小鼠胚胎干细胞（ES—M13）核骨架—核纤层—中间纤维结构体系的研究

本文使用细胞的选择性抽提、ＤＧＤ包埋去包埋电镜制样、免疫荧光和免疫印迹技术研究了小鼠胚胎干细胞（ＥＳ－Ｍ１３）的核骨架－核纤层－中间纤维结构体系。在电镜下可以看到,ＥＳ细胞存在精细发达的核骨架结构,核骨架纤维同核纤层结构相连接,细胞质中有许多直径为１０ｎｍ的中间纤维单丝,细胞质中有许多直径为１０ｎｍ的中间纤维单丝,在免疫荧光分析中,使用角蛋白单克隆抗体有阳性反应,细胞质区域可以看到较强的荧光,没有     

衣藻淀粉核中存在类角蛋白中间纤维网架

采用选择性抽提结合 ＤＧＤ（ｄｉｅｔｈｙｌｅｎｅ ｇｌｙｃｏｌ ｄｉｓｔｅａｒａｔｅ） 包埋电镜技术在衣藻（Ｃｈｌａｍｙｄｏｍ ｏｎｓａ ｓｐ．）淀粉核中观察到直径１０ ｎｍ 的纤维网架,以哺乳动物角蛋白抗体进行免疫胶体金标记,在淀粉核区域有很强的特异性结合,间接免疫荧光染色得到相似结果,表明在衣藻淀粉核中存在类角蛋白中间纤维网络骨架     

铁线蕨中间纤维的研究及某些植物类角蛋白的比较分析

应用整装电镜制样技术,结合选择性抽提方法在铁线蕨（ＡｄｉａｎｔｕｍｐｈｉｌｉｐｐｅｎｓｅＬ．）叶细胞中观察到直径１０ｎｍ的纤维网络结构。免疫印迹结果显示：经选择性抽提得到的纤维蛋白与动物角蛋白抗体有免疫交叉反应,间接免疫荧光标记也得到类似结果,而且此类蛋白能在体外自组装为１０ｎｍ或更粗的纤维。说明蕨类植物细胞中存在类角蛋白中间纤维网络。免疫印迹结果表明,螺旋藻（ＳｐｉｒｕｌｉｎａｓｕｂｔｉｌｌｉｓｉｎａＫｕｔｚ．）细胞,地钱（ＭａｒｃｈａｎｔｉａｐｏｌｙｍｏｒｐｈａＬ．）叶状体,铁线蕨（Ａ．ｐｈｉｌｉｐｐｅｎｓｅＬ．）、银杏（ＧｉｎｋｇｏｂｉｌｏｂａＬ．）、白菜（ＢｒａｓｉｃａｐｅｋｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＲｕｐｒ．）的叶组织经选择性抽提后得到的蛋白均与动物角蛋白抗体有免疫交叉反应。其中,螺旋藻仅含有两种类酸性角蛋白,而其余４种植物材料均含有３种类酸性角蛋白及３种类碱性角蛋白。结合以往实验结果,我们认为类角蛋白在植物细胞中是普遍存在的。     

北京鸭B淋巴细胞的中间纤维—核纤层—核内骨架体系

以北京鸭腔上囊为实验材料,应用细胞分级抽提方法与非树脂包埋－去包埋剂的电镜制样技术相结合,显示出Ｂ细胞中相互连结的中间纤维－核纤层－核内骨架体系的超结构及其分布,中间纤维交织成网络状,纤维直径在９－１１ｎｍ,其成份是分子量为６７ｋＤ,等电点约为６．２的波形蛋白,核纤民支呈片层状结构环绕在核区周围,其主要成份是分子量为６７ｋＤ,等电点偏酸性的Ｌａｍｉｎ Ｂ。核内骨架由粗细不一的纤维形成网络结构,其上     

植物细胞中间纤维角蛋白性质的分析

角蛋白是植物细胞中间纤维的主要。应用选择性抽提和生物化学技术,分离纯化了豌豆根尖细胞５８、５２ｋＤ、白菜叶５２ｋＤ和胡萝卜悬浮细胞６４ＫＤ角蛋白,测定了它们的氨基酸组成,结果表明上述角蛋白与动物细胞中间纤维角蛋白 氨基酸组成有较大的相似性。比较了动、植物细胞角蛋白肽谱、结果显示它们之间存在较大的差异,但是植物细胞嶂角蛋白肽谱比较一致,这提示它们属于同一蛋白家族,为植物中间纤维及其蛋白 存在提供了新     

