Antioxidant Sources from Leaves of Russian Dandelion

Taraxacum kok‐saghyz (TKS) is a dandelion species native to Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and north‐west China, considered as a promising alternative source of natural rubber from its roots. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible exploitation of TKS leaves, a rubber byproduct, as a source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant properties for potential applications in forage, nutraceutical and pharmacological fields. Two accessions (TKS016, TKS018) grown under Mediterranean conditions of Sardinia were evaluated at vegetative and flowering stages. The leaves of TKS018 had the highest antioxidant capacity (19.6 mmol trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity 100 g^?1), total phenolic (106.4 g gallic acid equivalent kg^?1), tannic phenolics (58.5 g gallic acid equivalent kg^?1) and total flavonoid contents (22.9 g catechin equivalent kg^?1). At both phenological stages, TKS016 showed significantly lower values than TKS018 in 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total phenolic and tannic phenolics. Six individual molecules were identified, namely chlorogenic, cryptochlorogenic, caffeic, sinapic, chicoric and 3,4‐dimethoxycinnamic acids. Chicoric (8.53–10.68 g kg^?1 DW) and chlorogenic acids (4.18–7.04 g kg^?1 DW) were the most abundant. TKS leaves represent a valuable source of chicoric acid with potential application as antioxidant to be used as herbal medicine and nutrition for production of healthy food/feed.     

橡胶树死皮病的发生机理和假说

在阐述橡胶树死皮病的概念和已有关于死皮病因及其机理假说基础上,根据分子生物学新进展提出了死皮病发生的新现点.死皮病是可由生物、生理多种因子胁迫引发的、通过氧化跃变产生的信号分子转导,激发细胞程序性死亡机制而表现出的防卫反应.并论述了使该观点成立的依据和进一步研究的策略.该观点的提出,使关于死皮病的各种假说的合理现点达到统一.并对深入研究死皮病的分子机理具有深远的指导意义.     

Natural rubber biosynthesis in plants,the rubber transferase complex,and metabolic engineering progress and prospects

Natural rubber (NR) is a nonfungible and valuable biopolymer, used to manufacture ~50 000 rubber products, including tires and medical gloves. Current production of NR is derived entirely from the para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). The increasing demand for NR, coupled with limitations and vulnerability of H. brasiliensis production systems, has induced increasing interest among scientists and companies in potential alternative NR crops. Genetic/metabolic pathway engineering approaches, to generate NR‐enriched genotypes of alternative NR plants, are of great importance. However, although our knowledge of rubber biochemistry has significantly advanced, our current understanding of NR biosynthesis, the biosynthetic machinery and the molecular mechanisms involved remains incomplete. Two spatially separated metabolic pathways provide precursors for NR biosynthesis in plants and their genes and enzymes/complexes are quite well understood. In contrast, understanding of the proteins and genes involved in the final step(s)—the synthesis of the high molecular weight rubber polymer itself—is only now beginning to emerge. In this review, we provide a critical evaluation of recent research developments in NR biosynthesis, in vitro reconstitution, and the genetic and metabolic pathway engineering advances intended to improve NR content in plants, including H. brasiliensis, two other prospective alternative rubber crops, namely the rubber dandelion and guayule, and model species, such as lettuce. We describe a new model of the rubber transferase complex, which integrates these developments. In addition, we highlight the current challenges in NR biosynthesis research and future perspectives on metabolic pathway engineering of NR to speed alternative rubber crop commercial development.     

产胶植物橡胶转移酶的研究进展

天然橡胶合成中,橡胶转移酶催化异戊二烯焦磷酸的多聚化过程,这一过程对天然橡胶的品质及产量至关重要。橡胶转移酶及其性质、橡胶生物合成分子机理及橡胶的分子量大小决定机制是亟待解决的重要科学问题。本文介绍了以巴西橡胶树为主的产胶植物橡胶转移酶的性质和生物学功能,对橡胶转移酶的分离与鉴定及其活性调节等研究进展进行了综述。     

橡胶草90年来主要研究成果及最新研究进展

天然橡胶是重要的国防战略物质,巴西橡胶树( Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Muell. Arg)是天然橡胶的唯一来源,天然橡胶商业化形式极为单一,潜在的供给不足问题亟待解决。因此,寻找可替代巴西橡胶树的产胶植物一直受到全世界高度重视。蒲公英属橡胶草( Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin)根部含有与橡胶树橡胶类似的天然橡胶分子,该植物主要分布在温带和寒带地区,具有易于机械化收获、生长周期短、遗传转化相对容易等特点,是最具开发潜力的产胶植物。本文对橡胶草90年(1931 - 2018)来的研究历史和主要成果进行了概括,对近10年取得的最新成果进行了深度分析,并预测橡胶草在未来天然橡胶产业中的作用,期望为开展橡胶草商业化生产和橡胶生物合成相关基础研究提供一定的参考。     

