碳汇目标下农户森林经营最优决策及碳汇供给能力——基于浙江和江西两省调查

增加森林碳汇已成为应对气候变化的重要举措.基于浙江和江西两省农户调研数据,以杉木为案例树种,引用生长模型、修正的Faustmann模型碳密度和价格数据,对单一和碳汇木材复合经营目标下的杉木最佳轮伐期和林地期望值进行比较研究,并模拟了不同碳价格和利率水平下的变化,同时绘制了农户的碳汇供给曲线.可以发现,在碳汇林经营模式下,基于目前的杉木市场价格远高于碳价格的现实,农户的经营采伐决策并不会发生明显改变,从而导致在大范围的碳价格变动下碳汇的供给也没有显著增加,这也说明木材收益和碳收益的两个不同经营目标是协调的.同时,基于碳汇经营模式下的杉木林地期望值增长迅速,碳汇林地潜在投资价值巨大,也意味着森林碳汇对于土地利用改变可能会产生巨大影响.     

氮沉降对杉木人工林土壤有机碳矿化和土壤酶活性的影响

为探讨氮沉降对亚热带森林土壤有机碳矿化及土壤酶活性的影响规律,在杉木人工林中开展了野外模拟N沉降试验。试验设计为4种处理,分别为N0（对照）、N1（60 kg N?hm-2?a-1）、N2（120 kg N?hm-2?a-1）和N3（240 kg N?hm-2?a-1）,每处理重复3次。通过28 d的培养后发现,各土层有机碳日均矿化量随培养时间的延长呈下降趋势,而有机碳累计矿化量则逐步增加。不同氮沉降处理下各土层有机碳累计矿化量总体趋势表现为：随着氮沉降量的增加而降低,日均矿化量降低幅度以N1最大,其次是N0和N2,N3降幅最小。相同N沉降处理下,参与土壤碳循环的6种主要酶（蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、淀粉酶、β-葡糖苷酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶）活性、土壤有机碳日均矿化量和有机碳累计矿化量均随土层加深而降低。氮沉降对6种土壤酶活性的影响存在差异,对纤维素酶和多酚氧化酶具有促进作用,而对淀粉酶和过氧化物酶表现出一定的抑制作用;中-低氮沉降（N1、N2）对蔗糖酶无影响,而对β-葡糖苷酶具有促进作用,高氮沉降（N3）促进了蔗糖酶活性,但抑制了β-葡糖苷酶活性。表层土壤中,土壤有机碳累积矿化量与土壤纤维素酶、β-葡糖苷酶、过氧化物酶活性呈显著正相关。因此,氮沉降促进了表层土壤纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶的活性,但在一定程度上抑制了淀粉酶和过氧化物酶,对土壤有机碳矿化也表现出明显的抑制作用。     

杉木凋落物对土壤有机碳分解及微生物生物量碳的影响

利用¹³C稳定同位素示踪技术,研究了杉木凋落物对杉木人工林表层(0～5 cm)和深层(40～45 cm)土壤有机碳分解、微生物生物量碳和可溶性碳动态的影响.结果表明: 杉木人工林中深层土壤有机碳分解速率显著低于表层土壤,但其激发效应却显著高于表层土壤.杉木凋落物添加使土壤总微生物生物量碳和源于原有土壤的微生物生物量碳均显著增加,但对土壤可溶性碳没有显著影响.深层土壤被翻到林地表层,可能加速杉木人工林土壤中碳的损失.     

温湿度对虎纹捕鸟蛛繁殖力影响的研究

研究不同温湿度对虎纹捕鸟蛛繁殖力的影响,结果表明：虎纹捕鸟蛛繁殖力在26℃恒温和RH80％的因子水平组合中较大。在24－26℃变温和RH80％的组合中为最大。     

Conservation of water cycle on land via restoration of natural closed-canopy forests: implications for regional landscape planning

