用PFU微型生物群落监测技术评价化工废水的静态毒性

化工废水的排放是导致水环境毒物污染的重要来源,以原生动物为靶生物的微型生物群落监测——PFU法因能快速而真实地评价水体受污染程度而被广泛应用.盐城沿海化工园区是至今江苏省环保部门批准建设的苏北地区规模最大的以发展精细化工和医药化工为主导的专业园区,以该园区附近清洁水源中的原生动物为种源,用PFU法评价该园区化工废水的静态毒性.结果表明,原生动物群落对化工废水效应浓度(EC)变化非常敏感.在低的化工废水EC下,原生动物群落群集的物种多样性指数和群集种类均随毒性时间的延长而快速增加,群集速度也较快;随着化工废水EC的增加,原生动物群落群集的物种多样性指数随毒性时间的延长而增加缓慢甚至下降,群集种类则明显减少,群集速度也减缓,说明化工废水EC有较强的生物胁迫效应.在反映原生动物群集过程的3个参数Seq、G和T90％中,Seq与化工废水EC均呈负相关,而G随化工废水EC增加先呈负相关后呈正相关.根据其回归方程Seq=-0.141 EC+19.05 (R2=0.941,P＜0.01)推算出该化工废水的效应浓度EC5、EC20和EC50分别为7.1％、27.3％和67.7％.最终确定盐城沿海化工园区化工废水对其附近清洁水源原生动物群落的安全浓度为7.1％,最大允许浓度为27.3％.盐城沿海化工园区化工废水必须处理至其毒性削减72.7％以上才能排放.     

对发展我国化工生物技术的几点浅见

对发展我国化工生物技术的几点浅见王岁楼，张一震河南省郑州轻工业学院生物研究室，４５０００２从国外的一些发展动向来看，化工产业正向生物技术作战略转移。尤其是西方国家不少大化工公司，建立了生命科学研究中心，投入相当份额的科研开发费用，集中部分科研人员，加...     

"第四届全国公学工程与生物化工年会"召开

由中国化工学会化学工程专业委员会和生物化工专业委员会主办,浙江大学承办,浙江省化工学会协办的"第四届全国化学工程与生物化工年会"于2007年11月26日～29日在杭州召开.会议受国家自然科学基金委员会资助,并得到了我国化学工程、生物化工领域专家、学者和同行们的高度重视和支持.     

对日胱氨酸技术交流总结

<正> 应中国化工进出口总公司邀请,日本岩田商会滝本昭先生、东阳化学株式会社中村皓一先生、吴山贸易株式会社高木正夫先生于1978年7月6日至7月11日到武汉与我有关方面的技术人员进行了胱氨酸技术交流。这次技术交流是由中国化工进出口总公司组织领导的。参加的单位有武汉大学、武汉化学助剂厂、扬州生物化学厂、中国化工进出口公司广东省分公司、湖北分公司和武汉市公司等七个单位的代表共十七人。在外贸部门的具体组织下。武汉大学和武汉化学助剂厂在技术交流前就做了大量细致的准备工作。湖北省外事办公室、武汉市化工局和湖北省化工进出口分公司对这次技术交流非常重视,做了各种妥善的安排,对我们的工作给予了大力支持,确保了技术交流的顺利进行。     

光催化材料-微生物杂合系统在化工领域的应用进展

随着化工行业的发展,化石能源短缺、环境污染严重等问题日益突出。如何开发新能源,实现化学品的绿色生物制造并修复化工污染,是发展绿色化工的核心问题。近年来,光催化材料-微生物杂合系统为解决上述问题带来新希望,该系统将光催化材料与微生物紧密耦合,充分发挥光催化材料能广谱高效捕获光能的特性以及微生物选择性酶催化功能,实现太阳能到化学能的高效转化。本文详细介绍了该系统的设计理念、作用机制及改进策略,并从生物能源、化学品制造和化工污染修复三个方面综述了该系统在化工领域的应用进展,指出了该领域现存的挑战与未来发展的趋势。     

酶在化学合成中的应用

一、概述--非水酶催化 在化学合成中应用酶催化是生物学与化学边缘领域中十分引人注意、研究非常活跃的重要课题。现已出现许多重要成果,今后必将成为化工中的酶化学工业新分支。 过去酶在化工中的应用受到很大限制。传统概念中酶只能在水溶液中起作用,在有机溶剂易发生变性,而绝大多数化工过程又都是在     

