毛绥螨属新种记述和已知种再描述与更正(蜱螨亚纲:革螨股:裂胸螨科)

记述毛绥螨属2新种:小板毛绥螨Lasioseius plateculus sp.nov.和黄河毛绥螨Lasioseius huangheensis sp.nov..同时对王氏毛绥螨Lasioseius wangi Ma,1988进行再描述,并对廖氏毛绥螨 Lasioseius liaohaorongae Ma,1996进行更正.     

毛绥螨属六新种(蜱螨亚纲:裂胸螨科)

毛绥螨属Lasioseius Berlese隶属于裂胸螨科Aceosejidae,国内仅有过混毛绥螨L. confusus,Evans的纪录。本文绘图描述了采自贵州和陕西省啮齿类体上的毛绥螨属6新种:匙毛绥螨L. spatula sp. nov. 贫板毛绥螨L. paucispathus sp. nov.、裂毛绥螨L. schizopilus sp. nov.、黔毛绥螨L. qianensis sp. nov.、点毛绥螨L. punctatus sp. nov. 及多板毛绥螨L. multispathus sp. nov.。文中列举各新种的宿主与采集纪录及与相近种类的鉴别。     

裂胸螨科4新种和中国2新纪录属：蜱螨亚纲：革螨股

记述裂胸螨科4新种:陈氏毛绥螨Lasioseius chenpengi sp.nov.,杵状肛厉螨Proctolaelaps pis-tilli sp.nov.,疏毛北绥螨Arctoseius oligotrichus sp.nov.和巨肛伊(虫穴)螨中Iphidozercon magnanalis sp.nov.。其中北绥螨属Arctoseius Thor,1930和伊(虫穴)螨属Iphidozercon Berlese,1903为中国首次纪录。     

全雪螨属1新种和匙毛绥螨雄螨新发现(蜱螨亚纲:中气门目:裂胸螨科)

本文记述全雪螨属1新种:菱形全雪螨Panteniphis rhombus sp.nov.,并描述匙毛绥螨Lasioseius spatulus Gu et Wang,1990雄螨。     

毛绥螨属一新种(蜱螨亚纲,裂胸螨科)

记述裂胸螨科Aceosejidae毛绥螨属Lasioseius Berlese,1916一新种,多毛毛绥螨Lasioseius multisetus sp.nov..标本采自宁夏回族自治区银川市南郊天牛洞道,保存于军事医学科学院微生物流行病研究所医学昆虫标本馆.文内测量单位均为μm.     

毛绥螨属一新种(蜱螨亚纲：裂胸螨科)

报道列胞螨科Aceosejidae Baker et Wharton,1952毛绥螨属Lasioseius Berlese,1916一新种,即青海毛缓螨Lasioseius qinghaiensis sp.von.。     

毛绥螨属2新种（蜱螨亚纲：囊螨科）

记述毛绥螨属2新种:前毛绥螨Lasioseiue praevius sp.nov.与中毛绥螨Lasiosius medius sp.nov.     

毛绥螨属1新种和囊螨属1新种（蜱螨亚纲：裂胸螨科,胭螨科）

描述廖氏毛绥螨,新种Lasioseius jilinsimilis sp.nov.和植囊螨,新种Ascaplantaria sp.nov.     

青海甘肃植绥螨五新种（蜱螨亚纲：植绥螨科）

本文报道采自青海、甘肃植绥螨科5新种:青海钝绥螨Amblyseius qinghaiensis sp.nov.,长中毛钝绥螨A.longimedius sp.nov.,大通盲走螨Typhlodromus datongensis sp.nov.,张掖盲走螨T.zhangyensis sp.nov.,和冬盲走螨T.hibernus sp.nov.。全部标本保存在北京市农林科学院。     

中国奥甲螨科3新种（甲螨亚目：奥甲螨科）

记述采自我国南方的奥甲螨科3新种:鞭毛奧甲螨Oppia flagellifera sp.nov.、雕纹大奥甲螨Lasiobelba sculpta sp.nov.和闽越奥甲螨Vietoppia fujianensis sp.nov,。     

Intramolecular higher order packing of parallel quadruplexes comprising a G:G:G:G tetrad and a G(:A):G(:A):G(:A):G heptad of GGA triplet repeat DNA

GGA triplet repeats are widely dispersed throughout eukaryotic genomes and are frequently located within biologically important regions such as gene regulatory regions and recombination hot spot sites. We determined the structure of d(GGA)4 (12-mer) under physiological conditions and founded the formation of an intramolecular parallel quadruplex for the first time. Later, a similar architecture to that of the intramolecular parallel quadruplex was found for a telomere DNA in the crystalline state. Here, we have determined the structure of d(GGA)8 (24-mer) under physiological conditions. Two intramolecular parallel quadruplexes comprising a G:G:G:G tetrad and a G(:A):G(:A):G(:A):G heptad are formed in d(GGA)8. These quadruplexes are packed in a tail-to-tail manner. This is the first demonstration of the intramolecular higher order packing of quadruplexes at atomic resolution. K+ ions, but not Na+ ones, are critically required for the formation of this unique structure. The elucidated structure suggests the mechanisms underlying the biological events related to the GGA triplet repeat. Furthermore, in the light of the structure, the mode of the higher order packing of the telomere DNA is discussed.     

