The Neotropical genus Anaisus (Elateridae) and its relationship to the Pyrophorinae

Four species of the genus Anaissus Candeze are recognized and described or redescribed and a key for their identification is given; anandra sp.n., aurantium spn., fuscipes sp.n. and tarsalis Candeze (=spinipennis syn.n.). A new subgenus Auctumnalis is erected with aurantium as type-species. Two possible species from Brazil and French Guiana respectively are also reported. The systematic position of the genus is discussed in relation to the Neotropical Pyrophorinae, and on the basis of adult characters Anaissus is here assigned to the subfamily Pyrophorinae.     

The macrogenitalis group of Strigiphilus (Philopteridae: Phthiraptera)

The characters of the macrogenitalis group of Strigiphilus are reviewed. A key is given to the six species now included, three of which are described as new from the owls, Ciccaba woodfordi, Scotopelia peli and Bubo poensis. Notes on the three previously known species are included.     

Isoëtes sabatina (IsoëtaceaeLycopodiophyta), a new aquatic species from central Italy

The new species Isoëtes sabatina is described and illustrated. Morphological, anatomical, and ecological characters are given. It differs from the similar I. echinospora by several characters, such as megaspore ornamentation and size, microspore size, velum extension and form, and also for its ecology. A table showing the main differential characters of the new species compared with those of the other European aquatic species is presented. So far, the species is known from a single locality (Bracciano Lake, central Italy), having a peculiar ecology and within the Mediterranean bioclimate.     

Phylogenetic analysis of the family Ariidae (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes), with a hypothesis on the monophyly and relationships of the genera

Ariid monophyly and intrafamilial relationships are investigated based on cladistic analysis of 230 morphological characters. Terminal taxa examined include whenever possible type‐species, or the most morphologically similar species to the type‐species of the nominal genera, and the largest possible number of species, including cleared and stained specimens, available in zoological collections. Previous hypotheses about monophyly of the Ariidae are strongly corroborated by new synapomorphies discovered in the present study. The subfamily Galeichthyinae and the remaining ariids are strongly supported by new morphological characters. The monotypic subfamily Bagreinae is recognized as the sister group to all nongaleichthyin ariids, supported by a large series of exclusive synapomorphies. A new concept of Ariinae is presented: the subfamily is found to be unequivocally monophyletic and includes all ariid genera, except Galeichthys and Bagre. New data supporting the monophyly of the genera included in the Ariinae are introduced and previous hypotheses of monophyly, species composition, morphological definition, and relationships are reviewed and discussed.     

Taxonomic study of the genus Trichopteryx Hübner (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Korea

The larentiine genus Trichopteryx Hübner in Korea is reviewed. Nine species, including one newly recorded species, T. misera (Butler), are recognized. Diagnostic characters of each species with photographs of adults and genitalia are provided. A key to the Korean species is also given.     

Two new species of night monkeys,genus Aotus (Cebidae,platyrrhini): A preliminary report on Aotus taxonomy

The nine allopatric species of Aotus recognized represent two natural groups distinguished by karyotype, color, and pelage patterns. Correlated with these group characters are reported differences in serum proteins and degrees of susceptibility or immunity to experimental infection with malarial parasites. The primitive gray-neck species group of Aotus contains A. brumbacki (new species), A. lemurinus (with subspecies lemurinus and griseimembra), A. trivirgatus, and A. vociferans. The derived red-neck group contains A. nancymai (new species), A. miconax. A. infulatus, and A. azarae (with subspecies azarae and boliviensis). Only the two new species are described but a key to the species and subspecies gives the diagnostic characters of each. The gray-neck group occurs almost entirely north of the Amazon, the red-neck group almost entirely south. The distributional exceptions are enclave populations resulting from river bend cutoffs. Formation of an enclave population of A. nancymai is discussed and available information on the biology of this species is reported.     

