella virus vaccine, Cendevax, was tested on 65 school children. Forty-nine of them (75%) had pre-existing antibodies and in these there was no increase in the HAI antibody titres after administration of the vaccine. Sixteen children (25%) had no demonstrable rubella HAI antibody prior to vaccination. From the latter group, postvaccination serum samples were available from only 11, and 10 of these seronegative children showed seroconversion after vaccination. The geometric mean HAI titre was 1:180. Seven of the 10 postvaccination serum samples had complement-fixing antibodies and specific IgM antibodies were detected by the immunofluorescence test in 8. No correlation was observed between the CF and the IgM antibodies. 相似文献
11.
Rastawicki W Jagielski M Gierczyński R Garwolińska H Kwiatkowska B Filipowicz-Sosnowska A 《Medycyna do?wiadczalna i mikrobiologia》2005,57(2):143-151
IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies against Yersinia Yop proteins, Yersinia LPS and Salmonella LPS from different serogroups were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in a 885 serum samples and 92 synovial fluids. The control group consisted of 200 healthy blood donors. Compared with control subjects, patients with arthritis showed significantly increased titres of antibodies against Yersinia Yop, Yersinia LPS and Salmonella LPS appropriately in 21.7%, 44.0% and 56.0% serum samples. The prevalence of positive antibody levels was highest in Yersinia serogroup O3 and Salmonella serogroup B and D antibodies. The IgA titres were found to be much higher in adults than in children and youngsters but IgM titres consequently decreased with age. Investigation of synovial fluids obtained from patients with arthritis showed that Yersinia and Salmonella antibodies in synovial fluid mirror those in serum by concentration, by specificity and by distribution in classes. 相似文献
12.
Rubella hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies in 266 children with rubella syndrome born in 1965 in the Ryukyu Islands and their mothers were followed for seven years. Titers of rubella HI antibody in the mothers declined slowly, while those in the children declined rapidly up to 40 months of age. Thereafter decline of titers became extremely slow and only seven cases (three per cent) became seronegative for rubella HI antibody. Rubella HI antibody titers seemed to have no particular correlation to the severity of clinical manifestations. 相似文献
13.
In immunoglobulin fractions or after elimination of IgG by absorption the immunofluorescence test for rubella IgM antibodies is more sensitive than in whole serum. Blocking of IgM activity by IgG antibodies was eliminated when the time of incubation of the serum with virus antigen was prolonged. After prolonged incubation higher titres of rubella antibodies were also obtained in the IgM immunoglobulin fractions. Protein A in Staphylococcus aureus suspension effectively absorbs antibodies of IgG class. The IgM antibody titres in absorbed sera of patients infected with rubella were in some cases 2 to 4 times higher than in unabsorbed sera. 相似文献
14.
P. Morgan-Capner J. Wright C. L. Miller E. Miller 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1988,297(6651):770-772
Before the introduction of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine a survey was carried out to measure antibody prevalence to the three viruses by age. A total of 8716 samples of serum collected by five public health laboratories in different parts of England during 1986-7 were tested. Despite the current measles vaccination programme 60% of children aged 1-2 years did not have measles antibody and over 80% did not have antibodies to mumps and rubella. In the 3-4 year age group 17% of the children were susceptible to measles, 55% to mumps, and 73% to rubella. The results suggest that vaccinating children early in the second year of life will be necessary to eliminate the three diseases. The survey provides baseline data for continuing surveillance of the immediate and long term effects of the new vaccination strategy. 相似文献
15.
Information on the occurrence and breeding status of sea-birds at Easter Island has long been scanty and incomplete. In order to obtain accurate information and in particular to investigate reports of a supposed breeding site of a "brown-plumaged petrel", we spent three weeks on the island, including 12 days camping out on the uninhabited, waterless islet of Motu-Nui.
The petrel proved to be the Christmas Island Shearwater Puffinus nativitatis , whose breeding range is thus extended by nearly 2,000 miles. Ten other species of sea-birds were definitely identified and specimens, photographs and breeding records were obtained for most of them. It is shown that the bird species frequenting Easter Island are, like the human inhabitants, predominantly of Polynesian origin—in fact the American continents are not represented at all.
The paper opens with a brief outline of present-day conditions on the main island, and concludes with an account of the "bird-cult" rituals which are known to have been a feature of life in Easter Island for centuries. 相似文献
The petrel proved to be the Christmas Island Shearwater Puffinus nativitatis , whose breeding range is thus extended by nearly 2,000 miles. Ten other species of sea-birds were definitely identified and specimens, photographs and breeding records were obtained for most of them. It is shown that the bird species frequenting Easter Island are, like the human inhabitants, predominantly of Polynesian origin—in fact the American continents are not represented at all.
