栓皮栎种群的生物学生态学特性和地理分布研究

对栓皮栎种群的地理分布和生物学,生态学特性进行了研究。结果表明：（1）栓皮栎幼苗期地上部分生长缓慢,而主要发育根系;（2）栓皮栎的有性生殖和无性生殖都受到人为干扰的强烈影响;无性繁殖在林分更新中占有重要的地位,而有性繁殖则是维持和丰富种群遗传多样性的基因;（3）栓皮栎喜光,但对温度,降雨和土壤要求并不严格;（4）通过对优势种群重要值进行聚类分析。可以将陕西栓皮栎种群所在群落划分为6个类型;（5）栓皮栎具有很强的适应性,是我国分布最广的树种之一。垂直分布幅度范围较大,分布的海拔上限自北向南,由东向西不断升高。     

土壤动物多样性的地理分布及其生态功能研究进展

土壤动物多样性地理分布及其生态功能研究已成为地学和生态学等领域共同关注的科学前沿。本文在介绍相关研究最新进展的基础上, 讨论已有研究的局限性或不确定性, 展望未来研究的重点方向。近10年来, 代表性土壤动物类群的全球分布研究取得突破性进展; 国内土壤动物研究的尺度和采样区域也有明显拓展, 尤其在蚯蚓和线虫相关研究上取得了系列成果。结果表明, 土壤动物多样性随纬度的变化模式主要有两种, 即在低纬度的热带最高或在中纬度的温带最高; 而土壤动物多度与多样性可能同步变化、无明显关系、截然不同甚至相反; 降水、植物生产力和土壤有机质是土壤动物分布格局的关键驱动力, 但它们的影响力因土壤动物类群不同而异。土壤动物具有改善土壤物理结构、促进养分循环和有机碳稳定、提高作物健康水平等多重功能; 土壤动物的多功能性评估方兴未艾, 但仍面临诸多挑战。简单分析土壤动物随经纬度等的变化规律存在较大局限性, 考虑在基于地质-生态历史及“经纬度-海拔-离海岸距离”等构建的多维时空框架内, 探究土壤动物分布特征及其驱动力。土壤动物分布格局对其潜在的生态功能有关键影响, 但是目前对土壤动物分布格局的预测和模拟仍主要依靠经验模型; 代谢生态学等理论在土壤动物群落研究中的应用值得关注。探究分类多样性的冗余机制, 突出功能多样性, 可以将生物多样性与生态功能更好地联系起来; 同时, 需要在特定条件和时空下, 从整个土壤食物网及其与植物的联系中理解土壤动物多样性与多功能性的联系。建议未来关注两个研究方向: (1)量化人类活动和气候变化给土壤动物多样性和生态功能带来的巨大不确定性; (2)完善土壤动物群落特征预测的理论框架和开展土壤动物群落的精准调控, 综合评价其多功能性, 进而将土壤动物与人类福祉更紧密地联系起来。     

Niche breadth and geographical range: ecological compensation for geographical rarity in rainforest frogs

We investigated the relationship between diet specialization and geographical range in Cophixalus, a genus of microhylid frogs from the Wet Tropics of northern Queensland, Australia. The geographical ranges of these species vary from a few square kilometres in species restricted to a single mountain top to the entire region for the widespread species. Although macroecological theory predicts that species with broad niches should have the largest geographical ranges, we found the opposite: geographically rare species were diet generalists and widespread species were diet specialists. We argue that this pattern is a product of extinction filtering, whereby geographically rare and therefore extinction-prone species are more likely to persist if they are diet generalists.     

A retrospective and geographical epidemiological survey of traumatic myiasis in southern Italy

A survey on the prevalence and geographical distribution of traumatic myiasis in sheep, and the risk factors for the disease, was carried out in a region of southern Italy. A total of 138 sheep flocks were selected and visited to acquire data on the presence or absence of traumatic myiasis using both a questionnaire for retrospective analysis and animal inspection. Prevalences registered at the farm and animal levels, respectively, were 8.7% and 6.3% in 2010, and 5.8% and 5.0% in 2011. Records of the occurrence of the parasitic disease in this region are recent: a statistically significant (P < 0.01) progressive increase in the number of farms affected (from 0.7% to 8.7%) has been registered since 2007. Wohlfahrtiosis was found in 11 of 95 (11.6%) geographical units sampled and three significant (P < 0.05) clusters of spatial farm aggregation were identified in the southern part of the study area. A total of 158 presently uninfested farms were considered to be at high risk for transmission as a result of their proximity to infested farms. The spreading of Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in southern regions of Italy represents a warning that the risk for infestation may become more significant in other Italian regions, as well as other European countries.     