拟南芥细胞中存在中间纤维的研究

利用整装电镜制样与选择性抽提技术,在拟南芥（Ａｒａｂｉｄｏｐｓｉｓｔｈａｌｉａｎａ （Ｌ．） Ｈｅｙｎｈ） 愈伤组织细胞质中观察到直径１０ ｎｍ 左右的纤维网络结构。免疫印迹分析表明纤维的主要成分是６ 种多肽,它们分别与动物角蛋白单克隆抗体ＡＥ１ 、ＡＥ３ 有免疫交叉反应。利用间接免疫荧光技术,与ＡＥ１ 和ＡＥ３ 反应的抗原呈弥散状定位于整个细胞质中,而且１０ ｎｍ 纤维可以在体外重新组装。以上结果表明,在拟南芥细胞质中存在类角蛋白的中间纤维。以动物中间纤维基因的保守序列为引物,采用ＲＴ＿ＰＣＲ技术,进一步从这一模式植物中克隆到一个ｃＤＮＡ片段,这可能为从分子水平上证明植物中间纤维的存在提供了一个线索     

植物角蛋白中间纤维在体外的装配特性

经选择性抽提与纯化的植物角蛋白在体外进行重组装 ,扫描隧道显微镜及负染电镜显示 ,酸性角蛋白和碱性角蛋白在体外能自组装成 10nm中间纤维 .在装配的初期阶段 ,可观察到角蛋白二聚体 ,在二聚体中部有非螺旋的连接肽链 ,它是二聚体进一步装配的基础 .对完整 10nm纤维的观察可发现 ,每根 10nm纤维是由多根直径为 3nm的纤维组成 ,这反映了中间纤维组装过程中所形成的原丝等中间结构状态 .在 10nm纤维及原丝的纵向都存在 2 3～ 2 5nm的重复周期 ,这一周期是所有中间纤维的典型特性 ,它说明了角蛋白分子在组装过程中发生了半分子交错 .     

商品果胶酶中endo—PG的分离纯化及其部分性质研究

以Ａ．ｎｉｇｅｒ来源的果胶酶为材料,经过ＣＭ－Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｃ－５０及Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ－１００两步骤分离化得到电泳均一的ｅｎｄｏ－ＰＧ１及ｅｎｄｏ－ＰＧ２其亚基分子量分别为３５ｋＤ及３７ｋＤ,含糖量为１１．２２％及８．３％,最大此吸收峰分别在２７４ｎｍ及２６９ｎｍ处,氨基酸组成分析结果表明Ｇｌｙ含量较高,Ｍｅｔ含量较低,不含Ｃｙｓ,并且酸性氨基酸含量高于碱性氨基酸,圆二色谱结果表明二级结构     

波形纤维蛋白与Nup180的体外结合

本文作者采用大肠杆菌表达的波形纤维蛋白与大鼠肝细胞分离的核孔蛋白进行体外结合实验,以分析波形纤维与核孔的关系。实验结果显示,细菌表达的波形纤维蛋白在体外能组装成１０ｎｍ纤维,在体外反应体系中加入核孔蛋白后,室温反应３０ｍｉｎ,ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳及免疫迷法检测,结果表明１８０ｋＤ核孔蛋白（Ｎｕｐ１８０）与波形纤维蛋白有亲和反应。结合免疫胶体金标记与电镜负染色方法显示,核孔蛋白结合于体外装与的     

从云南烟草上检测到的黄瓜花叶病毒亚组Ⅱ分离物*

在对云南省烟草病毒病的研究中,分离到一种直径约２６￣３０ｎｍ的球形病毒。提纯病毒进行的ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ发现一条５５ｋＤ蛋白带。５５ｋＤ蛋白Ｎ－端１０个氨基酸与ＣＭＶ亚组Ⅱ的Ｑ株系外壳蛋白Ｎ－氨基酸同源性为１００％。以ＣＭＶ－Ｑ抗血清对５５ｋＤ蛋白进行了Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔ检测,发现５５ｋＤ蛋白与ＣＭＶ Ｑ株系抗血清有血清学反应。根据已报道的ＣＭＶ亚组Ⅱ外壳蛋白基因序列合成引物,采用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ     

非细胞体系核重建过程中两类膜泡在环形片层及核被膜形成中的作用

非洲爪蟾卵经钙离子载体A 23187激活后,在10,000g下离心得到爪蟾卵提取物。Lambda DNA加入上述提取物可构建出染色质结构,并在染色质表面重建核被膜,同时在染色质外的区域形成环形片层。核被膜与环形片层有相似的发生途径,它们都是由两类在形态、大小、膜结构上有明显差别的膜泡融合而来。首先是直径200nm的圆形小膜泡相互融合成双层膜片层,同时核孔复合体在双层膜上大量装配,以这些双层膜片层为基础,光滑的大膜泡与之融合导致环形片层的扩张与核被膜的成熟。     

