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《Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience》2017,11(4):556-563
The backtest response of a pig gives an indication of its coping style, that is, its preferred strategy to cope with stressful situations, which may in turn be related to production traits. The objective of this study was therefore to estimate the heritability of the backtest response and estimate genetic correlations with production traits (birth weight, growth, fat depth and loin depth). The backtest was performed by placing the piglet on its back for 60 s and the number of struggles (NrS) and vocalizations (NrV), and the latency to struggle and vocalize (LV) was recorded. In total, 992 piglets were subjected to the backtest. Heritability estimates for backtest traits were statistically moderate (although high for behavioral traits), with LV having the highest heritability estimate (0.56±0.10, P<0.001) and NrS having the lowest estimate (0.37±0.09, P<0.001). Backtest traits also had high genetic correlations with each other, with vocalization traits (NrV and LV) having the highest (−0.94±0.03, P<0.001), and NrS with NrV the lowest correlation (0.70±0.09, P<0.001). No significant correlations were found between backtest traits and production traits, but correlations between NrS and birth weight (−0.38±0.25), and NrV and loin depth (−0.28±0.19) approached significance (P=0.07). More research into genotype-by-environment interactions may be needed to assess possible connections between backtest traits and production traits, as this may depend on the circumstances (environment, experiences, etc.). In conclusion, heritability estimates of backtest traits are high and it would therefore be possible to select for them. The high genetic correlations between backtest traits indicate that it may be possible to only consider one or two traits for characterization and selection purposes. There were no significant genetic correlations found between backtest traits and production traits, although some of the correlations approached significance and hence warrant further research. 相似文献
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Maicon S. N. dos Santos João H. C. Wancura Carolina E. D. Oro Rogério M. Dallago Marcus V. Tres 《Phyton》2022,91(6):1105-1127
The growing development of biological products highlights the social and environmental responsibility that several industrial companies are facing in recent years. In this context, the advancement of bioprocessing as an alternative for exploring the potential of ecologically based products, especially in biofuels, food, and agro-industrial business, exposes the rational efficiency of the application of renewable sources in different industrial segments. Industries strongly associated with food production concentrate large amounts of wastes rich in bioactive compounds. A range of highly effective technologies has been highly explored to recover large concentrations of prominent compounds present in these materials. The advances in this scenario assurance value addition to these by-products, in addition to highlighting their various technological applications, considering the biorefinery and ecologically based production concepts. Accordingly, this review article described a detailed and systematic approach to the importance of using bioactive compounds and exploring the main sources of these elements. Also, some recent and innovative research that has achieved encouraging results was highlighted. Furthermore, the study included the main extraction technologies that have been investigated as a strategy of prospecting the application of bioactive compounds and optimizing the processes for obtaining natural compounds from plant sources. Finally, future outlooks were presented to contribute to the innovative opportunities and applicability of highly promising technologies and manipulations of bioactive compounds from a range of perspectives. 相似文献