Investigating the role of forests for maintenance of the water cycle on land is critically important in the current situation of rapid global elimination of the natural vegetation cover. In this paper we contribute to the on-going discussion of the issue with two aspects. (1) Theoretical consideration of the water cycle on land reveals the importance of correct identification of independent and dependent terms in the water budget with respect to changing vegetation cover for understanding possible scenarios of water cycle change under anthropogenic impact. An important controlling influence of the vegetation cover is imposed on the outgoing fluxes of atmospheric moisture A ⁻ from land to the ocean, which is maximized in deserts and minimized in forested areas, while the dependencies for runoff and precipitation are the reverse. (2) Physical mechanisms allowing for efficient water retention and minimization of A ⁻ in forest ecosystems are investigated. Atmospheric water vapor is in aerostatic equilibrium when the temperature lapse rate is less than G = 1.9 K km⁻¹ and out of aerostatic equilibrium when G > 1.9 K km⁻¹. In the former case there are no vertical upward fluxes of the evaporated water. It is shown that the temperature profiles developed under the closed canopies of natural forests keep water vapor in aerostatic equilibrium preventing soil moisture loss to A ⁻ , in contrast to the situation in open ecosystems like grasslands. The analyzed evidence allows one to conclude that an intensive water cycle on land can be restored after recovery of natural, self-sustained closed canopy ecosystems on continent-wide areas.     

不同林龄杉木林土壤细菌群落结构与土壤酶活性变化研究

探究不同林龄杉木人工纯林土壤中的微生物的群落演变与结构特征与酶活性变化,为杉木人工林可持续经营管理提供依据。以福建省南平市的五片不同林龄杉木林表层土壤作为研究对象,通过16SrDNA测定细菌的群落组成,分析与土壤质量密切相关的四种土壤酶活性变化,揭示细菌群落与土壤酶活性的变化机理。结果表明,微生物的多样性指数与OTU都随着林龄的增加而增加,且幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林土壤微生物结构差异较大;不同林龄杉木人工林中包含了29个细菌门,其中酸杆菌门与变形菌门为优势菌群,根据各种群相对丰度变化以及冗余分析,放线菌门、浮霉菌门与疣微菌门等均随林龄增长出现较大变化,且与土壤可溶性有机质以及速效养分有显著相关性（P<0.05）,说明这几种细菌群落对土壤养分变化较敏感;土壤养分变化会影响土壤酶活性,蔗糖酶与全碳呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,与速效钾呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,与放线菌门呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）。脲酶与速效氮呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,脲酶与变形菌门、绿弯菌门、放线菌门、硝化螺旋菌门以及拟杆菌门均存在较强相关性。综上,不同的土壤细菌种群与酶活性对各养分变化的响应程度不一,细菌群落结构与酶活性能反映不同林龄杉木林土壤的质量变化,适量延长杉木人工林种植年限有益于土壤质量恢复。本研究结果对指导杉木人工林优质经营有重要意义。     

采伐迹地恢复阔叶林与人工栽杉土壤肥力变化差异的初步研究

本文连续3a分析比较了采伐迹地恢复阔叶林和人工种植杉木林土壤肥力变化的差异。结果表明:在人工栽杉3a内,杉木林土壤水分含量和有效水含量下降,土壤干湿交替变化增大,水分物理性状变差,土壤水稳性团聚体含量降低,结构体破坏率增大,而阔叶林则呈上升趋势。杉木林下土壤微生物数量在造林3a内呈不断下降趋势,而阔叶林则呈增加趋势;杉木林土壤氧化还原酶活性弱于阔叶林,水解酶活性强于阔叶林,两种酶系活性在3a内阔叶林增强,杉木林减弱;阔叶林土壤养分在3a内不断提高,杉木林土壤不断下降。     

The dependence of soil microbial activity on recent photosynthate from trees

It remains a challenge to quantify and assess the importance of the direct plant below-ground flux of photosynthate carbon (C) to soil microorganisms, especially in forests because of the size of the plants and the great spatial heterogeneity of soils. We studied the importance of labile C inputs from trees on the respiratory activity of soil microorganisms by comparing the response of plots with and without girdled pine trees (Pinus sylvestris L.) to additions of C₄-sucrose, thus enabling us to differentiate between utilization of endogenous C₃-soil C sources and exogenous C₄-sucrose. In both girdled and non-girdled plots the respiration rate after sucrose application, i.e. substrate induced respiration measured in the field, was on average ca. double that of basal respiration rate measured in the field. However, the C₄-sucrose-induced increase in respiration of endogenous C₃-C was significantly higher in non-girdled plots. Expression of C₃-respiration as a percentage of induced respiration in the field showed that in girdled plots, C₃-respiration decreased after sucrose addition and, consequently, the induced respiration in the field was totally C₄-C based. A previous laboratory experiment found no increase in total respiration rate when C₄-sucrose was added to the soil substrate of non-mycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal pine plants. Hence, we see no reason to attribute the increased respiration to (mycorrhizal) roots. Thus, our results indicate that despite the alleged C limitation of the soil microorganisms there is a fraction of SOM, or C within the microbial biomass that is available to microbial metabolism if their C limitation is relieved by the supply of labile C. This fraction corresponds to roughly 10–20% of biomass C of the heterotrophic organisms and seems to become exhausted in the long-term absence of supply of photosynthate to roots.     