Phylogenetic interrelationships,taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei,Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

A phylogenetic reconstruction of the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus based on 47 parsimony‐informative morphological characters is presented. A series of synapomorphies support the hypothesis of monophyly of Hypopygus, and partially resolve species‐level relationships within the genus. Hypopygus species are recognized here as miniaturized fishes based on two criteria; first, a derived condition of diminutive body size, and; second, the presence of a suite of reductive morphological characters, including partial or total losses, simplifications, and reductions of the anal‐fin rays, scales, cranial bones, and laterosensory canal system. Reductive characters associated with miniaturization comprise 45% of the total number of characters in the phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus. Miniaturization and reductive morphological evolution in Hypopygus are discussed here in the phylogenetic context. A taxonomic revision of Hypopygus is presented, in which five new species are described, two species previously assigned to the genus are redescribed, and a single known species of Stegostenopos is redescribed and included in Hypopygus as a junior synonym. Distribution maps and a key for all eight valid species of Hypopygus are provided, based on the examination of 5014 catalogued museum specimens. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 163 , 1096–1156.     

Mycobacterium rhodesiae sp. nov.

A number of rapid-growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria were isolated from the sputum specimen of Rhodesian patients with pulmonary disease and recognized as a new species. This was given the name Mycobacterium rhodesiae sp. nov. A comparison between M. rhodesiae, M. parafortuitum, M. aurum and M. vaccae was done, and distinguishing characters serving for differentiation between these 4 species of rapid-growing scotochromogenic mycobacteria were described.     

A TAXONOMIC STUDY OF THE GENUS PADINA (DICTYOTALES,PHAEOPHYCEAE) INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES FROM JAPAN,HAWAII, AND THE ANDAMAN SEA1

A taxonomic study of the genus Padina from Japan, Southeast Asia, and Hawaii based on morphology and gene sequence data (rbcL and cox3) resulted in the recognition of four new species, that is, Padina macrophylla and Padina ishigakiensis from Ryukyu Islands, Japan; Padina maroensis from Hawaii; and Padina usoehtunii from Myanmar and Thailand. All species are bistratose and morphologically different from one another as well as from any known taxa by a combination of characters relating to degree of calcification; the structure, position, and arrangement of hairlines (HLs) and reproductive sori; and the presence or absence of rhizoid‐like groups of hairs and an indusium. Molecular phylogenetic analyses demonstrated a close relationship between P. ishigakiensis, P. macrophylla, P. maroensis, and Padina australis Hauck. The position of P. usoehtunii, however, was not fully resolved, being either sister to a clade comprising the other three new species and P. australis in the rbcL tree or more closely related to a clade comprising several other recently described species in the cox3 tree. The finding of the four new species demonstrates high species diversity particularly in southern Japan. The following characters were first recognized here to be useful for species delimitation: the presence or absence of small rhizoid‐like groups of hairs on the thallus surface, structure and arrangement of HLs on both surfaces either alternate or irregular, and arrangement of the alternating HLs between both surfaces in equal or unequal distance. The evolutionary trajectory of these and six other morphological characters used in species delineation was traced on the phylogenetic tree.     

Two new species of the genus Telephata Meyrick (Lepidoptera,Lecithoceridae) from Papua New Guinea with notes on T. nitens (Daikonoff), comb. nov.

Two new species of the genus Telephata Meyrick which has been known to be monotypic, T. melanista, sp. nov. and T. ferruginula, sp. nov., are described from Papua New Guinea. A known species from the island, Lecithocera nitens Daikonoff, is transferred to this genus; Telephata nitens (Diakonoff), comb. nov. Keys to the species of Telephata, based on external and genital characters are given, along with illustrations of adults, wing venations, and male genitalia.     