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Wackernagel创立的生态足迹模型是一种较好的评价可持续发展与利用的方法,但是在该模型中,仅评价了的地表水域的渔业功能,忽略了地下水和地表水作为水资源的其他功能.分析生态足迹模型及水资源的特点后,在其理论框架下设立水资源帐户,并阐述了该帐户的内涵,建立了水资源生态足迹以及水资源生态承载力的计算模型,确定了计算水资源帐户生态足迹所需的3个关键参数即全球平均水资源产量、全球均衡因子和地区产量因子,按水资源利用的一般分类对水资源帐户进行了细分.通过利用该模型对江苏省1998～2003年水资源生态足迹的计算,结果表明,计算结果可以客观的评价江苏省水资源可持续发展与利用的情况,证明了模型的正确性和科学性,从而弥补了生态足迹模型的不足. 相似文献
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CAST基因作为肉质性状的主要候选基因.以80头外来猪和190头地方猪为材料,在CAST基因内含子24上检测到两个多态性位点(A916G 和C1633G ).在916位点上,长白猪和大白猪以A基因为优势基因,其频率分别为0.88和1.00;莱芜猪,大薄莲猪,沂蒙黑猪和里岔黑猪以B基因为优势基因,其频率分别为0.93, 0.97, 0.78和0.68.在1633位点上,长白猪和大白猪以C基因为优势基因,其频率分别为0.82和0.79:莱芜猪,大薄莲猪,沂蒙黑猪和里岔黑猪以D基因为优势基因,其频率分别为1.00, 1.00, 0.88, 0.78.在试验猪种中,共检测到6种单倍型(AACC,AACD,AADD,ABCC,BBCC,BBDD).单倍型分布的多重比较结果表明,外来猪种(长白猪和大白猪)与地方猪种(莱芜猪,大薄莲猪,沂蒙黑猪和里岔黑猪)比较差异极显著(P < 0.01).固定效应模型分析结果表明,嫩度,屠宰45 min后pH值和滴水损失单倍型间差异显著(P < 0.05).最小二乘分析结果表明,外来猪种与地方猪种在嫩度,屠宰45 min后pH值和滴水损失间差异显著(P < 0.05).BBDD单倍型个体与其它单倍型个体比较,嫩度及滴水损失差异显著(P < 0.05);AADD,BBCC,BBDD单倍型个体与其它单倍型个体比较,屠宰45 min后pH值差异显著(P < 0.05).因此,在育种过程中将CAST基因应用于标记辅助选择,将有利于改善猪肉品质,加快育种进程. 相似文献
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以长白猪(73),大白猪(68),沂蒙黑猪(57)和莱芜猪(83)为研究对象,采用PCR-SSCP方法 对猪MyoG基因遗传多态性进行分析,并研究基因型与初生重、日增重、肌肉嫩度和背膘厚的相关性.根据猪MyoG 基因的DNA序列（M14331）设计引物,结果在内含子1扩增的片段上发现了一个多态性,检测到2个等位基因(A、B),3种基因型（AA、AB、BB）,并对纯合子进行测序,发现2 943位G→C突变.基因型在不同猪种分布的多重比较,结果表明,大白猪与长白猪、沂蒙黑猪和莱芜猪比较差异显著（P<0.05）,莱芜猪与长白猪和沂蒙黑猪比较差异显著（P<0.05）,长白猪与沂蒙黑猪比较差异不显著（P>0.05）.固定效应模型分析结果表明,初生重及嫩度基因型间差异显著（P<0.01）,而日增重及背膘厚基因型间差异不显著（P>0.05）.最小二乘分析结果表明,BB基因型个体与AA基因型个体比较肌肉嫩度的差异显著（P<0.05）,AA基因型个体与AB和BB基因型个体比较背膘厚的差异显著（P<0.05）.因此,推测MyoG基因对猪肉品质、生长速度及背膘厚存在一定的影响,将 MyoG基因应用于猪育种过程中的标记辅助选择将可以改善猪肉品质,提高生长速度,加快猪的育种进程. 相似文献
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采用PCR—SSCP方法对猪cAST基因遗传多态性进行分析。并研究基因型与肉质性状和背膘厚的相关性。根据猪CAST基因的cDNA序列（M20160）设计7对引物。结果在F1／R1。F6／R6引物对扩增的片段上发现了多态性。并对纯合子进行测序。发现317位A—G突变。2042位G—C突变。基因型在不同猪种分布的多重比较结果表明。长白猪、大白猪和杜洛克猪与沂蒙黑猪和莱芜猪比较差异极显著（P〈0．01）。固定效应模型分析结果表明,嫩度及背膘厚基因型间差异显著（P〈0．05）,而pH值、温度及滴水损失基因型间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。最小二乘分析结果表明,不同猪种比较,屠宰12h和24h后肌肉温度、30min和1h后pH值及滴水损失差异显著（P〈0．05）;BBCC和BBDD单元型个体与其他单元型个体比较肌肉嫩度的差异显著（P〈0．01）。AACC和AADD单元型个体与其他单元型个体比较背膘厚的差异显著（P〈0．01）。因此,推测CAST基因对猪肉品质及背膘厚存在一定的影响。将CAST基因应用于猪育种过程中的标记辅助选择将可以改善猪肉品质。加快猪的育种进程。 相似文献
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《Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience》2018,12(2):350-358
Pigs selected for high performance may be more at risk of developing diseases. This study aimed to assess the health and performance of two pig lines divergently selected for residual feed intake (RFI) (low RFI (LRFI) v. high RFI (HRFI)) and housed in two contrasted hygiene conditions (poor v. good) using a 2×2 factorial design (n=40/group). The challenge period (Period 1), started on week zero (W0) when 12-week-old pigs were transferred to good or poor housing conditions. At week 6 (W6), half of the pigs in each group were slaughtered. During a recovery period (Period 2) from W6 to W13 to W14, the remaining pigs (n=20/group) were transferred in good hygiene conditions before being slaughtered. Blood was collected every three (Period 1) or 2 weeks (Period 2) to assess blood indicators of immune and inflammatory responses. Pulmonary lesions at slaughter and performance traits were evaluated. At W6, pneumonia prevalence was greater for pigs housed in poor than in good conditions (51% v. 8%, respectively, P<0.001). Irrespective of hygiene conditions, lung lesion scores were lower for LRFI pigs than for HRFI pigs (P=0.03). At W3, LRFI in poor conditions had the highest number of blood granulocytes (hygiene×line, P=0.03) and at W6, HRFI pigs in poor conditions had the greatest plasma haptoglobin concentrations (hygiene×line, P=0.02). During Period 1, growth rate and growth-to-feed ratio were less affected by poor hygiene in LRFI pigs than in HRFI pigs (hygiene×line, P=0.001 and P=0.02, respectively). Low