湖南会同地区森林植被转变对土壤微生物生物量碳和酶活性的影响

研究了湖南省会同县森林植被从地带性植被天然常绿阔叶林到杉木人工林再到杉木火力楠混交林的转变过程中土壤微生物生物量碳和酶活性的变化趋势。结果表明:杉木纯林和混交林土壤微生物生物量碳含量均显著低于常绿阔叶林,分别仅为常绿阔叶林的76.8%和71.5%;与天然阔叶林相比,杉木人工林土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性分别降低了35.8%、22.1%和45.1%,而多酚氧化酶活性增高了40.0%;相反,杉木火力楠混交林土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性比杉木纯林分别增加了20.3%、12.6%和67.8%,而土壤多酚氧化酶活性则降低了41.0%;表明森林植被转变对土壤微生物生物量碳和土壤酶活性能够产生较大的影响,不同的树种对土壤微生物生物量碳和土壤酶活性的影响差异较大。     

杉木根际土壤提取物对杉木种子发芽的化感效应

杉木根际土壤经丙酮和乙酸乙酯1：1混合提取并真空浓度成浸膏后,用杉木种子发芽试验做生物检测。结果表明：3种浓度处理的杉木根际土壤提取物对杉木种子发芽及芽的生长均有不同程度的抑制作用;就浓度之间的差异而言,绝对发芽率、绝对发芽势和根长生长均表现为200mg/kg处理的较100mg/kg和50mg/kg处理的具有更强的抑制作用;杉木根际土壤提取物对绝对发芽率的最低抑制浓度为34mg/kg,对绝对发芽势及根长的最低抑制浓度分别为58mg/kg和62mg/kg。方差分析及多重比较结果表明,对于绝对发芽率而言,200mg/kg处理的与100mg/kg处理的差异达到极显著水平;对于绝对发芽势以及根长而言,其200mg/kg处理的与100mg/kg以及50mg/kg处理的相比均达到极显著差异。     

Effects of Single Chinese Fir and Mixed Leaf Litters on Soil Chemical, Microbial Properties and Soil Enzyme Activities

The quality of leaf litter can control decomposition processes and affect the nutrient availability for plant uptake. In this study, we investigated the effect of single leaf litter (Chinese fir – Cunninghamia lamcealata (Lamb.) Hook) and mixed leaf litters (C. lamcealata, Liquidamba formosana Hance and Alnus cremastogyne Burk) on soil chemical properties, soil microbial properties and soil enzyme activities during 2 years decomposition. The results showed that soil microbial biomass C, the ratio of soil microbial biomass C to total soil organic C (soil microbial quotient, Cmic/Corg) and soil enzymes (urease, invertase, dehydrogenase) activities increased significantly in mixed leaf litters treatments whereas soil chemical properties remained unchanged. However, soil microbial metabolic quotient (qCO₂) values and soil polyphenol oxidase activity were higher in the single Chinese fir leaf litter treatment that had a higher C:N (carbon:nitrogen) ratio (79.53) compared with the mixed leaf litter (C:N ratios of 76.32, 56.90, 61.20, respectively). Our results demonstrated that the mixed leaf litter can improve forest soil quality, and that soil microbial properties and soil enzyme activities are more sensitive in response to litter quality change than soil chemical properties.     

Nitrogen mineralization in high-elevation forests of the appalachians. II. Patterns with stand development in fir waves