Reticulon 4a/NogoA locates to regions of high membrane curvature and may have a role in nuclear envelope growth

Reticulon 4a (Rtn4a) is a membrane protein that shapes tubules of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER is attached to the nuclear envelope (NE) during interphase and has a role in post mitotic/meiotic NE reassembly. We speculated that Rtn4a has a role in NE dynamics. Using immuno-electron microscopy we found that Rtn4a is located at junctions between membranes in the cytoplasm, and between cytoplasmic membranes and the outer nuclear membrane in growing Xenopus oocyte nuclei. We found that during NE assembly in Xenopus egg extracts, Rtn4a localises to the edges of membranes that are flattening onto the chromatin. These results demonstrate that Rtn4a locates to regions of high membrane curvature in the ER and the assembling NE. Previously it was shown that incubation of egg extracts with antibodies against Rtn4a caused ER to form into large vesicles instead of tubules. To test whether Rtn4a contributes to NE assembly, we added the same Rtn4a antibody to nuclear assembly reactions. Chromatin was enclosed by membranes containing nuclear pore complexes, but nuclei did not grow. Instead large sacs of ER membranes attached to, but did not integrate into the NE. It is possible therefore that Rtn4a may have a role in NE assembly.     

Chromatin-bound NLS proteins recruit membrane vesicles and nucleoporins for nuclear envelope assembly via importin-α/β

The mechanism for nuclear envelope (NE) assembly is not fully understood. Importin-β and the small GTPase Ran have been implicated in the spatial regulation of NE assembly process. Here we report that chromatin-bound NLS (nuclear localization sequence) proteins provide docking sites for the NE precursor membrane vesicles and nucleoporins via importin-α and -β during NE assembly in Xenopus egg extracts. We show that along with the fast recruitment of the abundant NLS proteins such as nucleoplasmin and histones to the demembranated sperm chromatin in the extracts, importin-α binds the chromatin NLS proteins rapidly. Meanwhile, importin-β binds cytoplasmic NE precursor membrane vesicles and nucleoporins. Through interacting with importin-α on the chromatin NLS proteins, importin-β targets the membrane vesicles and nucleoporins to the chromatin surface. Once encountering Ran-GTP on the chromatin generated by RCC1, importin-β preferentially binds Ran-GTP and releases the membrane vesicles and nucleoporins for NE assembly. NE assembly is disrupted by blocking the interaction between importin-α and NLS proteins with excess soluble NLS proteins or by depletion of importin-β from the extract. Our findings reveal a novel molecular mechanism for NE assembly in Xenopus egg extracts.     

The Existence of Intermediate Filament in Arabidopsis thaliana Cell

The network structure of cytoplasmic filaments of 10 nm in diameter was detected from callus cells of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh by selective extraction combined with whole mount electron microscopy. Western blot analysis showed that the major filament components were 6 polypeptides, which reacted with keratin monoclonal antibody of AE1 or AE3 respectively. By indirect immunofluorescence technique, the AE1 and AE3-reactive antigens were localized throughout the cytoplasm in a diffused pattern. The 10 nm-plant filaments could be reassembled in vitro. These results demonstrated that keratin-like intermediate filaments exist in the cytoplasm of A. thaliana. Using conservative sequence of animal IF genes as primer, a cDNA fragment was further cloned from this model material by RT-PCR, which might shed more light on molecular characterization of IF existence in higher plant.     

Spatial and temporal control of nuclear envelope assembly by Ran GTPase

Using evidence derived primarily from studies using Xenopus egg extracts, a model for the role of Ran in multiple stages during NE assembly can be proposed (Figure 2). Ran is concentrated on chromatin prior to NE assembly and recruits RCC1 that generates Ran-GTP locally. Recruitment of RCC1 to chromatin may be a specialized mechanism to initiate NE assembly following fertilization of the egg, whereas in somatic cells, RCC1 may be present on chromatin throughout mitosis. Ran-GTP recruits vesicles to the surface of chromatin, and promotes vesicle fusion to form the double membrane of the NE. Ran-GTP may recruit membrane vesicles to chromatin through binding to integral membrane proteins through importin-beta. A transient complex would be formed between Ran-GTP, importin-beta and the target protein, which would be released locally to promote assembly of a precursor complex. GTP hydrolysis by Ran would release importin-beta, but may also play a role in vesicle fusion. Ran-GTP also promotes NPC assembly by releasing nucleoporins such as Nup107 from inhibitory complexes with importin-beta. In vertebrate cells undergoing mitosis, the majority of Ran molecules are excluded from the chromosomes and dispersed into the cytoplasm. Relocalization of Ran to chromatin at the end of mitosis may co-ordinate the initiation of NE assembly with disassembly of the mitotic spindle. The function of Ran in this transition is likely to be coupled to changes in the activity of cyclin-dependent protein kinases and other activities that control the progression of the cell cycle. Thus, changes in the localization of Ran and its regulators provide temporal and spatial control of NE assembly at the end of mitosis.     