不同提取液对巴西橡胶树橡胶粒子蛋白质提取和分离的影响

橡胶粒子是巴西橡胶树（Hevea brasiliensis）乳管细胞内进行橡胶生物合成的亚细胞结构;对橡胶粒子的蛋白质组学研究,可为揭示天然橡胶生物合成机理提供线索。采用5种提取液分别提取橡胶粒子蛋白,并对橡胶粒子蛋白进行SDS—PAGE和16-BAC／SDS—PAGE电泳分离及MALDITOF／TOF串联质谱分析,证明不同提取液抽提的橡胶粒子蛋白具有不同组成,发现分子量较高的橡胶延伸因子家族蛋白更难从橡胶粒子上被洗脱和提取。通过检索橡胶树转录组数据库,鉴定了3个新的橡胶粒子蛋白,即醌氧化还原酶、含蓖麻毒素B链凝集素结构域蛋白及枯萎／脱水相关蛋白。本研究建立的橡胶粒子蛋白质提取和分离方法,为进一步鉴定低丰度和具有重要功能的橡胶粒子蛋白提供了参照体系。     

橡胶草90年来主要研究成果及最新研究进展

天然橡胶是重要的国防战略物质,巴西橡胶树（Hevea brasiliensis（Willd.ex A.Juss.） Muell.Arg）是天然橡胶的唯一来源,天然橡胶商业化形式极为单一,潜在的供给不足问题亟待解决。因此,寻找可替代巴西橡胶树的产胶植物一直受到全世界高度重视。蒲公英属橡胶草（Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin）根部含有与橡胶树橡胶类似的天然橡胶分子,该植物主要分布在温带和寒带地区,具有易于机械化收获、生长周期短、遗传转化相对容易等特点,是最具开发潜力的产胶植物。本文对橡胶草90年（1931-2018）来的研究历史和主要成果进行了概括,对近10年取得的最新成果进行了深度分析,并预测橡胶草在未来天然橡胶产业中的作用,期望为开展橡胶草商业化生产和橡胶生物合成相关基础研究提供一定的参考。     

巴西橡胶树43 kD橡胶粒子膜蛋白基因的cDNA克隆及表达

对43 kD的橡胶粒子膜蛋白进行了分离纯化和其N端氨基酸序列分析,根据N端氨基酸序列,设计一简并引物,通过3'RACE(Rapid Amplification ofcDNA Ends)的方法,获得了43 kD的橡胶粒子膜蛋白的cDNA.该cDNA含有1 385个核苷酸,含有完整的阅读框架,编码381个氨基酸.在终止密码子下游,包含有一个239bp的3'非编码区.该cDNA由5个首尾相连的重复单元组成,每个单元编码76个氨基酸组成的泛素(ubiquitin)单体.编码43 kD橡胶粒子蛋白的基因具有多个拷贝,在胶乳、叶片和树皮都表达.     

巴西橡胶成龄无性系茎段的试管微繁技术研究

巴西橡胶成龄无性系茎段组织培养在生产中有很大的潜在应用价值,但一直是橡胶树组织培养的难点,至今国内外鲜有成功的报道.本研究以在中国热带地区大面积推广种植的巴西橡胶树优良品种热研7-33-97不同生长时期成龄树茎段为外植体,进行无性系试管微繁技术研究.研究结果表明不同生长时期的茎段在自然条件中受污染程度不同,茎段真菌污染率为稳定期＞淡绿期＞古铜期,细菌污染率为淡绿期＞稳定期＞古铜期.不同生长时期的成龄树茎段需要通过不同的灭菌方法才能显著提高外植体的利用率,外植体灭菌方法显著影响橡胶成龄树茎段的组织培养效率;与稳定期相比,古铜期和淡绿期茎段在组织培养过程中诱导丛生芽萌芽快、萌芽多,是较优的外植体材料;古铜期和淡绿期茎段在激素配比为4.0～5.0 mg/L6-BA+0.5 mg/L GA3的条件下能很好的诱导抽出丛生芽;丛生芽在激素配比为2.0 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/LNAA,1.0 mg/t 6-BA+1.0 mg/L KT+0.5 mg/L NAA或0.5 mg/L 6-BA+1.5 mg/L KT+0.5 mg/L NAA的条件下能很好的诱导丛生芽抽出健壮的芽条;丛生芽抽出的健壮芽条在激素配比为0.5 mg/L IBA+0.5 mg/L IAA的条件下能较好的抽根成苗.外植体生长时期、激素种类和浓度配比都是影响巴西橡胶成龄无性系茎段的试管微繁的重要因素.     