residual feed intake pigs in poor conditions ate more than the other groups (hygiene×line, P=0.002). Irrespective of the line, fasting plasma glucose concentrations were higher in poor conditions, whereas fasting free fatty acids concentrations were lower than in good conditions. At the end of Period 2, pneumonia prevalence was similar for both housing conditions (39% v. 38%, respectively). During Period 2, plasma protein concentrations were greater for pigs previously housed in poor than in good conditions during Period 1. Immune traits, gain-to-feed ratio, BW gain and feed consumption did not differ during Period 2. Nevertheless, at W12, BW of HRFI previously housed in poor conditions was 13.4 kg lower than BW of HRFI pigs (P<0.001) previously housed in good conditions. In conclusion, health of the most feed efficient LRFI pigs was less impaired by poor hygiene conditions. This line was able to preserve its health, growth performance and its feed ingestion to a greater extent than the less efficient HRFI line. 相似文献
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中国假俭草结实性的比较分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文以中国有代表性的58份假俭草[Eremochloa ophiuroides(Munro)Hack．]种源为试验材料,以假俭草品种‘Common’和‘TifBlair’为对照,对中国假俭草的种子产量及其组分进行了统计分析。结果表明：中国假俭草种子产量平均为15．1g／m^2,花序密度平均为1510个／m^2,平均结实率为54．4％,平均百粒重0．086g,单位花序小花数平均为20．2。各组分变异系数从大到小依次为：花序密度、结实率、百粒重和单位花序小花数。假俭草种子产量高低主要由花序密度决定,结实率和百粒重也对种子产量有一定的作用,而单位花序小花数对种子产量贡献很小。不同种源种子产量存在显著性差异,产自重庆渝北的E092种源种子产量极显著高于品种‘Common’、“TifBlair’及其他种源;有14份种源的种子产量在24．8—39．5g／m^2范围内,均高于品种‘Common’,但均未达到显著水平;有17份种源的种子产量高于品种“TifBlair”,但也均未达到显著水平。 相似文献
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Leenhouwers JI Ten Napel J Hanenberg EH Merks JW 《Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience》2011,5(4):615-621
In this study, breeding structures and commercial sow lines were evaluated by economic and genetic simulation studies for their suitability to provide the Dutch organic pig sector with replacement gilts. Sow and litter performance from over 2000 crossbred sows from 2006 to 2007 were collected on 11 to 14 Dutch organic pig herds, respectively, and compared with conventional herds. Results showed that organic herds had lower farrowing rates (3.6% to 7.5%), more live born piglets per litter (0.4% to 1.2%) and higher preweaning mortality rates (7% to 13%) compared to conventional herds. These results were used to simulate economic performance of various combinations of breeding structures and sow lines under organic conditions, under the assumption of absence of genotype-environment interactions. Sow and litter performance data under organic conditions (total piglets born/litter, stillborn piglets/litter, mortality until weaning, lactation length, interval weaning-oestrus and sow culling rate) and the costprice calculation for the Dutch organic pig sector were used as input for the economic simulation studies. The expected genetic progress was simulated for three potential breeding structures of the organic sector: organic breeding herds producing F1 gilts (OrgBS), a flower breeding system (FlowerBS) and a two-line rotation breeding system (RotBS). In FlowerBS, an organic purebred sow line is bred, using on-farm gilt replacement. The OrgBS with a Yorkshire × Landrace cross had the highest margin per sow place (€779), followed by RotBS with Yorkshire × Landrace cross (€706) and FlowerBS with Yorkshire sow line (€677). In case that an organic purebred sow population of 5000 sows would be available, FlowerBS gave the highest genetic progress in terms of cost price reduction (€3.72/slaughter pig per generation), followed by RotBS and OrgBS (€3.60/slaughter pig per generation). For FlowerBS, additional costs will be involved for maintaining a dedicated breeding programme. In conclusion, OrgBS using conventional genetics is economically the most viable option for the organic pig sector. However, this structure has clear disadvantages in terms of risks with regard to disease transmission and market demand. FlowerBS using a dedicated purebred organic line will only be cost-effective if sow population size is sufficiently large. RotBS might be a viable alternative, especially in combination with artificial insemination (AI) boars that are ranked according to an organic selection index. Regardless of breeding structure, the Yorkshire sow line gave the highest prolificacy and the highest economic returns on organic herds. 相似文献