Redfield revisited: variability of C:N:P in marine microalgae and its biochemical basis

Cytological events immediately following plasmogamy in Durvillaea potatorum are described. Eggs contain several types of cytoplasmic vesicle differing in size and appearance. Histochemical tests and measurements are used to characterise and distinguish different types of vesicle containing phenolic compounds, lipids and polysaccharides. Within 2 min of plasmogamy, small phenolic vesicles located just below the egg membrane undergo mass synchronised exocytosis. The contents of these vesicles are discharged as phenolic bodies on the outside of the membrane. Secretion of phenolic bodies precedes secretion of the primary zygote wall by several minutes. Limited secretion of phenolics also occurs in unfertilised eggs. Peripheral phenolic vesicles are distinguishable from physodes, which also contain phenolic compounds but which are significantly larger and tend to be localised around the egg nucleus. The possible functional significance of the phenolic bodies is discussed. Coated pits and vesicles are common in zygotes, and their presence is evidence for endocytosis.     

Biogeography of the wax scales (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coccidae: Ceroplastinae)

The modern and native distributions of wax scales are documented and an area cladogram including seventy species is presented. Wax scales are distributed worldwide, but most species are native to either South America or Africa. Their native distribution pattern is discussed in relation to their host-plant specificity and to the dispersal and vicariance theories of biogeography. The vicariance theory is preferred, because the pattern can be explained satisfactorily by plate tectonics but not by dispersal from a centre of origin. The wax scale group probably originated in the combined South American–African continent at least 97 million yr ago.     

Polygyrid relations: a phylogenetic analysis of 17 subfamilies of land snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)

The family of polygyrid land snails in North America is significant for its sympatric shell convergences, diversity of mating systems and complex zoogeography; its monophyly and its relation to other families has long been questionable. Cladistic analysis has been performed on one representative each of 17 subfamilies, including all three polygyrid subfamilies and one or more subfamilies each from all ten of the families that have been proposed as the polygyrid sister groups. Eighteen anatomical synapomorphies are used, of which eight are newly discovered, four are differently assessed from previous studies, and six are traditional. The resulting strict consensus tree of alternative maximum-parsimony cladograms is: (Acavidae (Ammonitellidae Corillidae ((Discidae Oreohelicidae) (Helminthoglyptidae Bradybaenidae Polygyridae (Thysanophoridae (Camaenidae Sagdidae)))))).
According to this working hypothesis, the Polygyridae are monophyletic, and their sister group remains unresolved, although the Acavidae, Ammonitellidae, Corillidae, Discidae and Oreohelicidae can be ruled out. Of the five classifications of stylommatophoran families that have been proposed in the past 12 years, the consensus tree is closest to that of Nordsieck. For future morphological work, three regions are recommended as potentially rich in unused phylogenetic information: the fertilization pouch-seminal receptacle complex, the ureter at the pneumostome and the ventral-chain ganglia. Simultaneous dissection, wkh side-by-side comparisons, is recommended over other methods for detecting homologies in land snails. Molecular characters should be exploited, because of the scarcity and the frequent homoplasy of morphological characters.     

Hormone interactions and regulation of PsPK2::GUS compared with DR5::GUS and PID::GUS in Arabidopsis thaliana

The putative pea PINOID homolog, PsPK2, is expressed in all growing plant parts and is positively regulated by auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin. Here, we studied hormonal regulation of PsPK2::GUS expression compared with DR5::GUS and PID::GUS in Arabidopsis. PsPK2::GUS, DR5::GUS, and PID::GUS expression in Arabidopsis shoots is mainly localized in the stipules, hydathodes, veins, developing leaves, and cotyledons. Unlike DR5::GUS, PsPK2::GUS, and PID::GUS are weakly expressed in root tips. Both DR5::GUS and PsPK2::GUS are induced by different auxins and are more sensitive to methyl indole acetic acid, 4-chloro-indole acetic acid, and α-naphthalene acetic acid than others. GA(3) has no significant effect on GUS activity in DR5::GUS-transformed seedlings compared to the control, but induction by auxin and gibberellin in combination is synergistic. Cytokinin increases auxin transport in Arabidopsis seedlings. Auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin all increase GUS activity in shoots of PsPK2::GUS transformed plants compared to the control. However, only auxin and gibberellin increase GUS activity in PID::GUS shoots. In conclusion, auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin positively regulate PsPK2 expression in shoots, but not in roots. Auxin and gibberellin also upregulate AtPIN1 and LEAFY expression, which is similar to PsPIN1 and Uni in pea. With minor exceptions, the orthologous genes from both species are regulated similarly.     

