日偏食对乌鲁木齐空气微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了了解日偏食对空气微生物群落碳代谢的影响,利用BIOLOG指纹图谱方法分析日偏食前后乌鲁木齐空气微生物群落碳代谢功能多样性的变化。结果表明,日偏食当天空气微生物的碳源代谢能力高于其他几天。微生物群落多样性指数方差分析显示,当天(2009年7月22日)Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高;主成分分析表明对碳源利用起分异作用的主要是羧酸类物质。日偏食会影响乌鲁木齐空气微生物群落功能多样性。     

Microbial cultivation and the role of microbial resource centers in the omics era

Despite tremendous advances in microbial ecology over the past two decades, traditional cultivation methods have failed to grow ecologically more relevant microorganisms in the laboratory, leading to a predominance of weed-like species in the world’s culture collections. In this review, we highlight the gap between culture-based and culture-independent methods of microbial diversity analysis, especially in investigations of slow growers, oligotrophs, and fastidious and recalcitrant microorganisms. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of microbial cultivation and the acquisition of the cultivation-based phenotypic data for the testing of hypotheses arising from genomics and proteomics approaches. Technical difficulties in cultivating novel microorganisms and how modern approaches have helped to overcome these limitations are highlighted. After cultivation, adequate preservation without changes in genotypic and phenotypic features of these microorganisms is necessary for future research and training. Hence, the contribution of microbial resource centers in the handling, preservation, and distribution of this novel diversity is discussed. Finally, we explore the concept of microbial patenting and requisite guidelines of the “Budapest Treaty” for establishment of an International Depositary Authority.     

Population and community level approaches for analysing microbial diversity in natural environments

The enormous diversity available at the microbial level is just beginning to be realized. The richness of diversity amongst the bacteria that have been described so far is between 2 and 3000, whereas estimates indicates that millions of microorganisms still remains to be discovered. Microbiologists have realized that there are at least a dozen major evolutionary groups of the microbial life forms on earth (bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa) that are even more diverse than the better known animal and plant kingdom. Indeed, we can state that microorganisms dominate the tree of life. Microorganisms have inhabited Earth for more than 3.7 billion years, whereas plants and animals have evolved rather recently in Earth's history. Possible reports of evidence for microbial life on Mars is also consistent with the concept that microorganisms precede plants and animals on Earth. The applications of molecular-phylogenetic techniques have provided the tools for studying natural microbial communities, including those that we are not able to grow in the laboratory. The utilization of these techniques has resulted in the discovery of many new evolutionary lineages, some of them only distantly related to known organisms. Here I discuss some environmental factors controlling bacterial diversity in different environments and the utility of modern methods developed for describing this diversity.     

Unlocking the diversity and biotechnological potential of marine surface associated microbial communities

Marine sessile eukaryotic hosts provide a unique surface for microbial colonisation. Chemically mediated interactions between the host and colonising microorganisms, interactions between microorganisms in the biofilm community and surface-specific physical and chemical conditions impact differently on the diversity and function of surface-associated microbial assemblages compared with those in planktonic systems. Understanding the diversity and ecology of surface-associated microbial communities will greatly contribute to the discovery of next-generation, bioactive compounds. On the basis of recent conceptual and technological advances insights into the microbiology of marine living surfaces are improving and novel bioactives, including those previously ascribed as host derived, are now revealed to be produced by members of the surface-associated microbial community.     

Root exudate cocktails: the link between plant diversity and soil microorganisms?