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Luther H Schwörer D Hofer A 《Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience》2007,1(8):1105-1111
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Christensen OF Busch ME Gregersen VR Lund MS Nielsen B Vingborg RK Bendixen C 《Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience》2010,4(3):417-424
Osteochondrosis is a growth disorder in the cartilage of young animals and is characterised by lesions found in the cartilage and bone. This study identified quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with six osteochondrosis lesion traits in the elbow joint of finishing pigs. The traits were: thickening of the cartilage, lesion in the subchondral bone, irregular cartilage surface, fissure under the cartilage, an irregular sagittal central groove and depression of the proximal edge of the radius. The study comprised 7172 finishing pigs from crossing 12 Duroc boars with 600 crossbred Landrace × Large White sows and included 462 single nucleotide polymorphism markers. The results showed 18 QTLs exceeding the 5% genome-wide threshold. The QTLs associated with lesions in the medial part of the condylus humeri (assumed to be the four main osteochondrosis traits) were, in most cases, at common locations, whereas the QTLs associated with depression of the proximal edge of the radius in general were on the same chromosomes but at separate locations. The detected QTLs explain a large part of the genetic variation, which is promising for incorporating osteochondrosis into a breeding programme using marker-assisted selection. 相似文献
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Analysis of diversity and genetic relationships between four Chinese indigenous pig breeds and one Australian commercial pig breed 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
The genetic diversities and relationships of four Chinese indigenous pig breeds and one Australian commercial pig breed have been evaluated using 27 microsatellites recommended by the International Society of Animal Genetics (ISAG) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The allele frequencies, effective numbers of alleles and the polymorphic information content have been calculated. Nei's standard genetic distances have been used to construct a UPGMA dendrogram, which has been evaluated by the Bootstrap test. The utility of microsatellites for evaluating genetic diversity of pigs is discussed. 相似文献
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猪激素敏感脂肪酶基因外显子1的遗传多态性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用PCR-SSCP方法检测猪激素敏感脂肪酶（hormone sensitive lipase,HSL）基因外显子1的多态性,并分析其与初生重、断奶重、6月龄重和背膘厚的关联性。根据猪HSL基因的DNA序列（AJ000483）设计5对引物,结果在P5引物对扩增的片段上发现了多态性,并对纯合子进行测序,发现外显子1的874bp处存在G-A转换,且存在3种基因型（AA、AB、BB）。统计结果表明,3种基因型在各品种中的分布不一致,长白猪和大白猪与莱芜猪和沂蒙黑猪比较差异极显著（P〈0．01）,长白猪与大白猪比较,莱芜猪与沂蒙黑猪比较差异均不显著（P〉0．05）。固定效应模型分析结果表明,背膘厚基因型间差异显著（P〈0．05）,而初生重、断奶重和6月龄重基因型间差异均不显著（P〉0．05）。最小二乘分析结果表明,BB基因型个体同AB和AA基因型个体比较背膘厚的差异显著（P〈0．05）,3种基因型在背膘厚的大小排列顺序为BB〈AB〈AA。因此,推测HSL基因对个体胴体瘦肉率存在一定的影响将HSL某因应用于猪育种过程中的标记辅助选择可以加快猪的育种进程。 相似文献