A floral meristem identity gene influences physiological and ecological aspect of floral organogenesis

The architecture of a flower is tightly linked to the way a plant pollinates, making it one of the most physiologically and ecologically important traits of angiosperms. Floral organ development is proposed to be governed by the activity of three different classes of organ identity genes (the ABC model), and the expression of those genes are regulated by a number of meristem identity genes. Here we use a transgenetic strategy to elucidate the role of one floral meristem identify gene,LEAFY (LFY), in the evolution of floral organogenesis of a self pollinatorIdahoa scapigera and a obligatory out-crosserLeavenworthia crassa in the mustard family, Brassicaceae. By introducing theLFY genes from these two types of pollination habit into the genetic model speciesArabidopsis thaliana, we provide evidence that changes inLFY influenced flower architecture probably by controlling the downstream organ identity genes.     

昆明地区人输血传播病毒分子流行病学研究

目的检测昆明市体检人群血清输血传播病毒,研究该地区第4和第5组群输血传播病毒分子流行病学特征。方法聚合酶链反应检测血清输血传播病毒,阳性样品测序后进行同源性和系统进化分析。结果检测了224份血清,通过序列测定和比对确定了151份阳性样品,病毒感染率为67.41%（151/224）,第4组群和第5组群分别检测到48份和79份,混合感染10份,两组群输血传播病毒流行率为21.43%（48/224）和35.27%（79/224）,混合感染率为4.46%（10/224）。结论获得了昆明地区第4和第5组群输血传播病毒流行病学数据,为昆明地区输血传播病毒的预防奠定基础。     

基于改进生态足迹模型的浙江省域生态足迹分析

在全球公顷和国家公顷的模型基础上,建立了省公顷生态足迹模型.采用2005年浙江省平均土地单位产量核算了浙江省各地的生态足迹,并与全球公顷和国家公顷法的结果进行了比较分析.从省公顷模型的结果可以看出,浙江省生态足迹达1.18s-nhm2/人(省公顷,记为:s-nhm2),而生物承载力只有0.24s-nhm2/人,生态赤字达0.94s-nhm2/人,生态压力指数达4.91,是典型的生态赤字地区.另外,浙江省各地生态足迹空间差异较大,与全省平均水平相比,舟山和温州处于高强度生态压力,宁波、杭州、台州、金华和绍兴处于中强度生态压力,而丽水、衢州、湖州和嘉兴处于低强度生态压力.最后借助IPAT的分析,发现杭州、金华、嘉兴、湖州和衢州等地的万元GDP占用足迹不同程度地高于全省平均水平,并指出在一定条件下,应结合当地的经济发展程度合理提升资源利用效率的技术水平.     

The imprint of the geographical, evolutionary and ecological context on species-area relationships

Species-area relationships (SAR) are fundamental in the understanding of biodiversity patterns and of critical importance for predicting species extinction risk worldwide. Despite the enormous attention given to SAR in the form of many individual analyses, little attempt has been made to synthesize these studies. We conducted a quantitative meta-analysis of 794 SAR, comprising a wide span of organisms, habitats and locations. We identified factors reflecting both pattern-based and dynamic approaches to SAR and tested whether these factors leave significant imprints on the slope and strength of SAR. Our analysis revealed that SAR are significantly affected by variables characterizing the sampling scheme, the spatial scale, and the types of organisms or habitats involved. We found that steeper SAR are generated at lower latitudes and by larger organisms. SAR varied significantly between nested and independent sampling schemes and between major ecosystem types, but not generally between the terrestrial and the aquatic realm. Both the fit and the slope of the SAR were scale-dependent. We conclude that factors dynamically regulating species richness at different spatial scales strongly affect the shape of SAR. We highlight important consequences of this systematic variation in SAR for ecological theory, conservation management and extinction risk predictions.     

A taxonomic and ecological study of candidosis

A total of 450 yeast isolates were obtained from up to 34 sites on 59 human subjects. The yeasts were characterized using morphological features and assimilation tests. Ten species were identified but, of these,Candida albicans andCandida parapsilosis were the most common and accounted for 84% of the isolates. An examination of the biotypes of the various species indicated a much greater diversity in the yeast microflora than that detected by species identifications alone. Fifty-five biotypes were differentiated and it is suggested that these could be regarded as distinct taxonomic or ecological entities.     