Higher plant diversity is often associated with higher soil microbial biomass and diversity, which is assumed to be partly due to elevated root exudate diversity. However, there is little experimental evidence that diversity of root exudates shapes soil microbial communities. We tested whether higher root exudate diversity enhances soil microbial biomass and diversity in a plant diversity gradient, thereby negating significant plant diversity effects on soil microbial properties. We set up plant monocultures and two‐ and three‐species mixtures in microcosms using functionally dissimilar plants and soil of a grassland biodiversity experiment in Germany. Artificial exudate cocktails were added by combining the most common sugars, organic acids, and amino acids found in root exudates. We applied four different exudate cocktails: two exudate diversity levels (low‐ and high‐diversity) and two nutrient‐enriched levels (carbon‐ and nitrogen‐enriched), and a control with water only. Soil microorganisms were more carbon‐ than nitrogen‐limited. Cultivation‐independent fingerprinting analysis revealed significantly different soil microbial communities among exudate diversity treatments. Most notably and according to our hypothesis, adding diverse exudate cocktails negated the significant plant diversity effect on soil microbial properties. Our findings provide the first experimental evidence that root exudate diversity is a crucial link between plant diversity and soil microorganisms.     

Exploring microbial bioactive molecules from Western Ghats,India

Western Ghats are designated as world heritage sites and global biodiversity hotspots. Microbial diversity in this forest area has been largely neglected and is getting attention since the end of the last millennium. In this review, we have studied and organized various microorganisms from Western Ghats and their diversity, important characteristics and potential biotechnological applications. Microorganisms from Western Ghats have been explored individually for potential bioactive molecules. While most of the microorganisms were analyzed for antimicrobial activities, there have been studies on microbial promotion of plant growth. The microbes analyzed included from aquatics, soil, rhizosphere, phyllosphere and even as endophytes. There have been microorganisms which have shown antioxidant and anti-cancerous activities. There are microorganisms capable of degrading plant wastes and also xenobiotics. Microorganisms capable of producing industrially important enzymes have also been reported. The present review explores largely neglected microbial diversity with respect to their ability to produce potential bioactive biomolecules.     

土壤微生物生物地理学研究进展

生物地理学是研究生物（包括种群、群落等不同层次）地理分布格局及成因的一门交叉学科。微生物生物地理学的研究长期滞后于宏生物地理学。鉴于土壤微生物在调控生物地球化学过程和维持生态系统功能方面的重要作用,对其空间分布格局及形成机制的认识具有十分重要的理论和实际意义。随着分子生物学技术的发展,对微生物多样性的认知日益深入。越来越多的证据表明,土壤微生物群落结构和多样性具有一定的时空分布格局,从而对微生物全球性随机分布的传统观点提出了挑战。对当前土壤微生物生物地理学研究中的一些概念性问题,如微生物物种的定义、微生物多样性的定量测度、对微生物全球性随机分布的争论等,进行了系统评述;以微生物种-面积关系和距离-衰减关系为例对当前最新的土壤微生物生物地理学研究成果进行总结,并初步探讨了土壤微生物群落的地带性分布问题;在传统生物地理学理论的指导下,提出了一个可用于验证土壤微生物空间分布格局形成和机制维持的简单研究框架。这些对今后土壤微生物生物地理学的研究有一定借鉴和指导意义。     

土壤微生物群落多样性解析法:从培养到非培养

土壤微生物群落多样性是土壤微生物生态学和环境科学的重点研究内容之一.传统的土壤微生物群落多样性解析技术是指纯培养分离法(平板分离和形态分析法以及群落水平生理学指纹法).后来,研究者们建立了多样性评价较为客观的生物标记法(磷脂脂肪酸法和呼吸醌指纹法).随着土壤基因组提取技术和基因片段扩增(PCR)技术的发展,大量的现代分子生物学技术不断地涌现并极大地推动了土壤微生物群落多样性的研究进程.这些技术主要包括:G+C％含量、DNA复性动力学、核酸杂交法(FISH和DNA芯片技术)、土壤宏基因组学以及DNA指纹图谱技术等.综述了这些技术的基本原理、比较了各种技术的优缺点并且介绍了他们在土壤微生物群落多样性研究中的应用,展望了这些技术的发展方向.     