The paper opens with a brief outline of present-day conditions on the main island, and concludes with an account of the "bird-cult" rituals which are known to have been a feature of life in Easter Island for centuries. 相似文献
16.
A woman who had had high titres of rubella antibodies some months before she became pregnant gave birth to an infant in whom congenital rubella was confirmed at 4 months. Rubella haemagglutination inhibition tests, complement fixation tests, and immunofluorescence tests with anti-human IgG were carried out on sera from the mother. Rubella antibody titres in sera obtained in March 1971, seven and a half months before conception, were equivalent to 400 units, which is usually taken as indicating good immunity. Rubella virus was isolated from the baby''s nose and throat in July 1973 but was not isolated from a cervical swab taken from the mother in December 1973; tests of her immunological competence did not show any definite abnormality. The presence of high levels of rubella haemagglutination inhibition antibodies does not invariably confer immunity or exclude the possibility of congenital rubella in a subsequent pregnancy. 相似文献
17.
The authors determined the immunoglobulin and specific antibodies level in the blood serum of 17 children aged from 7 to 10 years during the immunization with live dysentery Some vaccine. Mancini's test demonstrated the absence of any differences in the amount of IgA and IgG in children of the given age group and in adults before the immunization; in comparison with adults, IgM was increased in children. 14 to 20 days after the immunization in children there was a significant elevation of the IgG only, whereas in adults the immunoglobulin level of all the 3 classes increased significantly. The titres of specific antibodies of the IgA-, IgG-classes and of hemagglutinins before the immunization detected by Coombs' test failed to differ in children from the titres of antibodies of these classes in adults; the level of IgM antibodies was much greater in children than in adults. The changes and accumulation of antibodies of various classes in children and adults during the enteral immunization with live dysentery vaccine differed significantly: in children the vaccine stimulated the IgA- and the IgM-antibody synthesis, whereas adults responded to the immunization by increased production of all the 3 antibody classes. On the basis of the noted immunological shifts a conclusions was drawn on a marked local immunization activity of the live enteral Sonne dysentery vaccine from the spontaneous mutant in children. 相似文献
18.
The results of serological examination of children, residents of Leningrad, vaccinated with live measles vaccine, are presented. A total of 2012 children were examined. Antibodies were absent in children of different age in 4.2--15.8% of cases. The greatest percentage of secronegative children (15) was noted among those vaccinated at the age of under one year. The mean geometrical antibody titres were the greatest in children aged from 7 to 14 years. The values of these mean titres were less in children vaccinated at the age of under one year than in those vaccinated later--6.5--8.6 and 10.6--11.3, respectively. 相似文献
19.
Employing the techniques of in-vitro lymphocyte transformation (LTF) and using Putnam strain of rubella virus as the antigen, the development of rubella specific cellular immune response was studied in different age groups of rubella seronegative normal subjects at various intervals after subcutaneous administration of HPV=77/DE5 live attenuated rubella vaccine. The rubella specific lymphocyte response in children ranging in age from two to twelve years was characterized by significant LTF activity at two months, followed by a gradual decrease. The response in adult subjects 18 to 35 years of age showed a slight delay initially in the appearance and the maximum LTF activity appeared to be 3--4 fold lower (P less than 0.01) than observed in the children. No difference was observed in the maximum antibody titers to rubella virus between these two groups of subjects. These observations suggest that the age related differences in the lymphoproliferative responses might be associated with adverse effects which are known to occur more frequently in adolescent and older patients than in childhood population after vaccine induced rubella infection. 相似文献
20.
J P do Nascimento J R Chaves V Ferreira M M Siqueira M M Krawczuk G de M Deane F Sutmoller 《Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz》1984,79(2):169-173
Laboratory surveillance of Influenza has shown a low virus activity in Rio de Janeiro during 1980 and 1981. A few influenza A (H3N2) viruses were isolated in both years during the winter months. Serological investigations showed that this subtype has circulated mostly among children under 10 years of age. No H1N1 virus was isolated but an increase in the proportion of adults with antibody to this virus was noted in sera collected in 1981. Influenza B virus was isolated from children in the spring of 1981 and again an increase was noted in the proportion of adults with antibody to this virus. 相似文献