Morphology of Urospora chiridotae (Sporozoa: Gregarinomorpha: Eugregarinida) from sea cucumber Chiridota laevis (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apoda)

Several morphological forms (morphotypes) of Urospora chiridotae gamontes are found in White Sea holothuroid Chiridota laevis. All these morphotypes are differed by localization in the body of host, form and cytological features. The gregarines are situated in several host biotopes, such as blood vessels, intestine and mesenteries. In the blood vessels elongate skittle-like cells supplied with long thin cytopillia are observed. On the external surface of the intestine spherical gregarines are found. These parasites commonly covered with one layer of coelomic epithelium's cells. In some holothuria intratissue spherical cells of parasites located in intestinal epithelium are presented. Both of these types of parasites lack cytopillia, and folds or ridges on its surface. On different mesenteries, connections between intestine and body wall, and also on intestine elongate ounce-shaped cells and gamontocysts are observed. These cells are situated on the apices of finger-like processes of the intestine and mesenteries surface. Ounce-shaped gregarines have cytopillia shorter than in skittle-like gregarines. The differences between morphotypes of Urospora chiridotae are probably caused by different environmental conditions. In the narrow rift of blood vessel elongate cells are developed. The cytopillia may serve for making more or less wide space around gregarines, which is necessary for food uptake. Spherical cells surrounded by host's cells and have the form typical for tissue parasites. In the wide coelomic cavity where convection of liquid proceeds better than in blood vessel, ounce-shaped gregarines with short cytopillia are developed. We found only typical for Urospora chiridotae ovoid oocysts with dissimilar ends, anterior collar and spine-like posterior end. Thus, the all above-mentioned morphotypes undoubtedly belong to the same species. The relationships between defense host cells and the different morphotypes of trophozoites are variable.     

The ecology and biology of Southeast Asian false spider crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Hymenosomatidae)

The false spider crabs of the family Hymenosomatidae are one of the most poorly known group of brachyuran crabs in Southeast Asia. This is largely attributed to their small size and cryptic behaviour. Despite the many studies of decapods in Southeast Asia, only eleven species of hymenosomatids are known. Of these, two genera and six species were only described in the last two years. From Singapore the largest number of species (five) has been reported probably because it has been the best explored, while from Thailand three species and Peninsular Malaysia two species are known. There are no published records of hymenosomatids from Borneo or Java. The hymenosomatid fauna is perhaps best known in Australia and New Zealand. It is anticipated that when proper collections are made and studies implemented, the Southeast Asian hymenosomatid fauna will prove to be more diverse than what has been reported. The ecology of the Southeast Asian species is reviewed, especially in the view that two species are completely freshwater, one of which is a troglobite. Most species are littoral or sublittoral in habit and very sensitive to human activities (e.g. pollution).     

Systematics of the tribe Euderomphalini (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): parasitoids of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Abstract. Eulophid parasitoids of whiteflies are reviewed, with comments on their systematic placement, and a generic key. All eulophid whitefly parasitoids are placed in the tribe Euderomphalini in the subfamily Entedoninae, and reasons for this placement are discussed. Three new genera are described. The seven included genera can be divided into two distinct genus groups: the Euderomphale group contains Baeoentedon Girault, Euderomphale Girault, Neopomphale gen.n., and Pomphale Husain el al. ; the Enicdononecremnus group contains Aleuroctonus gen.n., Dasyompluile gen.n., and Enicdononecremnus Girault. The new species Dusyomphale chilensis is described.     

GIS analysis of the biogeography of beetles of the subgenus Anisodactylus (Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae: genus Anisodactylus)

The advent of GIS technology and the World Wide Web, respectively, facilitate analysing geographical relationships and electronically storing and exchanging biogeographic data. This paper illustrates GIS technology with a study of the subgenus Anisodactylus Dejean (Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae: genus Anisodactylus). Species are concentrated in three centres of biodiversity in North America and in four in lands near the western Mediterranean. These centres largely correspond to current areas of wetlands. Eurasia has fewer species than expected based on its area, probably because large portions have habitats unfavourable for the subgenus and/or are poorly collected for Carabidae. Members of the subgenus are primarily adapted to areas with January temperatures between ?10 and 10 °C, July temperatures from 10 to 30 °C and mean annual precipitation from 20 to 200 mm. Cold is apparently a major limiting factor because it typically occurs during several consecutive months of winter and is difficult to escape except by hibernation. Heat is less of a stress when moisture is sufficient. The size of geographical ranges is often larger in the North than in the South and correlates with the latitude of the centre of ranges at r =0.42 (level of significance=0.05). Geographic ranges are often smaller in western North America and in the western Mediterranean than elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere. Explanations for the smaller sizes include portions of western North America having unfavourable desert or montane habitats, the Rocky Mountains and deserts barring eastward dispersal of species, and the smaller size and more patchy distribution of climatic zones and habitats. In North America geographical ranges west of the Rocky Mountains are north–south elongated because they track primarily north–south orientated climatic zones and because mountains and deserts bar eastward extension. Ranges in north-eastern and north-central North America tend to extend east–west along temperature isotherms. In Eurasia many ranges are stretched east–west because of the shape of the continent and because many northern and southern areas lack suitable habitats. Species with relatively high numbers of apomorphic character states cluster in western Eurasia and to a lesser extent in western North America. The North American centres of biodiversity are post-Wisconsin phenomena while those near the western Mediterranean probably date from the Oligocene or Miocene.