Not so black,not so white:differences in microorganism load of contiguous feathers from white stork chicks

Many organisms are characterized by strikingly contrasting black and white coloration, but the function of such contrasts has been inadequately studied. In this article, we tested the function of black and white contrasting plumage in white stork Ciconia ciconia chicks. We found greater abundance and diversity of microorganisms on black compared with adjacent white feathers. In addition, nest size was positively correlated with the abundance and diversity of microorganisms on white feathers. Flight initiation distance (FID), defined as the distance at which adult white storks took flight when approached by a human, was negatively correlated with most measurements of microorganism abundance. Breeding success was generally positively correlated with the abundance and diversity of microorganisms on black feathers. The feather growth rate was positively correlated with some and negatively correlated with other measurements of microbial abundance and diversity. Finally, chick growth was negatively correlated with the number of microbial species on black feathers and positively with the abundance and diversity of microorganisms on white feathers. These findings are consistent not only with the role of microorganisms in the maintenance of a benign microbial environment which differs between black and white feathers, but also with the hypothesis that several taxa of microorganisms found in black and white plumage are virulent, with negative effects on the fitness of their hosts.     

Microbial diversity in soil: effect of releasing genetically engineered micro-organisms

This review examines the potential for change in microbial diversity, with the emphasis on bacteria, in soil resulting from the introduction of genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs). With the advent of GEMs came the impetus for new technologies to recover these micro-organisms from soil and to assess their effects on microbial diversity. This review also presents general aspects of and genetic approaches to accessing bacterial diversity in the environment.     

模拟增温对青海湖鸟岛土壤微生物的影响

【背景】土壤微生物对其生存的微环境变化极为敏感,鸟岛作为湖滨湿地,对气候变化具有敏感性,但目前关于青海湖鸟岛的土壤微生物鲜有研究。【目的】探究气候变暖后青海湖鸟岛土壤微生物群落特征的变化。【方法】利用开顶箱模拟增温,通过高通量测序方法了解温度升高后土壤细菌及真菌的群落结构以及多样性的变化情况。【结果】温度的升高并未改变青海湖鸟岛土壤微生物的优势菌群,细菌优势菌群为变形菌门和酸杆菌门;真菌优势菌门为子囊菌门,优势菌纲为座囊菌纲。但增温改变了土壤微生物的群落结构,显著升高了拟杆菌门、蓝细菌门、Patescibacteria及球囊菌纲的相对丰度,显著降低了锤舌菌纲的相对丰度。土壤微生物群落的多样性指数也发生了变化,温度上升后微生物的ACE指数及Chao1指数均降低,细菌的Simpson指数及真菌的Shannon指数降低。【结论】青海湖鸟岛土壤微生物对温度升高的响应明显,增温改变了土壤细菌拟杆菌门、蓝细菌门、Patescibacteria的相对丰度及真菌的球囊菌纲、锤舌菌纲的相对丰度,降低了土壤微生物的多样性。     

The generation and maintenance of diversity in microbial communities

Microorganisms play a central role in the regulation of ecosystem processes, and they comprise the vast majority of species on Earth. With recent developments in molecular methods, it has become tractable to quantify the extent of microbial diversity in natural environments. Here we examine this revolution in our understanding of microbial diversity, and we explore the factors that contribute to the seemingly astounding numbers of microbial taxa found within individual environmental samples. We conducted a meta-analysis of bacterial richness estimates from a variety of ecosystems. Nearly all environments contained hundreds to thousands of bacterial taxa, and richness levels increased with the number of individuals in a sample, a pattern consistent with those reported for nonmicrobial taxa. A cursory comparison might suggest that bacterial richness far exceeds the richness levels typically observed for plant and animal taxa. However, the apparent diversity of bacterial communities is influenced by phylogenetic breadth and allometric scaling issues. When these features are taken into consideration, the levels of microbial diversity may appear less astounding. Although the fields of ecology and biogeography have traditionally ignored microorganisms, there are no longer valid excuses for neglecting microorganisms in surveys of biodiversity. Many of the concepts developed to explain plant and animal diversity patterns can also be applied to microorganisms once we reconcile the scale of our analyses to the scale of the organisms being observed. Furthermore, knowledge from microbial systems may provide insight into the mechanisms that generate and maintain species richness in nonmicrobial systems.     