Environmental epidemiological study and estimation of benchmark dose for renal dysfunction in a cadmium-polluted area in China

We have performed a study aimed at investigating the critical concentration of urinary cadmium (UCd) required for the development of renal dysfunction. We studied population groups (totally 790 persons) living in two cadmium exposed areas and one control area in China. UCd, was determined as an indicator of cadmium exposure and accumulation, while the concentrations of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), its iso-form B (NAG-B), beta2-microglobulin (B2M), retinol binding protein (RBP), and albumin (ALB) in urine were measured as indicators of the renal effects caused by cadmium. There was a significantly increased prevalence of hyperNAGuria, hyperNAG-Buria, hyperB2Muria, hyperRBPuria and hyperALBuria with increasing levels of Cd excretion in urine. We used the benchmark dose (BMD) procedure to estimate the critical concentration of urinary cadmium in this general population. The lower confidence limit of the BMD (LBMD-05) of urinary cadmium for a 5% level of risk above the background level was estimated for each of the renal effect indicators. The BMD-05/LBMD-05 were estimated to be 4.46/3.99, 6.70/5.87, 8.36/7.31, 7.98/6.98 and 15.06/12.18 microg/g creatinine for urinary NAG-B, NAG, B2M, RBP and ALB, respectively. Our findings suggest, based on the present study, that the Lower Confidence Limit of the Population Critical Concentration of UCd (LPCCUCd-05) of tubular dysfunction for 5% excess risk level above the background may be ca. 3-4 microg/g creatinine, and that cadmium concentration in urine should be kept below this level to prevent renal tubular damage. This report is the first to use the BMD method in this field and to define the concept of critical concentration in urine.     

The worldwide transfer of ants: geographical distribution and ecological invasions

Aim This is the first comprehensive account of the biogeography of ants transferred and at least temporarily established outside their native habitat. Location Using museum and literature records, I established the distributions of transferred ant species. Methods I used taxonomic and functional groups to assess how geographical spread as a transferred species is affected by taxonomy and life history. Results 147 ant species in forty-nine genera have been recorded outside of their native habitat. The proportion of transferred ants is similar to the number of genera and species in each subfamily. The species-rich subfamily Myrmicinae contains nearly 50% of all transferred species, while many of the species-poor subfamilies have absolutely no transferred species. A disproportionate high number of transferred ants originate from the Neotropical and Oriental biogeographic regions. The Pacific Islands are the recipients of the most transferred ant species. Most transferred ants belong to the CRYPTIC, OPPORTUNIST, and GENERALIZED MYRMICINE functional groups, while there are no recorded transfers of army ants or leaf-cutting ants. Both invasive and human commensal ‘tramp’ ant species are nonrandom subsets of transferred ants. Main conclusions ‘Tramp’ species and invasive species tend to have widespread geographical distributions, and share life history characteristics including queen number, nest structure, and foraging behaviour. Combining observations of functional groups and biogeography may lead to a better understanding of the factors contributing to the spread of transferred species.     

自然保护地生态承载力时空分异研究——以大连金石滩为例

监测自然保护地生态承载力,对了解其时空分异规律及可持续发展有着重要意义。金石滩地质遗迹保护区是国家公园和风景名胜区的结合区域,是生态保护与地区发展间矛盾冲突所在之处,是多身份自然保护地的典型代表区域。以1998、2003、2007、2012、2015、2018年遥感影像和土地利用数据为基础,选取金石滩这个兼具保护与开发多种功能的自然保护地为研究区域,从弹性生态支撑系统、资源环境供容系统、社会经济协调系统3方面构建指标体系,运用模糊综合评价模型研究金石滩生态承载力的时空分异规律。结果表明：（1）在3个准则层中,弹性生态支撑力和资源环境供容力呈现出持续降低的剧烈下降趋势,社会经济协调力呈现先降后升、之后平稳发展的趋势。（2）金石滩生态承载力整体来看从强承载力演变为较弱承载力,1998-2018年自0.7572变为0.2940,近30年来承载力等级降低。（3）海陆生态承载力完全不同,陆地为强、较强承载力,海岸为弱、较弱承载力,自北部陆地向南部海岸逐渐减弱呈现极其不平衡的海陆空间分异。通过对金石滩1998-2018年生态承载力分析,能够反映区域的生态承载力变化情况,可为其他自然保护地的生态承载力评估和可持续发展提供参考。     