毛茛目植物柄锈菌中国种的修订

作者对中国毛茛目植物(毛茛科,木通科和小檗科)上柄锈菌属的种进行了较详细的研究,对过去的错误报告和鉴定作了订正,共获得9个种,其中有3个新记录,即赛铁线莲柄锈菌Puccinia atragenes Hausm.,宽叶牛姆瓜柄锈菌Puccinia holboelliae-lat如liae Cumm.和鬼臼柄锈菌Puccinia podophylli Schw.。文中对每个种作了描述和讨论并附图和分种检索表。     

Plant species microendemism and conservation of montane maquis in New Caledonia: two new species of Pancheria (Cunoniaceae) from the Roche Ouaïème

Two species of Pancheria (Cunoniaceae) described here, Pancheria minima J.C. Bradford and Pancheria ouaiemensis J.C. Bradford, draw attention to a recently recognized biodiversity pattern in New Caledonia. Montane maquis on acidic substrates, especially on the Roche Ouaïème, harbors numerous endemic species and is a rare and globally unique ecosystem. We cite 12 species, most described in the past several years, known only from the Roche Ouaïème in an area less than 10km². Overall, 27 species are known only from montane maquis and currently not found in a well-protected area. The major local threat to montane maquis habitat is anthropogenic fire, with climate change a possible long-term problem. Those montane maquis species known from one or two localities, occupying very small areas, and with declining habitat quality are critically endangered or endangered based on IUCN Red List criteria. Adding the Roche Ouaïème to the reserve system of New Caledonia is recommended to protect and manage a representative area of montane maquis on acidic substrates. A research strategy is proposed to identify species most at risk, locate possible unknown areas of montane maquis, and update taxonomic knowledge. A review of characters that vary among Pancheria species is provided, and the inflorescence architecture is described and diagramed. Both new Pancheria species occur at upper elevations in shrubby habitats. P. minima is remarkable in that the size of plants, leaves and reproductive parts is highly reduced compared to other known species.     

Ants of the genus Myrmecia Fabricius: A review of the species groups and their phylogenetic relationships (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae)

Abstract. Myrmecia Fabricius is revised at species-group level. Nine groups are recognized: those of M.aberrans, M.cephalotes, M.gulosa, M.mandibularis, M.nigrocincta, M.picta, M.pilosula, M.tepperi and M. urens. A key to the species groups is provided, and worker diagnoses, illustrations and species lists are given for each. Eight groups are constituted much as in the previous classification of John Clark, but defined using new characters. Phylogenetic relationships are investigated, with six cladograms derived from four sets of data, each with a different outgroup. The most plausible cladograms suggest that: (1) the aberrans group is the sister group to the others; (2) the pilosula, tepperi and mandibularis groups constitute a monophyletic assemblage, though monophyly of the first two is not confirmed; (3) the gulosa, nigrocincta, urens and picta groups constitute a monophyletic assemblage, though monophyly of the picta group is not confirmed; (4) the phylogenetic position of the cephalotes group is unclear.     

The bumblebees of the subgenus Subterraneobombus: integrating evidence from morphology and DNA barcodes (Hymenoptera,Apidae, Bombus)

Although bumblebees have received a lot of attention, some taxonomic problems have persisted for many years. One particularly obdurate case has been the species of the subgenus Subterraneobombus. We revise the bees of this subgenus by integrating evidence from both morphology and, for a 5% subsample, from DNA (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, CO1) barcodes from pinned museum specimens. We apply a reciprocal illumination procedure: (1) taxa recognized previously from morphology are used to stratify samples for DNA subsampling; (2) DNA barcodes from these subsamples are used to recognize groups of phylogenetically related specimens; and (3) for these groups, we re‐examine morphological characters in order to recognize and diagnose species. A total of 3854 specimens from 1535 samples from across the geographic range of the subgenus throughout the Holarctic and northern Oriental regions are identified to 11 species. This includes one species newly recognized from Mongolia, Bombus mongolensis Williams sp. nov. Taxon concepts are modified substantially for four species, seven lectotypes are designated, and four new synonyms are recognized. The prevailing usage of Bombus distinguendus is maintained as valid by designating Bombus elegans as a nomen oblitum and designating B. distinguendus as a nomen protectum. Identification keys and colour‐pattern diagrams are provided, and geographic distributions, elevational ranges, and phenological activity periods are described to characterize the species. An estimate of the biogeographic history is reconstructed with dispersal–vicariance analysis. In this study, DNA barcode data have been a cost‐effective source of additional characters for diagnosing groups of specimens. The barcode data contributed directly to recognizing the one new species, of which females remain difficult to identify from morphology alone. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 163 , 813–862.     