An in situ method for cultivating microorganisms using a double encapsulation technique

The lack of cultured microorganisms represents a bottleneck for advancement in microbiology. The development of novel culturing techniques is, therefore, a crucial step in our understanding of microbial diversity in general, and the role of such diversity in the environment, in particular. This study presents an innovative method for cultivating microorganisms by encapsulating them within agar spheres, which are then encased in a polysulfonic polymeric membrane and incubated in a simulated or natural environment. This method stimulates growth of the entrapped microorganisms by allowing them access to essential nutrients and cues from the environment. It allows for the discovery of microorganisms from dilutions that are 10–100-fold greater than possible with conventional plating techniques. Analysis of microorganisms grown in such spheres incubated in and on a number of different substrates yielded numerous novel ribotypes. For example, spheres incubated on the mucus surface of a Fungiid coral yielded numerous ribotypes, with only 50% sharing similarity (85–96%) to previously identified microorganisms. This suggests that many of the species represent novel ribotypes. Hence, the technique reported here advances our ability to retrieve and successfully culture microorganisms and provides an innovative tool to access unknown microbial diversity.     

Structural diversity of microorganisms in chemically perturbed soil assessed by molecular and cytochemical approaches

Until recently, our understanding of microbial community development in soil ecosystems exposed to different inorganic and organic pollutants has been limited to culturable microorganisms because of the techniques available. The discovery that most soil microorganisms are non-culturable but potentially viable and metabolically active accelerated the application of different culture-independent methods for structural diversity assessments of the microbial community. This review examines the results of recent studies on the impact of heavy metals and organic pollutants on the diversity of the microflora obtained with methods based on analyses of signature biomarkers such as nucleic acids and fatty acids. The application of these techniques allowed researchers to pinpoint reduction of microbial diversity in contaminated soil, and significant shifts in the community structure, leading to the dominance of only a few populations (species) and the disappearance of others, some of which were never isolated by conventional methods (e.g. an increase in Acidobacterium or a decrease in terrestrial non-thermophilic Crenarchaeota). Although the new techniques are not free from limitations, they allow the monitoring of the virtual impact of stressors on soil microorganisms and the direction of resuscitation of the microbial community during natural or induced bioremediation, especially when using combined approaches.     

Microbial diversity associated with ascidians: a review of research methods and application

This paper reviews research in microbial diversity associated with ascidians (commonly known as sea squirts). The application of culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques is introduced in detail and these methods are analyzed for their advantages and limitations. Because of the limitations of available media and cultivation conditions, culture-dependent methods can only reveal a limited portion of the microorganisms in ascidians. However, the acquisition of typical microbial community members in culture remains a valuable resource for exploring their bioactive potential and relationships with the ascidian hosts. The application of metagenomic library methods has greatly accelerated ascidian metabolites studies. The next-generation sequencing techniques have led to the acquisition of an unprecedented quantity of ascidian microorganism data, providing the most comprehensive information about ascidian microbial diversity. Ascidians provide unique ecological niches that harbor an unexpected diversity of microorganisms different from planktonic bacteria in the local seawater. Microbial communities associated with ascidians tend to be species-specific and tissue-specific. Different tissue of the same ascidian may be associated with different microbial communities.     

分子生态网络揭示冶金微生物对能源底物的响应

通过分析不同铁硫比的能源底物驯化下冶金微生物群落的演替过程,基于分子生态网络揭示冶金微生物对能源底物的响应特征。对富铁少硫、富硫少铁条件下不同驯化批次的微生物样本进行高通量测序,分析物种组成,比较冶金微生物群落的α多样性和β多样性,并构建分子生态网络,探究驯化过程微生物之间的相互作用关系。鉴定关键物种,分析冶金微生物群落对能源底物的响应。研究发现在基于不同能源底物驯化过程中,富铁少硫群落的优势物种为嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans和铁氧化嗜酸硫杆菌A.ferriphilus;而富硫少铁群落经过3个批次的驯化,氧化硫硫杆菌A. thiooxidans占比高达90%。α、β多样性分析结果表明,富硫少铁能源底物驯化过程使冶金微生物群落多样性降低,且随着驯化批次的增加群落组成发生显著变化。分子生态网络分析显示关键物种均为低丰度稀有物种,富硫少铁条件下菌种间具有更紧密的互作共生关系,群落更加稳定。通过该驯化实验,明确了不同能源底物对冶金微生物群落的影响。采用富硫少铁能源底物驯化冶金微生物,使冶金微生物群落更加稳定,有助于优势物种高效发挥铁、硫氧化功能...     