巴西橡胶树的脂酰辅酶A还原酶cDNA克隆及其序列分析

从巴西橡胶树差减cDNA文库中筛选到一个与脂酰辅酶A还原酶同源性较高的基因片段,根据该基因片段序列信息,设计特异引物,采用RACE进行差异片段的5’和3’端的扩增,获得长度为1365bp的cDNA克隆R28（GenBank登陆号：AY461413）。序列分析表明,该基因包含1149bp的开放阅读框,5＇-UTR为96bp,3＇-UTR为128bp,编码382个氨基酸,推测其蛋白质的分子量为43．5kDa,等电点为8．97,有一个跨膜螺旋N（187至215位氨基酸）和1个由17个氨基酸组成的信号肽（1至17位氨基酸）。R28含有脂酰辅酶A还原酶的保守（NADP结合蛋白保守区）,推测该基因是一个脂酰辅酶A还原酶基因。     

一种快速、高效的橡胶树胶乳总RNA提取方法

胶乳是橡胶树（Hevea brasiliensis）乳管中特殊的细胞质,主要由橡胶粒子、黄色体、F-W粒子和普通细胞质成分构成,其中橡胶粒子占20％-40％,蛋白含量高达1％-2％。由于高比例橡胶粒子和蛋白质的干扰,目前使用的胶乳RNA提取方法都具有步骤繁琐、胶乳需求量大、操作技巧性强不易掌握等缺点。为快速、高效地获取高质量的胶乳RNA,我们在现有方法的基础上摸索出一套步骤简单、容易操作、快速、高效提取橡胶树胶乳总RNA的简易方法,获得了较好的实验效果。紫外分光光度计、RT-PCR和RACE分析结果表明,使用该方法提取的胶乳RNA质量完全能够满足相应的分子操作,但所需时间仅为目前常用方法的50％,RNA获得率提高了2-3倍,操作难度大大降低。     

巴西橡胶树SSR遗传图谱的构建

以热研88-13×IAN873的94个F1群体为试材, 利用简单序列重复(Simple sequence repeat, SSR)标记, 采用FsLinkageMAP 1.0软件, 构建了巴西橡胶树热研88-13×IAN873的遗传连锁图谱。从441对SSR引物中筛选出160对具有多态信息的引物, 在分离群体中共检测到206个多态性位点, 176个位点用于遗传图谱的构建; χ²检验结果显示, 有147个位点符合1:1分离比例, 有12个符合1:2:1分离比例, 有17个符合1:1:1:1的分离比例, 共有13个偏分离位点, 偏分离率低(7.38%); 91个SSR位点被分为18个连锁群, 覆盖橡胶树基因组1 937.06 cM, 每个连锁群包含2～16个位点, 标记间的平均距离为21.29 cM。     

Identification of a Taraxacum brevicorniculatum rubber elongation factor protein that is localized on rubber particles and promotes rubber biosynthesis

Two protein families required for rubber biosynthesis in Taraxacum brevicorniculatum have recently been characterized, namely the cis‐prenyltransferases (TbCPTs) and the small rubber particle proteins (TbSRPPs). The latter were shown to be the most abundant proteins on rubber particles, where rubber biosynthesis takes place. Here we identified a protein designated T. brevicorniculatum rubber elongation factor (TbREF) by using mass spectrometry to analyze rubber particle proteins. TbREF is homologous to the TbSRPPs but has a molecular mass that is atypical for the family. The promoter was shown to be active in laticifers, and the protein itself was localized on the rubber particle surface. In TbREF‐silenced plants generated by RNA interference, the rubber content was significantly reduced, correlating with lower TbCPT protein levels and less TbCPT activity in the latex. However, the molecular mass of the rubber was not affected by TbREF silencing. The colloidal stability of rubber particles isolated from TbREF‐silenced plants was also unchanged. This was not surprising because TbREF depletion did not affect the abundance of TbSRPPs, which are required for rubber particle stability. Our findings suggest that TbREF is an important component of the rubber biosynthesis machinery in T. brevicorniculatum, and may play a role in rubber particle biogenesis and influence rubber production.     