Wave-like patterns of mortality and regeneration of balsam fir (Abies balsamea {L.} Mill.) and Fraser fir (A. fraseri {Pursh.} Poir.) forests at high elevations in the Appalachian Mountains offer a unique opportunity to study the effects of stand development on nitrogen cycling. We sampled two fir waves, one with Fraser fir on Mt. LeConte in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and one with balsam fir on Whiteface Mountain in New York. Net nitrogen mineralization for 3 summer months at Mt. LeConte was high in the dead fir zone (47 kg-N/ha), lower in the regeneration and juvenile zones (24 and 21 kg-N/ha), and highest in the mature zone (61 kg-N/ha). This sampling period probably accounted for about 60% of the annual total. The pattern was similar in the balsam fir wave on Whiteface Mountain, with N mineralization rates of 39 and 33 kg-N/ha over 2 months for the regenerating and juvenile zones, and 43 and 54 kg-N/ha for the mature and dead zones. Throughfall nitrogen followed a fairly similar pattern, with rates ranging from 4.5 to 10 kg-N/ha for 2 or 3 months across all zones at both sites. Tension-free lysimeters indicated very little leaching of nitrogen below 30 cm depth (the maximum was 2.6 kg-N/ha), but these estimates may be low. We conclude that nitrogen mineralization is high at all stages of stand development, perhaps exceeding the uptake capacity of the trees. Rates of nitrogen leaching may be high in these ecosystems and should receive further attention. Request for offprints     

杉木连栽对土壤细菌群落及其抑病能力的影响

连栽导致土壤退化是制约杉木初级生产力实现的重要障碍因素,而土壤对病原菌的抑制能力决定着植物能否有效抵御病原菌侵害,是人工林土壤地力状况的重要表现。以一代、二代、三代杉木人工林和天然次生林为对象,采用平板隔空、直接对峙的方法,分析了不同代际杉木林土壤细菌群落对尖孢镰刀菌和立枯丝核菌的抑制能力。进一步利用高通量测序技术,研究了杉木林土壤细菌群落影响土壤抑病能力的生态过程。结果表明：土壤磷元素随连栽呈显著积累趋势,而土壤pH和有机质(SOM)等含量随连栽代数的增加而下降,但这些下降指标在三代杉木林与天然林土壤间无显著差异。而杉木连栽导致土壤对病原菌的抑制能力逐代降低,天然林土壤较杉木人工林对病原菌具有显著的高抑制能力。同时杉木连栽显著改变了土壤细菌群落组成,而对群落整体α-多样性影响较小,说明土壤中一些关键类群对杉木连栽响应的敏感性高于整体细菌群落的变化。进一步利用随机森林模型预测与回归分析,揭示了杉木连栽引起的土壤一些关键细菌类群丰度的降低是土壤抑病能力下降的重要原因,这些类群主要受土壤pH、SOM、TP等土壤理化因子的调控。由此,杉木长期连栽会引起土壤微环境失衡,致使土壤抑制病原菌能力下...     

中国东北主要植被类型的分布与气候的关系

本文根据吉良的热量指标和作者提出的湿度指数,研究了我国东北主要植被类型的分布与气候之间的关系：1．确定了东北地区10个水平地带性植被类型的热量分布范围和水热指标的平均值。2．研究了东北山地垂直地带性植被类型的水热指标分布特点,并用定量指标讨论了东北东部山地岳桦林带的分布、大兴安岭存在山地冻原和东北植被区域的分界线问题。     

杉木生长及土壤特性对土壤呼吸速率的影响

在江西大岗山生态站选择不同发育阶段杉木人工林,研究土壤呼吸速率、土壤性质和年凋落物量的变化特征以及它们之间的相互关系。结果表明:杉木人工林随林分发育过程中林龄增加,林分年凋落物量和土壤纤维素酶活性逐渐增加;蔗糖酶活性呈现出先增加后降低的变化趋势,而淀粉酶活性无明显变化规律。土壤理化性质表现为幼龄林阶段较好,中龄林最差、近熟林-过熟林又逐渐恢复的变化特征;但不同指标恢复速度不同。土壤呼吸速率从幼龄林到近熟林呈明显先降低后增加的变化规律;从近熟林到成熟林略有增加,但增加不显著;过熟林时又显著降低,达到中龄林水平。通径分析表明,不同土壤性质对土壤呼吸速率表现出不同程度的影响;在被研究的土壤性质中,年凋落物量、土壤有机碳含量和纤维素酶活性对土壤呼吸速率表现出更强烈的直接影响和间接影响作用。     

易分解有机碳输入量对武夷山常绿阔叶林不同土层深度土壤激发效应的影响

土壤有机碳(SOC)的矿化在碳、氮循环过程中起着极为重要的作用.易分解有机碳的输入可以通过正(负)激发效应加快(减缓)原有SOC的矿化.然而,先前的研究更多关注易分解有机碳输入量对表层(0～20 cm)土壤激发效应的影响,而较少关注其对深层(＞20 cm)土壤激发效应的影响.本研究利用13C标记葡萄糖(99 atom％...     