分子生物学方法在环境微生物生态学中的应用研究进展

随着分子生物学方法的不断发展和改进,微生物在生态系统中的作用被更好的挖掘出来。目前快速发展的先进的分子生物学技术,已经开始应用于分析环境微生物的多样性、微生物的生物地理学及微生物对气候变化的响应等。一般环境微生物的研究目标主要有3个,即确定微生物的种类和多样性、微生物的功能或潜在作用及在特定时间点活跃的微生物等。然而,现有微生物的研究方法复杂多样,容易给研究者在方法的选择上带来困惑。将从微生物的多样性和功能研究两个方面介绍和分析相应的分子生物学方法,尤其是近年来快速发展的高通量测序、宏组学和单细胞水平研究方法(如纳米二次离子质谱与荧光原位杂交相结合的方法)等新技术及其应用情况,以期为研究者选择合适的研究方法进行环境微生物的研究提供依据。     

Cloning the soil metagenome: a strategy for accessing the genetic and functional diversity of uncultured microorganisms

Recent progress in molecular microbial ecology has revealed that traditional culturing methods fail to represent the scope of microbial diversity in nature, since only a small proportion of viable microorganisms in a sample are recovered by culturing techniques. To develop methods to investigate the full extent of microbial diversity, we used a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vector to construct libraries of genomic DNA isolated directly from soil (termed metagenomic libraries). To date, we have constructed two such libraries, which contain more than 1 Gbp of DNA. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences recovered from one of the libraries indicates that the BAC libraries contain DNA from a wide diversity of microbial phyla, including sequences from diverse taxa such as the low-G+C, gram-positive Acidobacterium, Cytophagales, and Proteobacteria. Initial screening of the libraries in Escherichia coli identified several clones that express heterologous genes from the inserts, confirming that the BAC vector can be used to maintain, express, and analyze environmental DNA. The phenotypes expressed by these clones include antibacterial, lipase, amylase, nuclease, and hemolytic activities. Metagenomic libraries are a powerful tool for exploring soil microbial diversity, providing access to the genetic information of uncultured soil microorganisms. Such libraries will be the basis of new initiatives to conduct genomic studies that link phylogenetic and functional information about the microbiota of environments dominated by microorganisms that are refractory to cultivation.     

全球变化背景下内蒙古草原土壤微生物多样性维持机制研究进展

全球变化对人类环境的影响是近几十年世界广泛关注的热点之一。内蒙古草原不仅是我国重要的牲畜和饲料生产基地, 而且有着不可替代的生态系统功能。土壤微生物是地球上多样性最高的生物类群, 在驱动碳氮循环等多种生态系统过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。由于研究技术的限制和群落结构复杂等原因, 土壤微生物生态学研究还处于描述性阶段, 理论研究还很缺乏。鉴于此, 利用分子生物学技术尤其是新一代测序技术, 从理论层面上系统地研究全球变化背景下我国北方草地微生物多样性的维持机制具有重要意义。本文在比较各种环境变化对土壤微生物群落的相对影响的基础上, 分析全球变化对微生物多样性影响的物理化学和生态学机制, 并对未来内蒙古草原微生物多样性的重点研究领域进行了展望, 包括: (1)加强全球变化多因素综合研究; (2)加强微生物多样性维持的生态学机制的研究; (3)加强地上与地下多样性关联机制的研究; (4)加强全球大尺度多生态系统的整合研究。