几种硅藻土及其中硅藻壳体的电镜研究

该文用扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)观察了浙江、云南、吉林和广东等地四种硅藻土中硅藻壳体的形态构造、壳壁内部的细微结构和粘土杂质的形状。研究了上述四种硅藻土经不同浓度盐酸酸洗后或经高温焙烧后其结构的变化;X射线衍射表明.硅藻壳体经1150℃高温焙烧后,无定形二氧化硅转化为α-方石英。     

AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF NUCLEAR ELIMINATION FROM THE LATE ERYTHROBLAST

The process of expulsion of the nucleus during the transformation of the late erythroblast to reticulocyte is described. Erythroid clones taken from the spleen of lethally irradiated mice transplanted with syngeneic bone marrow were used. 10–12-day old isolated clones were fixed in glutaraldehyde, then in osmium tetroxide. Ultra-thin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and/or lead citrate before examination. Late (orthochromatic) erythroblasts develop pseudopod-like cytoplasmic protrusions into one of which the nucleus gradually penetrates, being deformed by the extrusion through the relatively narrow passage. During the whole process, mitochondria and vesicular and membranous elements are concentrated in the cytoplasm. Once outside the cell, the nucleus reassumes its rounded form. It is surrounded by a narrow rim of cytoplasm and structurally altered plasma membrane and is connected to the rest of the cell by a bridge. Elongated vacuoles appear within this bridge, with a resulting release of the enveloped nucleus which is soon phagocytized by macrophages; this leaves behind the newly formed reticulocyte. During this process, the cytoplasmic protrusions, the agglomeration of mitochondria, and the mode of separation of the nucleus from the rest of the cell are similar to those occurring in mitotic division.     

THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF SPOROPHYTIC AND GAMETOPHYTIC POPULATIONS OF THE MOSS,FUNARIA HYGROMETRICA HEDW

Patterns of phenotypic and genotypic variability in two populations of the moss, Funaria hygrometrica, were investigated using measurements of gametophytic and sporophytic morphology, sporophytic reproductive output, spore germination, gametophytic growth rates and tolerances of copper, cadmium, and low nutrient conditions, and electrophoretically detectable enzyme variation. The two populations differed in all traits measured, but complete monomorphism within populations at 14 enzyme loci suggested that each represented a single clone. Variability in gametophytic growth rates and responses to different experimental media, however, occurred among haploid sib families (families of meiotic progeny derived from the same sporophyte) and among sibs within families within both populations, suggesting high levels of genetic variability. Low mean reproductive output and a high level of variability among sporophytes in a mine site population probably reflected heavy metal toxicity. Based on this study, in combination with previous work on F. hygrometrica (Shaw, 19906), somatic mutation and/or nongenetic effects appear to contribute significantly to phenotypic variability in natural populations.     

AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CLEAVAGE FURROW IN MAMMALIAN CELLS

The process of cytoplasmic cleavage has been studied in thin sections of rat erythroblasts and the cells of mouse leukemia and Walker 256 carcinoma of the rat. The development of the cleavage furrow begins in relation to the mid-body, which, earlier, appears on the equatorial plane in association with the continuous fibers of the spindle. The earliest evidence of a cleavage furrow is the presence of a vesicle or vesicles close to the mid-body. Subsequently, many smaller vesicles are seen in the equatorial plane. The cleavage furrow probably develops by the fusion of these vesicles so that a new plasma membrane is formed between the daughter cells, and extends from the telophase intercellular bridge to the cell margin. During the stage of formation of the vesicles, cisternae, believed to be part of the endoplasmic reticulum, assume an intimate relationship with the cleavage plane, and they may perhaps be involved in the formation of the vesicles.     

AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC CYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF MACROPHAGES DURING UTERINE INVOLUTION

Acid phosphatase was localized at the fine structural level in rat endometrial phagocytes during the period of postpartum involution. These cells showed intense phagocytotic and pinocytotic activities, which were accompanied by the development of abundant lysosomes. Phagosomes acquired their enzymatic complement by fusion with lysosomes; the same appeared to be true in the case of pinocytotic vesicles, but, because of the small size of these vesicles, this point could not be established with certainty. Digestion within some phagolysosomes led to the formation of electron-lucent vacuoles containing solubilized products. Other phagolysosomes showed accumulation of lipid residues in the form of droplets and myelin figures, and the structures acquired the appearance of residual bodies. In many macrophages, overfeeding led to the formation of unusually large numbers of phagolysosomes, which occupied almost the entire cytoplasm with exclusion of other cell organelles. In these cells the presence of abundant lead deposits, apparently free in the cytoplasm suggested an intracytoplasmic release of hydrolases.     

AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE FOLLOWING INFECTION WITH ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS

Infection of the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) with Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) has been thought by earlier workers (12, 20) to result in the transformation of the ectoderm and then the mesoderm of that organ. In the present study, CAM were infected with 10⁴ PFU (pock-forming units) of RSV (Bryan high titre strain) and collected for electron microscopy at 2, 4, and 6 days postinfection. Observations of the fine structural changes in the CAM after RSV infection support a singular role of the mesenchyme in the initiation of the tumors. The ectodermal hyperplasia often associated with RSV tumors of the CAM appears to be a secondary response to the alteration of the underlying mesenchyme. These findings are discussed in detail, and an alternate course of RSV transformation of the CAM by way of the vascular bed is suggested.     

AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE PASSAGE OF COLLOIDAL PARTICLES FROM THE BLOOD VESSELS OF THE CILIARY PROCESSES AND CHOROID PLEXUS OF THE RABBIT

The thinnest areas of the capillaries of the choroid plexus and ciliary processes in the eye of the rabbit are characterized by the presence of fenestrae. When various colloidal particles opaque to the electron beam (thorotrast, gold sol, and saccharated iron oxide) were injected into the blood stream, none were found in fenestrae or in areas that might suggest their having passed through fenestrae. The passage of marker particles from the lumen to the surrounding connective tissue does take place on occasion in the areas of thicker walls in the capillaries and venules rather than in the attenuated and fenestrated endothelial walls. The pathway taken by these markers may be either through the cytoplasm of the endothelial cells via membrane-bounded vesicles and vacuoles or through the intercellular spaces of the vessels. An altered aqueous humor (cloudy and plasmoid) was produced by endotoxin injection or by making a draining fistula in rabbit cornea. Both methods gave rise to the same changes in the blood vessels of the ciliary processes. Under such conditions of inflammation the passage of colloidal particles through the thicker walls of the capillaries and venules was greatly increased and occurred primarily as an intercellular passage between the endothelial cells. The attenuated and fenestrated areas of the endothelium of the small capillaries remained unchanged with no particles passing through them. These results on the altered vessels of the ciliary processes parallel those of Majno and Palade (26) on the rat cremaster muscle.     

金鱼表皮的带突起细胞的扫描电镜观察

本文对60只金鱼的皮肤进行了扫描电镜研究。除观察了带有突起的诸种细胞外,尚在雄性金鱼的头盖部皮肤发现一种从未报道过的新型细胞突起,呈指状,约40×20μm。其形态大小与性结节完全不同。经喂食11-酮睾丸酮后,该突起增至近乎原来的两倍。其机能是否与性机能有关尚待进一步探讨。     

大鼠海马触液神经元的分布特征及其纤维联系

本文应用ＨＲＰ追踪与电镜结合的方法研究了大白鼠海马接触脑脊液神经元的分布特征和皮质内联系。光镜观察在海马的多形细胞层和锥体细胞层等处可见散在的神经元被标记,而在室管膜层标记的细胞较多,它们分布于交织成网的阳性纤维中。透射电镜可见海马室管膜层的ＨＲＰ反应阳性的神经细胞、树突末稍及神经胶质细胞。在海马室管膜上也见到了被标记的神经纤维。同时在海马室管膜层内还发现未标记的阴性轴突与被ＨＲＰ标记的阳性树突构成的轴－树突触。上述结果提示海马为接触脑脊液神经元存在的部位之一,其接触脑脊液神经元并受到其它神经元的突触调控     