不同温湿度组合对甜菜夜蛾生长发育及繁殖力的影响

不同温湿组合对甜菜夜蛾各虫态生长发育和繁殖力有明显的影响,适宜该虫生长发育的温湿度为２６℃与ＲＨ８０％或ＲＨ９４％两个组合．在这种条件下,其卵孵化率、１～５龄幼虫存活率、蛹羽化率、雌虫比率、产卵的雌虫比率和平均产卵量分别为８２．６３％～８３．７０％、８１．９０％～８２．４７％、８８．００％～８８．０３％、９０．４０％～９１．００％、９３．３６％～９４．１７％、９５．９７％～９６．２６％、９２．７７％～９４．１６％、０．４２～０．４３、０．９８和６０５～６０６粒／雌,且明显高于其它温湿组合．在温湿度为３２℃与ＲＨ９４％条件下,该虫的内禀增长能力最大（０．２２５）．     

增温对亚热带杉木人工林土壤微生物呼吸及熵值的影响

增温通过改变微生物生物量和微生物代谢状况影响土壤微生物呼吸。然而,有关亚热带地区土壤微生物呼吸如何响应长期土壤增温尚不清楚。以增温7年后的杉木人工林为研究对象,比较增温对杉木人工林土壤微生物呼吸和微生物代谢熵的影响。结果表明:(1)增温后,微生物生物量碳在8月份和12月份分别降低了32.1%和59.8%(P<0.05)。(2)增温后土壤基础呼吸与底物诱导呼吸与对照相比均无显著差异;水分添加后,与基础呼吸相比,增温和对照的土壤呼吸在8月显著增加了38.3%和104.8%;葡萄糖添加后,增温和对照的底物诱导呼吸在8月份分别显著增加了113.1%和152.9%,在12月份分别显著增加了118.0%和160.9%(P<0.05)。(3)增温后,微生物代谢熵在12月显著增加了127.7%,8月无显著变化(P<0.05)。(4)在增温和对照处理中,微生物代谢熵与可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳含量呈负相关,与土壤含水率正相关(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,土壤增温7年后碳的可利用性和水分的降低是影响杉木人工林土壤微生物呼吸的重要因素。     

Are Swedish forest soils sinks or sources for CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>—model analyses based on forest inventory data

Forests soils should be neither sinks nor sources of carbon in a long-term perspective. From a Swedish perspective the time since the last glaciation has probably not been long enough to reach a steady state, although changes are currently very slow. In a shorter perspective, climatic and management changes over the past 100 years have probably created imbalances between litter input to soils and organic carbon mineralisation. Using extant data on forest inventories, we applied models to analyse possible changes in the carbon stocks of Swedish forest soils. The models use tree stocks to provide estimates of tree litter production, which are fed to models of litter decomposition and from which carbon stocks are calculated. National soil carbon stocks were estimated to have increased by 3 Tg yr⁻¹ or 12–13 g m⁻² yr⁻¹ in the period 1926–2000 and this increase will continue because soil stocks are far from equilibrium with current litter inputs. The figure obtained is likely to be an underestimation because wet sites store more carbon than predicted here and the inhibitory effect of nitrogen deposition on soil carbon mineralisation was neglected. Knowledge about site history prior to the calculation period determines the accuracy of current soil carbon stocks estimates, although changes can be more accurately estimated.     

Are Swedish forest soils sinks or sources for CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>—model analyses based on forest inventory data

Forests soils should be neither sinks nor sources of carbon in a long-term perspective. From a Swedish perspective the time since the last glaciation has probably not been long enough to reach a steady state, although changes are currently very slow. In a shorter perspective, climatic and management changes over the past 100 years have probably created imbalances between litter input to soils and organic carbon mineralisation. Using extant data on forest inventories, we applied models to analyse possible changes in the carbon stocks of Swedish forest soils. The models use tree stocks to provide estimates of tree litter production, which are fed to models of litter decomposition and from which carbon stocks are calculated. National soil carbon stocks were estimated to have increased by 3 Tg yr⁻¹ or 12–13 g m⁻² yr⁻¹ in the period 1926–2000 and this increase will continue because soil stocks are far from equilibrium with current litter inputs. The figure obtained is likely to be an underestimation because wet sites store more carbon than predicted here and the inhibitory effect of nitrogen deposition on soil carbon mineralisation was neglected. Knowledge about site history prior to the calculation period determines the accuracy of current soil carbon stocks estimates, although changes can be more accurately estimated. This article has previously been published in issue 82/3, under DOI .