Assembly characteristics of plant keratin intermediate filaments in vitro

After selective extraction and purification, plant keratin intermediate filaments were reassembled in vitro. Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs showed that acidic keratins and basic keratins can assemble into dimers and further into 10 nm filaments in vitro. In higher magnification images, it can be seen that fully assembled plant keratin intermediate filaments consist of several thinner filaments of 3 nm in diameter, which indicates the formation of protofilaments in the assembly processes. One of the explicit features of plant keratin intermediate filaments is a 24—25 nm periodic structural repeat alone the axis of beth the 10 nm filaments and protofilaments. The periodic repeat is one of the fundamental characteristic of all intermediate filaments, and demonstrates the half staggered arrangement of keratin molecules within the filaments.     

The role of keratin subfamilies and keratin pairs in the formation of human epidermal intermediate filaments

The four major keratins of normal human epidermis (molecular mass 50, 56.5, 58, and 65-67 kD) can be subdivided on the basis of charge into two subfamilies (acidic 50-kD and 56.5-kD keratins vs. relatively basic 58-kD and 65-67-kD keratins) or subdivided on the basis of co-expression into two "pairs" (50-kD/58-kD keratin pair synthesized by basal cells vs. 56.5-kD/65-67-kD keratin pair expressed in suprabasal cells). Acidic and basic subfamilies were separated by ion exchange chromatography in 8.5 M urea and tested for their ability to reassemble into 10-nm filaments in vitro. The two keratins in either subfamily did not reassemble into 10-nm filaments unless combined with members of the other subfamily. While electron microscopy of acidic and basic keratins equilibrated in 4.5 M urea showed that keratins within each subfamily formed distinct oligomeric structures, possibly representing precursors in filament assembly, chemical cross-linking followed by gel analysis revealed dimers and larger oligomers only when subfamilies were combined. In addition, among the four major keratins, the acidic 50-kD and basic 58-kD keratins showed preferential association even in 8.5 M urea, enabling us to isolate a 50-kD/58-kD keratin complex by gel filtration. This isolated 50-kD/58-kD keratin pair readily formed 10-nm filaments in vitro. These results demonstrate that in tissues containing multiple keratins, two keratins are sufficient for filament assembly, but one keratin from each subfamily is required. More importantly, these data provide the first evidence for the structural significance of specific co-expressed acidic/basic keratin pairs in the formation of epithelial 10-nm filaments.     

Assembly characteristics of plant keratin intermediate filamentsin vitro

After selective extraction and purification, plant keratin intermediate filaments were reassembledin vitro. Scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrographs showed that acidic keratins and basic keratins can assemble into dimers and further into 10 nm filamentsin vitro. In higher mcation images, it can be seen that fully assembled plant keratin intermediate filaments consist of several thinner filaments of 3 nm in diameter, which indicates the formation of protofilaments in the assembly processes. One of the explicit features of plant keratin intermediate filaments is a 24–25 nm periodic structural repeat alone the axis of both the 10 nm filaments and protofilarnents. The periodic repeat is one of the fundamental characteristic of all intermediate filaments, and demonstrates the half staggered arrangement of keratin molecules within the filaments.     

A role for nuclear lamins in nuclear envelope assembly.

The molecular interactions responsible for nuclear envelope assembly after mitosis are not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that a peptide consisting of the COOH-terminal domain of Xenopus lamin B3 (LB3T) prevents nuclear envelope assembly in Xenopus interphase extracts. Specifically, LB3T inhibits chromatin decondensation and blocks the formation of both the nuclear lamina-pore complex and nuclear membranes. Under these conditions, some vesicles bind to the peripheral regions of the chromatin. These "nonfusogenic" vesicles lack lamin B3 (LB3) and do not bind LB3T; however, "fusogenic" vesicles containing LB3 can bind LB3T, which blocks their association with chromatin and, subsequently, nuclear membrane assembly. LB3T also binds to chromatin in the absence of interphase extract, but only in the presence of purified LB3. Additionally, we show that LB3T inhibits normal lamin polymerization in vitro. These findings suggest that lamin polymerization is required for both chromatin decondensation and the binding of nuclear membrane precursors during the early stages of normal nuclear envelope assembly.