胡子鲇、月鳢、泥鳅具气呼吸作用器官呼吸上皮的电镜观察

应用扫描电子显微镜与透射电子显微镜技术观察了具气呼吸作用的胡子鲇树枝状鳃上器、月鳢耳片状鳃上器和泥鳅的肠等器官 ,证实 3种淡水鱼类具气呼吸作用的器官表面均被覆一层高度毛细血管化的呼吸上皮。胡子鲇的呼吸上皮表面形态呈玉米棒状 ,月鳢的鳃上器表面为半圆形鹅卵石状 ,泥鳅肠内壁表面如云朵状。这 3种器官的呼吸上皮细胞均为同一种类型 ,是一类特化的扁平上皮细胞 ,兼有哺乳类肺泡Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型上皮细胞的细微结构特征。同时 ,构成气血屏障的三部分即呼吸上皮细胞、毛细血管内皮细胞胞质薄层和两者之间的基底膜与其他脊椎动物的呼吸器官极为相似。     

A LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF PEROXIDASE LOCALIZATION IN THE ONION ROOT TIP

Peroxidase activity in the onion root tip was localized by the diaminobenzidine procedure and studied at the light and electron microscope levels. Reaction product was observed in the cell wall, on the plasmalemma, in the Golgi apparatus cisternae and vesicles, in young and developing vacuoles, in the endoplasmic reticulum, and on both soluble and membrane-bound ribosomes. The reaction product at the various cellular and subcellular sites occurs in distinct tissue and developmental patterns.     

AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SYNAPSES IN CULTURED FETAL MOUSE CEREBRUM CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED TO XYLOCAINE

Explants of fetal mouse cerebral cortex, continuously exposed to the local anesthetic Xylocaine from the time of explantation to the time of fixation, were examined in the electron microscope to determine whether morphologically normal synapses and potentially functional interneuronal synaptic networks can form in the absence of electrical impulse activity. Morphological differentiation of complex synaptic networks proceeds normally, and the drug does not alter the fine structure of the formed synapses. These observations are consonant with the electrophysiological data which show that the potential for complex bioelectric activity can develop in the absence of its expression. The development and maturation of functional synaptic networks, then, is not contingent upon prior electrical impulse activity. These data support the concept that organized neuronal assemblies are formed in forward reference to their ultimate function.     

AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS OF THE CAT FOOT AND TOE PADS—EVIDENCE FOR DUCTAL REABSORPTION IN THE HUMAN

The eccrine sweat glands of the cat foot and toe pads have been studied by light and electron microscopy before and after stimulation with mecholyl. The ultrastructure of these glands in the cat is found to be entirely comparable to that in the human (13). The ultrastructure and staining properties of the secretory segment of the two species are identical. The ductal part of the feline gland is shorter and the ductal cells have only scant mitochondria as compared with the human. Since Brusilow et al. (1) have observed that the secretion of the cat foot pad is isotonic as compared with human sweat, which is hypotonic, and since the secretory segments of the two species are structurally identical, the striking difference in the morphology of the duct is regarded as being responsible for the difference in the chemistry of the secretion of the two species. Thus the duct in the human is capable of reabsorbing sodium and chloride.     

AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER IN THE RAT, EMPLOYING SILVER NITRATE AS A VITAL STAIN

The intravital deposition of silver in the chorioid plexuses, area postrema, intercolumnar tubercle, neurohypophysis, and pineal body of rats, given 1.5 gm. of silver nitrate per liter of drinking water for periods of up to one year, has been investigated by electron microscopy. Unlike other parts of the central nervous system, these regions store large amounts of silver. In all of these structures, silver is deposited in the form of dense granules in the basement membrane upon which the capillary endothelium rests, in and upon the connective tissue cells and fibers constituting a loose pericapillary sheath, and in an outer membrane separating this sheath from the parenchymatous cells. Parts of the central nervous system which do not store silver, for example the spinal cord, cerebellar cortex, cerebral cortex, and reticular formation, lack a connective tissue investment of the capillaries. In these locations, the glial processes or end-feet are closely applied to the walls of the capillaries. Only a narrow space, filled by an amorphous, moderately electron-dense substance, separates the plasma membranes of the endothelial cells and glial processes. The significance of these observations is discussed with respect to the questions of the Virchow-Robin perivascular spaces, the interstitial ground-substance of the brain, and the location of the hematoencephalic barrier.