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and regeneration of guayule

In vitro grown shoot tissue of facultative apomictic lines of guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray), a rubber producing desert shrub, were transformed by Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer and regenerated into complete plants. Guayule shoots of lines 11591, UC101 and UC104 were inoculated with A. tumefaciens strains LBA4404 or PC2760 harboring the binary vector pCGN1557. Axillary shoots were regenerated from transformed cells and rooted in vitro in the presence of kanamycin. Genetic transformation in all cases was verified by Southern blot analysis. Transgenic plants were grown to maturity in the greenhouse and, as predicted for apomictic species, all seed produced possessed kanamycin resistance. Because apomicts have limitations for gene transfer by normal sexual crosses, this method offers a new means of transferring genes into this species.Abbreviations BA benzyladenine - EDTA ethylene diamine tetraacetate - kan_R kanamycin resistance - MS salts salts of Murashige and Skoog medium (1962) - NAA naphthalene acetic acid - NPT-II neomycin phosphotransferase - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate     

巴西橡胶树赤霉素信号转导途径HbRGA1结构和功能分析

DELLA蛋白是赤霉素激素信号负调控因子,具有抑制植物生长发育的作用。解析其家族成员结构与功能将有助于揭示橡胶树DELLA蛋白家族成员调控橡胶树生长发育的机制。本研究从橡胶树热研73397叶片中克隆HbRGA1的cDNA全长序列。该基因长为2136 bp,含1839 bp的ORF,编码613个氨基酸。HbRGA1蛋白序列包含DELLA和GRAS保守结构域,与杨树、木薯和橡胶树DELLA基因相似性高达82.5%。qRT-PCR分析发现HbRGA1在橡胶树叶片中表达量高,在树皮和胶乳中表达量极低。叶片中HbRGA1表达量受喷施赤霉素和脱落酸等诱导显著上调。本研究表明HbRGA1与橡胶树赤霉素等激素信号密切相关,为深入研究其在橡胶树生长发育中的结构和功能打下良好基础。     

New aspects of rubber biosynthesis

New aspects of rubber biosynthesis. Following a review of the site of rubber biosynthesis in Hevea brasiliensis and Parthenium argentalum, evidence is given for the initiation of polyisoprene molecules from (ranMerpenoid precursors including geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. All franj-¹⁴C-geranylgeraniol has been isolated from incubations of H. brasiliensis latex serum with ¹⁴C-isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Gel-filtration chromatography of the serum yields very small rubber particles of high biosynthetic activity, and two proteinaceous fractions. One of these increases the biosynthesis of rubber and may contain the enzyme, isopentenyldiphosphate δ-isomerase, whilst the other appears to inhibit rubber formation. The nature and molecular weight of the rubber formed in vitro is discussed and a mechanism for the de novo formation of rubber particles is suggested.     

In vitro transient expression system of latex C-serum was used for analysis of hevein promoter in response to abscisic acid in Hevea brasiliensis

Hevein has been found to be an essential element in coagulation of rubber particles in latex of rubber trees. In a previous study, we cloned a 1 241-bp fragment of a 5＇ upstream region of the hevein gene by genome walking. This fragment was analyzed by a 5＇ end nested deletion method in the present study, fused with a uidA （gus） gene to produce a series of tested constructs, which were transferred into C-serum of latex and the Gus activities were detected. Results showed that the fragment from -749 to -292 was sufficient for expression of gus gene in latex, and the fragment from -292 to -168 was crucial in response to abscisic acid inducement. In a transient transgenic test of rubber leaf with particle bombardment, construct Hev749 conferred gus-specific expression in veins, in which the latex tubes mainly distributed. This implies that the fragment from -749 to -292 was laticiferous-specific.     

Growth and gas exchange responses of Hevea brasiliensis seedlings to inoculation with Glomus mosseae

 The beneficial effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on plant growth is well known, but the physiological processes involved are still discussed. The purpose of this study was to determine if Glomus mosseae affects the growth of Hevea brasiliensis seedlings and, if it is the case, if it could be associated with variations in leaf CO₂ and H₂O gas exchange. H. brasiliensis rubber trees were grown for 9 months in a medium containing either propagules of G. mosseae or sterilized inoculum. Plant size, root collar diameter and leaf area, as well as net CO₂ assimilation, stomatal conductance (g_s) and water-use efficiency of photosynthesis were evaluated during the first 5 stages of growth. At stage 2, a growth depression occurred in the mycorrhizal seedlings coincident with the first AM infections. Then, at stage 5, Glomus mosseae-inoculated plants had moderate colonization (47% of root length) and were taller than control plants with a larger root collar diameter and an enhanced leaf organogenesis. This enhanced growth was accompanied by increased photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance. After 9 months, dry weights of shoots and roots of inoculated plants were greater than those of controls by 27 and 17%, respectively. Received: 10 May 1997 / Accepted: 9 September 1997