Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies on the Removal of Basic Violet 10 from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Carbons Prepared from Industrial Wastes

Low-cost adsorbents prepared from industrial wastes such as sugarcane bagasse (BC), rice husk (RC), and textile waste cloth (TC) are identified as suitable sorbents for removing basic violet 10 (BV). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies were carried out to characterize the prepared sorbents. The effects of dosage, time, and pH on dye removal were examined. It was observed that BV sorption takes place in acidic, neutral, and alkaline aqueous solutions. The work discussed the best-fit sorption isotherms among Freundlich and Langmuir, in addition to the reaction- and diffusion-based kinetic models. Based on the data obtained, it was found that the BV sorption took place in acidic, neutral, and alkaline aqueous solutions and sorption kinetics found to be controlled by pseudo-second-order and pore diffusion models. Also, thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG ^o, ΔH ^o, ΔS ^o, and E _a were calculated in order to understand the nature of the sorption process. The maximum dye removal capacity (DRC) was found to be 5608, 1244, and 27,495 mg/kg for BC, RC, and TC, respectively. Collectively, it can be concluded that the activated carbon sorbents, prepared from the named wastes, can used to adequately remove the basic violet dye from its aqueous waste solution.     

Effect of temperatures and pH on methyl violet biosorption by Mansonia wood sawdust

In this study, the effect of temperature on the equilibrium biosorption of methyl violet dye from aqueous solution using Mansonia wood sawdust was studied. The equilibrium biosorption data were analyzed using three widely applied isotherm models; Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson isotherm. The fit of three linear Langmuir isotherm forms, the Freundlich isotherm, and the Redlich–Peterson isotherm were determined using linear and the non-linear methods. Langmuir isotherm parameters obtained from the three Langmuir linear equations by using linear method were dissimilar, except, when the non-linear method was used. Best fits were yielded with Langmuir and Redlich–Peterson isotherms. The methyl violet biosorption was strongly dependent solution pH and percentage dye removal became significant above pH 7, which was slightly higher than the pH_PZC of the sawdust material. In addition, various thermodynamic parameters, such as ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° were calculated. Results suggested that the biosorption was a spontaneous and endothermic process.     

Adsorption of heavy metal ion from aqueous single metal solution by chemically modified sugarcane bagasse

This work describes the preparation of new chelating materials derived from sugarcane bagasse for adsorption of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution. The first part of this report deals with the chemical modification of sugarcane bagasse with succinic anhydride. The carboxylic acid functions introduced into the material were used to anchor polyamines, which resulted in two yet unpublished modified sugarcane bagasse materials. The obtained materials were characterized by elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The second part of this reports features the comparative evaluation of the adsorption capacity of the modified sugarcane bagasse materials for Cu(2+), Cd(2+), and Pb(2+) ions in aqueous single metal solution by classical titration. Adsorption isotherms were studied by the Freundlich and Langmuir models.     

DNA Barcoding for Identification of Sugarcane Borers in China

Sugarcane borers are economically damaging insects with species that vary in distribution patterns both geographically and temporally, and vary based on ecological niche. Currently, identification of sugarcane borers is mostly based on morphological characters. However, morphological identification requires taxonomic expertise. An alternative method to identify sugarcane borers is the use of molecular data. DNA barcoding based on partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequences has proven to be a useful tool for rapid and accurate species determination in many insect taxa. This study was conducted to test the effectiveness of DNA barcodes to discriminate among sugarcane borer species in China. Partial sequences of the COI gene (709 bp) were obtained from six species collected from different geographic areas. Results showed that the pairwise intraspecies genetic distance was < 0.02, whereas the interspecies genetic distance ranged from 0.117 to 0.182. Results from a neighbor-joining tree showed that the six sugarcane borer species were certainly separated. These results suggested that the partial COI sequences had high barcoding resolution in discriminating among sugarcane borer species. Our study emphasized the use of DNA barcodes for identification of the analyzed sugarcane borer species and represents an important step for building a comprehensive barcode library for sugarcane borers in China.     