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采用PCR-SSCP方法检测猪胰岛素样生长因子2 (insulin-like growth factor 2,IGF2)基因外显子3多态性,分析其对初生重、断奶重、6月龄重和背膘厚的遗传效应.根据猪IGF2基因的DNA序列（AY044828）设计引物,结果在其扩增片段上检测到多态性,对纯合子进行测序,发现IGF2-ex3-A36T和IGF2-ex3-G109A两个多态性位点,并且这2个多态性位点完全连锁,检测到3种基因型（A36A/G109G,A36T/G109A 和 T36T/A109A）.统计结果表明,基因型在各品种中分布不一致,长白猪和大白猪与莱芜猪、大薄莲猪、沂蒙黑猪和里岔黑猪比较基因型分布差异极显著（Ｐ<0.01）;其它猪种间基因型分布差异均不显著（Ｐ>0.05）.固定效应模型分析结果表明,初生重和背膘厚基因型间差异显著（Ｐ<0.05）,而断奶重和6月龄重基因型间差异不显著（Ｐ>0.05）.最小二乘分析结果表明,A36A/G109G基因型个体同A36T/G109A和 T36T/A109A基因型个体比较初生重和背膘厚的差异显著（Ｐ<0.05）,3种基因型初生重的大小排列顺序为A36A/G109G < A36T/G109A < T36T/A109A,背膘厚的大小排列顺序为A36A/G109G > A36T/G109A >T36T/A109A.因此,推测IGF2基因对个体的初生重和胴体瘦肉率存在一定的影响,将IGF2基因应用于猪育种过程中的标记辅助选择,将可以改善猪肉品质,加快猪的育种进程. 相似文献
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Estimation of genetic parameters for growth performance and carcass traits in Mukota pigs 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The objective of the study was to determine genetic parameters for growth and carcass traits in Mukota pigs, maintained on a fibrous diet. Records (n = 1961) were obtained from a population housed at the University of Zimbabwe Farm (Harare, Zimbabwe) between January 1998 and August 2003. Backfat thickness was measured at 50 and 75 mm (K5 and K7.5), respectively. Carcass length (CL) was measured from the anterior edge of the first rib to the pubic bone using a measuring tape. Variance components were estimated using a model that accounted for direct, common environmental litter and maternal genetic effects, using average information restricted maximum likelihood. Heritability estimates for average daily gain from birth to weaning (ADGW) and average daily gain from weaning to 12 weeks (ADG1) were 0.15 and 0.27, respectively. Maternal genetic effects accounted for 2.6% of variation for ADG1. Heritability for average daily gain from 12 weeks to slaughter (ADG2) was 0.20. Common environmental litter effects accounted for 18% of phenotypic variance for cold dressed mass (CDM). Heritability estimates for CDM and CL were 0.32 and 0.62, respectively. Maternal genetic effects accounted for 10.5% of variance in CL. Heritability estimates for K5 and K7.5 were 0.64 and 0.40, respectively. The CDM was positively genetically correlated to K5, but negative to K7.5. The K5 and K7.5 had a high genetic correlation (0.88). Genetic correlations between ADGW and K5, K7.5 and CL were 0.30, 0.05 and 0.35, respectively. The existence of sufficient genetic variation makes genetic improvement for many growth and carcass traits in the Mukota breed possible through effective selection methods. 相似文献
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The European Green Deal and the German Resource Efficiency Programme both aim at decoupling resource consumption and associated environmental burdens from economic growth. Monitoring the progress of such policies requires robust estimates of environmental pressures and impacts, both from a domestic and a footprint perspective. Building on the life cycle assessment-based consumption footprint (CoF) indicator, developed by the European Commission Joint Research Centre, we assess the environmental impacts of Germany's consumption in the areas of food, mobility, housing, household goods, and appliances during the period 2010–2018. A comparison between European and national consumption statistics revealed some differences in terms of data composition, granularity, consumption intensities, and calculated environmental impacts. Using national data sources results in slightly lower environmental impacts (e.g., due to differences in the assessment scope of national statistics) and requires some data preparation to match the CoF indicator. Emerging consumption trends can be highlighted using national data. Both data sources converge on main trends: Germany transgresses the safe operating space for several impact categories, with consumption of food, household goods, and mobility being the main drivers. Domestic impacts have decreased over time at the expense of outsourcing environmental pressures and impacts to other countries. The CoF indicator could complement resource monitoring frameworks and might be further aligned to the national context using country-level consumption statistics and life cycle inventory data. 相似文献