三种工业废水对大型溞毒性的研究

利用大型蚤(Daphnia magna straus)对造纸、印染、化工等三种有机污染废水进行毒性试验,并对三种废水中的有机污染物进行色—质聪机定性分析。在造纸、印染、化工废水中分别检出有机污染物32、49和36种。其中具有“三致”作用的分别占8、14和14种。试验结果表明,三种工业废水在有机污染程度(COD_(cr))相同的情况下。毒性大小主要和废水中“三致”物的种类和数量有关。三种废水对大型蚤24h LC_(50)值分别为:造纸27.54％(23.23％～32.66％),印染8.31％(6.92％～10.00％),化工4.47％(3.56％～5.60％);剂量-反应回归方程分别为造纸 Y=4.17x-1.0,印染 Y=3.77x+1.53,化工 Y=3.64x+2.63。     

“第四届全国化学工程与生物化工年会”召开

由中国化工学会化学工程专业委员会和生物化工专业委员会主办,浙江大学承办．浙江省化工学会协办的“第四届全国化学工程与生物化工年会”于2007年11月26日～29日在杭州召开。会议受国家自然科学基金委员会资助,并得到了我国化学工程、生物化工领域专家、学者和同行们的高度重视和支持。来自全国各高等院校、科研机构和企业的1200余名代表参加了会议,     

蛋白质交联用酶的作用机制及研究进展北大核心CSCD

蛋白质交联在食品、化工和医药等领域发挥重要的作用。利用酶催化蛋白质交联是一种可替代物理和化学交联的高效经济的方法。然而,目前仍缺乏详细的酶促蛋白质交联分子层面的解析。本文综述了酶催化的蛋白质交联反应机制及其对蛋白质结构的影响,以及在食品、化工和医药领域的应用,并展望了酶促交联的发展。     

三种工业废水对大型Zao毒性的研究

利用大型蚤（Daphnia magna Straus)对造纸、印染、化工等三种有机污染废水进行毒性试验,并对三种废水中的有机污染物进行色－质联机定性分析。在造纸、印染、化工废水中分别检出有机污染物32、49和36种,其中具有“三致”作用的分别占8、14和14种,试验结果表明,三种工业废水在有机污染程度（CODcr）相同的情况下,毒性大小主要和废水中“三致”物的种类和数量有关。三种废水对大型蚤24hLC50值分别为：造纸27．54％（23．23％－32．66％）,印染8．31％（6．92％－10．00％）,化工4．47％（3．56％－5．60％）;剂量－反应回归方程分别为造纸Y＝4．17x-1.0,印染Y＝3．77x＋1．53,化工Y＝3．64x＋2．63。     

化学在农业院校遗传学教学中的渗透与思考

农业院校多数专业的课程设置里面, 化学是一类重要的基础课程, 而遗传学是核心的专业基础课。怎样将先修的化学知识向遗传学教学进行渗透, 从而在逻辑上体现专业基础课对基础课的“承上”功能, 是遗传学教师值得探讨的新问题。作者认为, 在农业院校的本科遗传学教学中, 应充分利用先修课程特别是化学的知识原理, 采用“渗透式”教学, 分析学科间知识点的内在联系, 加深学生对遗传学知识的认知和理解, 构建完整的知识体系, 提高学生分析能力、综合能力和逻辑思维能力, 探索综合竞争力强的复合型人才培养的教学模式。     

A rapid introduction to neurological biochemistry using <Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila melanogaster</Emphasis>

Short, cost-effective teaching activities are a useful way of providing an integrated view on biological processes. Here we describe a brief, hands-on workshop that allows pre-university students to explore their understanding of a neurological pathway from its chemical bases to phenotype. The workshop effectively introduces the students to data collection and analysis in an enjoyable way and at an appropriate level, determined by an end of session feedback survey. The design of the workshop can be adapted and scaled to generate diverse sessions such as university teaching practicals or summer school training workshops.     

PHYSIOLOGIC MONITORING OF BLOOD GLUCOSE

The technique of continuous chemical analysis in vivo gives promise of real value in medicine. Applied to physiologic monitoring of blood glucose, it provides an invaluable tool for the study of labile diabetes and metabolic problems. Its use during surgical procedures and in post-operative management of such patients and in teaching is to be encouraged.     

Inaccurate chemical structures of dyes and fluorochromes found in the literature can be problematic for teaching and research

Abstract

Representations of the chemical structures of dyes and fluorochromes often are used to illustrate staining mechanisms and histochemical reactions. Unfortunately, inaccurate chemical structures sometimes are used, which results in problems for teaching and research in histochemistry. We comment here on published examples of inadequate chemical drawing and modeling. In particular, omission of hydrogen atoms can lead to misleading hydrogen-bonding interactions, and inaccurate drawing and modeling procedures result in a variety of implausible molecular structures. The examples and arguments given here are easily intelligible for non-chemists and could be used as part of a training approach to help avoid publication of misleading or puzzling dye structures and molecular models for illustrating biological staining and histochemical studies.     