Treatment of oral thrush in HIV/AIDS patients with lemon juice and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and gentian violet

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of lemon juice and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) in the treatment of oral thrush in HIV/AIDS patients when compared with the control group using gentian violet aqueous solution 0.5%. Oral thrush is a frequent complication of HIV infection.In the Moretele Hospice, due to financial constraints, the treatment routinely given to patients with oral thrush is either lemon juice directly into the mouth or a lemon grass infusion made from lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) grown and dried at the hospice. These two remedies have been found to be very efficacious therefore are used extensively. Gentian violet, the first line medication for oral thrush in South Africa, is not preferred by the primary health clinic patients due to the visible purple stain which leads them to being stigmatized as HIV-positive. Cymbopogon citratus and Citrus limon have known antifungal properties.MethodsThe study design was a randomised controlled trial. Ninety patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: gentian violet, lemon juice or lemon grass. Inclusion criteria included being HIV-positive with a diagnosis of oral thrush. The study period was 11 days and patients were followed up every second day. International ethical principles were adhered to during the study.ResultsOf the 90 patients, 83 completed the study. In the intention-to-treat analysis, none of the p-values were significant therefore the null hypothesis could not be rejected. In the analysis of the participants who actually completed the trial, the lemon juice showed better results than the gentian violet aqueous solution 0.5% in the treatment of oral thrush in an HIV-positive population (p<0.02). The null hypothesis in terms of the lemon grass and gentian violet could also be rejected on the basis of the Chi-square test and the likelihood ratio test (p<0.05).ConclusionsThough the patient population was small, the use of lemon juice and lemon grass for the treatment of oral candidiasis in an HIV population was validated by the randomised controlled trial.     

甘蔗体细胞诱变育种研究

用~60Co-γ射线,甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)处理组培甘蔗愈伤组织,可提高再生植株的变异机率,处理愈伤组织再生植株性状:株高、茎径、锤度等明显偏离正常的正态分布,差异达1%显著标准,EMS处理较~60Co-γ射线变化大。连续试验观察表明:一些变异性状具有遗传性。用~60Co-γ射线或甲基磺酸乙酯处理甘蔗愈伤组织可作为一种甘蔗体细胞诱变育种手段加以利用。     

3 种浓度龙胆紫溶液在充填体微渗漏检测中的性能比较

目的:通过测量3种不同浓度龙胆紫溶液浸入充填体边缘的深度,比较三者在充填体微渗漏检测实验中的性能.方法:将因正畸治疗拔除的人离体前磨牙30颗随机分为A、B、C3组,每组10颗.于离体牙颊面釉牙骨质界冠方1mm处制备4mm×3mm×2mm的标准V类洞型.常规树脂充填并经冷热循环(5℃/55℃,400次)后分别放入浓度为0.5％(A组)、1％(B组)、2％(C组)的龙胆紫溶液中浸泡96h.三用枪冲洗吹干后将离体牙沿颊舌向垂直于充填体表面片切.在根管显微镜下观察离体牙充填体边缘染料浸入情况并摄片.采用Image-Pro Plus 6.0图像分析软件测量龙胆紫溶液浸入深度并记录.结果:A、B、C3组龙胆紫溶液渗入深度分别为(0.59± 0.22)mm、(1.38± 0.32)mm、(1.52± 0.45)mm,3组结果之间有统计学差异(F=21.431,P＜0.05).其中A、B组有统计学差异(t＝5.138,P＜0.05),A、C组有统计学差异(t＝6.082,P＜0.05),B、C组无统计学差异(t=0.944,P＞0.05).结论:2％、1％龙胆紫溶液渗透速度较快,0.5％龙胆紫溶液渗透速度最慢;0.5％龙胆紫溶液组渗透稳定性较好,1％龙胆紫溶液次之,2％龙胆紫溶液渗透稳定性最差.     