半干旱区县域生态安全格局构建——以临洮县为例

生态安全格局的识别与构建是保障半干旱区生态安全及可持续发展的重要途径。以西北内陆半干旱区黄土高原县级行政单位为研究对象,结合RS和GIS技术,在定量评估生态系统服务功能(生物多样性保护、水源涵养、土壤保持)和水土流失敏感性的基础上,识别生态源地,并利用最小累积阻力模型计算阻力面,构建临洮县生态安全格局。结果表明：(1)临洮县生态源地面积为243.79 km~2,占全县总面积的8.55%,生态源地集中分布在南屏山林区、马衔山兰州军马场、太石镇的水源保护区以及沿洮河的河谷农业区。(2)临洮县生态安全缓冲区划分为高、较高、中、低水平生态安全区四个类别,分别占总面积的12.71%、47.81%、32.51%和6.97%,不同生态安全区应采取不同措施以保障区域生态安全。(3)识别的234条总长为493.56 km的生态廊道,185条总长为551.26 km的辐射通道,以及74个生态战略节点共同组成临洮县生态安全格局。研究结果以期为半干旱区县域尺度生态安全格局构建研究提供相关参考,也将为临洮县国土空间总体规划和城市用地合理布局提供重要指导。     

Photosynthesis pathways,ecological characteristics,and the geographical distribution of the Cyperaceae in Japan

Summary The nature of the photosynthetic pathways of Cyperaceae found in Japan were investigated on the basis of Kranz anatomy, the CO₂ compensation concentration and previously reported data. Among 301 species (96% of all cyperaceous species recorded in the region), 58 species were classified as being C₄ plants. These C₄ species were scattered among the tribes Fimbristylideae, Lipocarpheae, Cypereae and Rhynchosporeae in the subfamily Cyperoideae. The genera Cyperus, Eleocharis and Rhynchospora included, in Japan, both C₃ and C₄ species within a single genus. Using these data, an analysis was made of the ecological characteristics and geographical distribution of the C₃ and C₄ species in Japan. Although cyperaceous species grow in markedly different environments, the majority were found in wet and aquatic areas (61%) or shaded areas, such as forest floors (20%). Most of the C₃ species were also hygrophytes (58%) and forest-living species (25%), and C₃ species growing in mesic and dry areas were relatively rare. The C₄ species inhabited wet and aquatic (75%), mesic (13%) and dry areas (6%) and showed marked ecological characteristics with respect to soil-moisture conditions, unlike other C₄ plants, although they were absent from shaded habitats. In order to determine the climatic factors that influence the relative floristic abundance of C₃ and C₄ members of the Cyperaceae in Japan, the ratios of number of C₄ species to the total number of members of Cyperaceae (C₄ percentage) in 16 representative locales were examined in terms of various climatic variables. There were strong positive correlations between the C₄ percentage and temperature. Among the C₃ groups of three subfamilies, there were different distributional trends for various temperature regimes. The C₃ subfamily Caricoideae increased its relative contribution to the cyperaceous flora with a decrease in mean annual temperature, while the C₃ subfamily Sclerioideae exhibited the opposite pattern. The C₃ group of the subfamily Cyperoideae did not show any marked change in pattern along temperature gradients, unlike the two other C₃ subfamilies, and seemed to be heterogeneous in terms of its response to temperature. The relationships between the C₄ biochemical subtypes and ecological characteristics are also discussed.     

基于GIS的三峡库区生态风险评估及生态分区构建

快速城市化与土地利用变化导致的一系列问题不断影响着生态系统健康。开展生态系统服务供给和生态风险的空间量化研究,有助于科学管控区域生态用地,促进生态文明建设。采用GIS技术,利用生态系统服务价值核算模型、生态风险指数模型,研究了2000年以来三峡库区生态系统服务供给值和生态风险指数的时空演化特征,并利用Z-score标准化法进行生态功能分区构建。结果表明：(1)2000—2015年,三峡库区生态系统服务供给值总体变化较小,生态系统服务以调节服务为主且林地供给值最高。高供给值区主要分布于湖北省夷陵区、秭归县和兴山县等植被覆盖度高的区域,低供给值区分布在库区西南部的渝中区、渝北区和沙坪坝区等人口密集区。(2)三峡库区生态风险值总体呈小幅上升趋势,“西高东低”的分布特征明显,生态安全逐步向中等风险类型转移,其中低、较低生态风险区占区域总面积的55%以上,高风险区主要集中在重庆市主城区。(3)研究期间4种生态分区变化程度较小,表明生态分区处于较为稳定的状态。高供给值-高风险区(Ⅰ)的分布连续性最差,低供给值-高风险区(Ⅱ)和高供给值-低风险区(Ⅳ)分布较为集中。对三峡库区生态系统服务供给、生态风...