Teaching the origin of the first living systems

The most fundamental of questions in biology, namely that of the origin of living systems, is being lost to teaching and a new technique to rekindle interest in it must be found. This paper presents a novel idea of teaching a scientific concept using a poem, which describes the major perspectives on the origins of living systems, as the medium of instruction. All of the major schools of thought — chemical evolution, DNA vs. RNA, protocell formation, coacervates, panspermia and special creation — are discussed. The aim of the paper is not to be a definitive review on the origin of living systems, but rather to be a focal point on which to hinge further discussion.     

生物学基础知识表现方式及学习能力培养

生物学基础知识主要包括植物、动物、微生物等基本生物类群的分类、形态、结构、生理、生化、遗传、进化、生态等方面的知识。研究生物学基础知识的表现方式并据此探讨学习能力培养方法可以指导和帮助师生较快地抓住主要观点、理解确切要义、识记重要内容及提高教学效率。生物学基础知识的表现方式主要有文字、图片、表格、反应式、计算式等,其学习能力的培养要从文字理解能力、图片识别能力、表格分析能力及式子解析能力等四方面入手。     

Peppy: A virtual reality environment for exploring the principles of polypeptide structure

A key learning outcome for undergraduate biochemistry classes is a thorough understanding of the principles of protein structure. Traditional approaches to teaching this material, which include two‐dimensional (2D) images on paper, physical molecular modeling kits, and projections of 3D structures into 2D, are unable to fully capture the dynamic 3D nature of proteins. We have built a virtual reality application, Peppy, aimed at facilitating teaching of the principles of protein secondary structure. Rather than attempt to model molecules with the same fidelity to the underlying physical chemistry as existing, research‐oriented molecular modelling approaches, we took the more straightforward approach of harnessing the Unity video game physics engine. Indeed, the simplicity and limitations of our model are strengths in a teaching context, provoking questions and thus deeper understanding. Peppy allows exploration of the relative effects of hydrogen bonding (and electrostatic interactions more generally), backbone φ/ψ angles, basic chemical structure, and steric effects on a polypeptide structure in an accessible format that is novel, dynamic, and fun to use. Apart from describing the implementation and use of Peppy, we discuss the outcomes of deploying Peppy in undergraduate biochemistry courses.     

《生物化学》作为通识课的教学实践

生物化学研究生命的化学组成和化学变化等生命基本属性,是阐述生命奥秘的基本语言,是生命科学的基础学科。生物化学能否作为公选课?如果其作为公选课,又应包含哪些生物化学知识,如何讲授这些专业知识?本文从课程内容,教材选取以及授课方式等方面介绍了笔者在向非健康科学专业的学生开设《生物化学》公选课的实践和体会。笔者联系身边的生物化学现象讲解其中的基本生物化学原理,关注疾病发生和临床治疗中涉及的生物化学,整合本校生命和健康相关学科和最前沿的科学进展中涉及到的生物化学知识,极大地增强了学生对生物化学和生命科学的兴趣,有效提高了教学效果;并且为学生理解其它生命科学选修课程打下了良好的基础。这些策略和教学方法对于公选课和通识课,甚至专业课的教学实践,具有一定的参考价值。     

Building student proficiency with scientific literature using the Zotero reference manager platform

While mastery of the scientific literature is a strongly desirable trait for undergraduate students, the sheer volume of the current literature has complicated the challenge of teaching scientific literacy. Part of the response to this ever-increasing volume of resources includes formal instruction in the use of reference manager software while engaging students with the primary literature. This article describes the incorporation of the reference manager program Zotero into a chemical literature course to facilitate the use of digital resources and to better enable them to use proper citation skills in their technical writing.     

The Teaching of Photosynthesis in Secondary School: A History of the Science Approach

In this article we present a synthesis of the research affecting pupils' conceptions of photosynthesis and plant nutrition. The main false conceptions of the pupils identi?ed in this literature review are: that green plants ?nd their food in the soil; that water and mineral salts are suf?cient to the growth of a plant; the role of chlorophyll, where the transformation of luminous energy into chemical energy is never evoked; and air as a source of matter, which is never underlined. Secondly, we are going to see that several of these false conceptions have been developed during history. For example, the famous philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC) thought that plants receive their food from the soil already elaborated. Several centuries later, the physician and chemist Van Helmont (1677–1644) added more precision to Aristotle’s conception while claiming that plants use only water for their growth. Finally, we will see that the analysis of the false theories developed during history will permit in a context of teaching to valorize the false conceptions of the pupils. Indeed, the history of sciences could incite a teacher to valorize his pupils’ false conceptions while considering them as an indication of difficulties that deserve particular pedagogical and didactic tools. The false conceptions constructed by the pupils don’t have to be ignored in a teaching context because they obey particular reasoning rules, sometimes similar to those that once guided some scientific steps. This view, drawing on false conceptions developed during history, gives a dynamic and human picture of the science very distant from the one sometimes carried on by dogmatic teaching.