长江野鲤(Cyprinus carpio)及两种养殖鲤群体遗传多样性评估

为了给鲤鱼遗传资源保护及利用提供较为准确的基础数据,利用10对微卫星标记分析了黄河鲤(Huanghe Cyprinus carpio,人工养殖群体)、长江野鲤(Changjiang wild Cyprinus carpio,安徽段)、安徽养殖鲤(Anhui cultured Cyprinus carpio,宿州市)群体遗传多样性。遗传多样性分析实验表明:3个群体均具有较高的遗传水平,且长江野鲤群体遗传多样性高于黄河鲤、安徽养殖鲤;卡方检验表明:3个群体在较大程度上受到人类活动及生态环境变化的影响,30个位点中76.67%的位点显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡。遗传距离、遗传相似度、非加权组平均法(unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means,UPGMA)聚类树及贝叶斯聚类分析均显示,长江野鲤与安徽养殖鲤亲缘关系较近,研究情况与实际生产中养殖户从长江里获得鲤鱼亲本用于繁殖苗种的现象相符。突变-漂移平衡分析显示,在TPM模式下,Wilcoxon符号秩次检验中黄河鲤群体显著偏离突变-漂移平衡,需进一步扩大选育群体。总体来说,黄河鲤、长江野鲤、安徽养殖鲤群体遗传多样性均较高,具有进一步的选育空间。     

Adsorption of methyl violet from aqueous solutions by the biochars derived from crop residues

The adsorption of methyl violet by the biochars from crop residues was investigated with batch and leaching experiments--adsorption capacity varied with their feedstock in the following order: canola straw char>peanut straw char>soybean straw char>rice hull char. This order was generally consistent with the amount of negative charge of the biochars. Zeta potentials and Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy, combined with adsorption isotherms and effect of ionic strength, indicated that adsorption of methyl violet on biochars involved electrostatic attraction, specific interaction between the dye and carboxylate and phenolic hydroxyl groups on the biochars, and surface precipitation. Leaching experiments showed that 156 g of rice hull char almost completely removed methyl violet from 18.2 L of water containing 1.0 mmol/L of methyl violet. The biochars had high removal efficiency for methyl violet and could be effective adsorbents for removal of methyl violet from wastewater.     

THE DARK ADAPTATION OF THE COLOR ANOMALOUS MEASURED WITH LIGHTS OF DIFFERENT HUES

Determinations of minimum light thresholds as a function of time in the dark have been made for four color normal, three deuteranopic (or deuteranomalous), and four protanopic (or protanomalous) subjects. Measurements were made with red, reddish orange, yellow, green, violet, and white test lights. Dark adaptation curves for the deuteranopes and deuteranomalous are essentially identical with those of the color normal for all colors. The cone portions of the protanopic dark adaptation curves measured with the red, reddish orange, yellow, and white lights are higher than the corresponding data for the color normal, the discrepancy between the two sets of data decreasing from the long to short wave lengths. Dark adaptation curves for the protanopes and protanomalous measured with green and violet light are essentially normal in appearance. A theoretical explanation is advanced to account for these findings in terms of the known sensitivity characteristics of the normal and color-anomalous eye.     

1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and tyrosinase inhibitory effects of constituents of sugarcane molasses

In the course of our work into the use of cane by-products, we have studied the isolation and structural determination of bioactive compounds in sugarcane molasses. In this study, three stereo isomers of syringyl glycerol 3'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, three stereo isomers of guaiacyl glycerol 3'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, a syringyl glycerol 2'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside, tachioside and a 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-(H)-pyran-4-one (DDMP) were isolated from the 25% methanol eluate by Amberlite XAD-2 column chromatography of sugarcane molasses. The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. These isolated compounds were examined for their scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical species, and for their inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase. All of the isolated compounds showed DPPH radical scavenging activity, while DDMP and tachioside showed mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity.     