Revision of the genus Evanos Laporte de Castelnau, 1840, with the description of a second species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Rutelidae: Geniatini)

The monotypic genus Evanos (Coleoptera: Rutelidae: Geniatini) is revised and a new species, E. danieleae Grossi, n. sp., is described based on specimens collected from Minas Gerais, Brazil. A lectotype is designated for Evanos villatus. Diagnostic characters and comments about the taxonomic status of the genus are given, as well as a key for both species and a distribution map with the known locality records.     

The Golden and Mariana albatrosses,new species of pierid butterflies,with a review of subgenus Appias (Catophaga) (Lepidoptera)

This paper presents an overview of the subgenus Appias (Catophaga) Hübner (Pieridae). A beautiful golden‐yellow member of the group, endemic to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, Appias (Catophaga) aurosa Yata & Vane‐Wright sp.n. , is described as new. A small white species, Appias (Catophaga) mariana Yata & Chainey sp.n. , is described as new from the Marianas. Four other taxa, A. (C.) athama (Blanchard), A. (C.) galba (Wallace) stat.rev. , A. (C.) galene (Felder & Felder) and A. (C.) wardii (Moore), treated in most recent literature as subspecies, are recognized here as distinct, increasing the number of Catophaga species generally recognized from nine to 15. A brief review is given for each, with notes on their diagnosis, general distribution and known hostplants. An annotated synonymic checklist indicating subspecies, type localities and four new synonyms, and nine lectotype designations, one neotype designation and two type locality restrictions necessary to stabilize usage conclude the paper. Online Supporting Information provides an extensive discussion concerning the possible evolution of these butterflies with respect to polymorphism, speciation, coloration and hostplant relationships, a comprehensive list of type material for all available species group names belonging to the subgenus, and a complete bibliography for all citations in both the printed and online material.     

The first 100 Trichoderma species characterized by molecular data

Trichoderma species are generally abundant on decaying wood and in soil because of their success in various heterotrophic interactions, including decomposition, parasitism, and even opportunistic endophytism. Many Trichoderma species or, precisely, many individual Trichoderma strains, have various important applications in industry and human life, which led to the inclusion of Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei), the well-known producer of industrial enzymes, in the list of organisms whose genomes have been sequenced. Trichoderma species also have been adopted as agents of biological control of plant pathogenic fungi and as antibiotic producers. Trichoderma longibrachiatum is known as an opportunistic pathogen of immunocompromised mammals, including humans, and some species are common indoor contaminants. Given these properties, correct identification at the species level is highly desirable. However, within the past decade, the number of recognized Trichoderma species has tripled, reaching 100. Therefore, Trichoderma taxonomy and species identification is a difficult issue. The abundant homoplasy in phenetic characters is likely the reason, given that the number of morphologically distinct species is significantly lower than the number of phylogenetically distinct species recognized using methods of gene sequence analysis. In this review, we introduce to the scientific community the development of modern tools for Trichoderma species identification: the oligonucleotide barcode program TrichOKEY version 1.0, and TrichoBLAST, the multilocus database of vouchered sequences powered by a similarity search tool. We also discuss the application of the Genealogic Concordance Phylogenetic Species Recognition approach. In combination, these advances make it possible to identify all known Trichoderma species based on sequence analysis.