Staining of depolymerised DNA in mammalian tissues with methyl violet 6B and crystal violet

The paper contains an account of DNA staining with basic dyes; methyl violet 6B and crystal violet in mammalian tissue sections after RNA extraction with cold concentrated phosphoric acid. The study shows that the best staining is obtained at pHs 2.5 and 3.5. Dehydration of stained nuclei is perfect when a mixture of absolute ethanol and n-butanol is used followed by treatment of sections in isoamyl or amyl alcohol. The in situ absorption data of nuclei stained with aqueous solution of methyl violet 6B as well as with crystal violet are also presented. Possible mechanism of staining as well as an explanation for dye-leaching when sections are dehydrated through ethanol are discussed.     

Analysis of Water Sorption Isotherms of Superabsorbent Polymers by Solution Thermodynamics

Water sorption isotherms of superabsorbent polymers were measured, and their affinity for water was evaluated by solution thermodynamics. The results provide basic data for the functional packaging of food to control the water content of food during its transportation or storage. Water activity above 0.9 was measured by adding a specific amount of water to the samples, while that below 0.9 was measured with apparatus for evaluating water sorption isotherms. Thus, water sorption isotherms for superabsorbent polymers were obtained up to a water activity of approximately 0.98. The amount of water sorbed by the superabsorbent polymers was influenced by the type of functional groups in the polymers, and not by the degree of cross-linking in the polymers. The integral Gibbs free energy, which is the most suitable parameter for evaluating the affinity of a material for water, was evaluated from the water sorption isotherms by using solution thermodynamics.     

全髋关节置换术治疗晚期非创伤性股骨头缺血性坏死

目的:探讨全髋关节置换术治疗晚期非创伤性股骨头缺血性坏死的临床疗效,为临床治疗提供参考依据.方法:将我院进行全髋关节置换术治疗晚期股骨头缺血性坏死患者25例(30髋)按病因分三组,A组酒精性17例,B组为激素性6例,C组潜水性2例,记录各组患者术前、术后的临床症状,患髋功能,X片等,并进行Harris评分,对结果进行评价分析.结果:三组术后Harris评分分别为(89.7±2.8)、(81.5±3.1)分、(87.8±2.9)分,经方差分析,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);三组术后假肢松动髋数率分别为4.8％、16.7％、0％,经卡方检验,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);三组术后随访3年总体髋部优良率分别为100％、83.3％、100％,经卡方检验,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:全髋关节置换术治疗晚期非创伤性股骨头缺血性坏死疗效较好,对酒精性病因患者疗效最好.     

Comparison of optimised isotherm models for basic dye adsorption by kudzu

This study assesses the use of dried (5% w/w moisture) kudzu (Peuraria lobata ohwi) as an adsorbent medium for the removal of two basic dyes, Basic Yellow 21 and Basic Red 22, from aqueous solutions. The extent of adsorption was measured through equilibrium sorption isotherms for the single component systems. Equilibrium was achieved after 21 days. The experimental isotherm data were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson, Temkin and Toth isotherm equations. A detailed error analysis was undertaken to investigate the effect of using different error criteria for the determination of the single component isotherm parameters. The performance of the kudzu was compared with an activated carbon (Chemviron F-400). Kudzu was found to be an effective adsorbent for basic dye colour removal; though its capacity for colour removal was not as high as an activated carbon, the potential appeared to exist to use it as an alternative to activated carbon where carbon cost was prohibitive.     

Removal of Ca(II) and Mg(II) from aqueous single metal solutions by mercerized cellulose and mercerized sugarcane bagasse grafted with EDTA dianhydride (EDTAD)

In a previous work, chemically modified cellulose (EMC) and sugarcane bagasse (EMMB) were prepared from mercerized cellulose (MC) and twice-mercerized sugarcane bagasse (MMB) using ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride (EDTAD) as modifying agent. In this work we described in detail the modification of these materials in function of reaction time and EDTAD amount in the reaction media. The resistance of ester bond at pH 1, 2, 11, and 12 was also evaluated by FTIR. The results were used to model the hydrolysis process and a kinetic model was proposed. The modified materials (EMMB and EMC) were used to adsorb Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions from aqueous single solutions. The adsorption isotherms were developed at two pH values. These materials showed maximum adsorption capacities for Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions ranging from 15.6 to 54.1 mg/g and 13.5 to 42.6 mg/g, respectively. The modified material from sugarcane bagasse (EMMB) showed larger maximum adsorption capacities than modified material from cellulose (EMC) for both metals.     

Elastic Tissue Staining

It has been found that the addition of dextrin to samples of crystal violet and basic fuchsin employed in the prepararation of the elastic tissue stain after the technic of Weigert makes more sure a satisfactory final product. A modification of the original Weigert technic employing crystal violet or a mixture of crystal violet and basic fuchsin is offered as providing a better color contrast both visually as well as photographically. Crystal violet alone affords a bright greenish-yellow elastin while the addition of basic fuchsin results in a darker stain shading into dark blue as the proportion of basic fuchsin is increased.     

甘蔗螟虫绿色防控技术集成与应用

根据甘蔗螟虫发生与危害特点,协调应用各单项绿色防控技术。在甘蔗生长前期施用高效低毒杀虫剂,中期及中后期实施以性诱剂和赤眼蜂协调应用为主的防治螟虫关键技术,并加强田间管理。在广东遂溪县、翁源县和广西扶绥县两省区三地技术集成应用示范,结果表明:螟害防控效果明显,并取得了良好的经济效益和生态效益。     

Microelectronic-sensing assay to detect presence of Verotoxins in human faecal samples

Aims: To develop a novel Vero cell assay that implements a real‐time cell electronic sensing (RT‐CES) system for the determination of the presence of verotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli (VTEC). The assay overcomes the major drawbacks in conventional Vero cell assay, for example, labour‐intensive and time‐consuming. Methods and Results: Cells were grown onto the surfaces of microelectronic sensors that are integrated into the bottom surfaces of the microtiter plate. Cellular viability was monitored in real‐time and quantified based on changes in the sensor’s electrical impedance. For cell viability measurement, the data generated on the RT‐CES system correlated well with those obtained by the Vero cell assay for Verotoxins. To assess cytotoxicity, test cells growing on microelectronic sensors were treated with either supernatant from pure cultures, or stool samples. The specific neutralizing antibodies of VT1 and VT2 were used to identify specific toxins in the samples. Conclusions: The RT‐CES assay provides a sensitive measurement comparable to conventional crystal violet assay. The assay has been successfully and specifically used to identify VTEC in human faecal samples. Significance and Impact of the Study: The RT‐CES assay significantly shortens the testing time from 48 to 72 h required by the crystal violet assay to only 15 h with automated operation.     

Optimum Sorption Isotherm by Linear and Nonlinear Methods for Safranin onto Alkali-Treated Rice Husk

Rice husk, a lignocellulosic by-product of the agroindustry, was treated with alkali and used as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of safranin from aqueous solution in batch adsorption procedure. In order to estimate the equilibrium parameters, the equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed using the following two-parameter isotherms: Freundlich, Langmuir, and Temkin. A comparison of linear and nonlinear regression methods in selecting the optimum adsorption isotherm was applied on the experimental data. Six linearized isotherm models (including four linearized Langmuir models) and three nonlinear isotherm models are thus discussed in this paper. In order to determine the best-fit isotherm predicted by each method, seven error functions namely, coefficient of determination (r ²), the sum of the squares of the errors (SSE), sum of the absolute errors (SAE), average relative error (ARE), hybrid fractional error-function (HYBRID), Marquardt's percent standard deviation (MPSD), and the chi-square test (χ²) were used. It was concluded that the nonlinear method is a better way to obtain the isotherm parameters and the data were in good agreement with the Langmuir isotherm model.