福建柏资源分布的研究

福建柏分布范围北纬22°～28°30′,东经102°～120°,中心分布区北纬24°30′26°30′,东经110°～119°,呈间断分布.垂直分布海拔500～1 800 m,往西,往北分布海拔较高,分布范围较窄;往东,往南分布海拔较低,分布范围较宽.分布区属中亚热带湿润气候,中心分布区年平均气温11.7～15℃,年降水量1 600～2 000 mm.分布区土壤主要是花岗岩、砂页岩、板岩发育的山地黄壤和黄棕壤.福建柏为亚热带常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林带天然林重要组成树种,群落类型较丰富.     

Effect of storage time,site and floral morph on seed germination of the threatened distylous primrose Primula cusickiana var. maguirei

Ex situ conservation of rare plant species requires an understanding of germination requirements. We report the first successful germination trials for Maguire primrose (Primula cusickiana var. maguirei[L.O. Williams] N.H. Holmgren & S. Kelso), a threatened perennial herb narrowly restricted to a 20‐km canyon in northern Utah, USA. Seeds collected from different sites (upper or lower canyon populations) and flower morphs (pin or thrum) that had been stored for either 1 or 2 years were cold, moist stratified in darkness at 1–2°C for 270 days. Independent of treatment, time to first germination was approximately 75 days, time to 50% germination (T₅₀) was approximately 165 days, and total germination was 55.8%. Higher mean germination was observed in seeds stored for 2 years compared with seeds stored for 1 year, as well as in seeds from pin flowers compared with thrum flowers. There was not a significant effect of site on mean germination, but there was a significant storage time × site interaction. Seeds stored for 2 years also had a lower mean T₅₀ versus seeds stored for 1 year. In addition, seeds from upper canyon populations had a higher mean T₅₀ than those from lower canyon populations. Our results suggest that short‐term storage should not significantly decrease seed viability, and that both flower morph and canyon location may influence germination. Evidence suggests that germination patterns are adaptive. Our results contribute to our understanding of the germination biology of P. cusickiana var. maguirei and inform future conservation efforts for this threatened species.     

福建柏森林培育研究进展(综述)

本文从福建柏的优树选择、种子品质、育苗技术、种植模式、幼林管理、成年林管理和经济利用等方面,综述近年来福建柏森林培育的研究概况。     

福建柏人工林施肥配方及造林密度试验

对福建柏施肥配方及造林密度试验的结果表明,福建柏对肥料反应相当敏感,施肥后肥效持续时间较长。在本试验立地条件(缺磷)下,福建柏施肥应以施磷为主,配合氮肥效果更佳。最好配方是单株施尿素100 g、钙镁磷肥200 g、氯化钾50 g,树高增益达44.6%,胸径增益达42.3%,单株材积增加182.99%,肥效指数高达2.93;其次是单株施尿素50 g、钙镁磷肥200 g。两种配方的施肥增益分别达64 631元/hm²和57 300元/hm²,与施肥指数一致。经综合分析认为,福建柏幼林期造林密度行株距以2.0 m×1.5 m为宜。     

福建柏开花与结实物候期的研究

福建柏1年2次花期,春花期4—5月,果期当年10月,种子无生活力;秋花期9～10月,果期翌年10月,种子有生活力,有效花期在秋季。开花结实的生物学及物候学特性与适生区的地点、地类、海拔、温度等地理气候因子紧密相关,总体变异规律：秋花期、球果成熟期、种子散落期山区比半山区早,半山区比丘陵区早,高海拔地区比低海拔地区早．发芽率山区〉半山区〉丘陵区。     

福建柏地理种源遗传变异及早期选择研究

福建柏17个地理种源4～5年幼林期树高、胸径生长均有极显著差异,其中胸径差异大于树高.种源×地点交互作用显著,树高和胸径生长量山区＞半山区＞丘陵区.种源生长性状存在以纬向渐变为主的地理变异趋势.根据胸径遗传增益大于种源平均值15%以上的选择标准,初步选出适宜不同生态环境造林地的3个优良种源,其遗传增益为17.38%～21.05%.树高、胸径最大生长率均出现在4～5年幼林期,表明早期选择一定的可靠性.     

福建柏地理种源开花与结实变异规律的研究

福建柏1年2次花期,春花期4-5月,果期10月,种子无生活力;秋花期9-10月,果期翌年10月,种子有生活力,有效花期在秋季.种源花期及果期变异规律与适生区的地点、海拔、温度等地理气候因子紧密相关,总体变异规律:秋花期、球果成熟期、种子散落期山区比半山区早,半山区比丘陵区早,高海拔地区比低海拔地区早;同一地点和相同海拔高度,不同种源开花结实物候期相同,球果、种子形态特征及单果重、千粒重、发芽率差异不显著;不同地点和不同海拔高度,种源开花结实的物候期不同,果径、果高、单果重、种子数、千粒重、发芽率等主要指标差异显著或极显著.     

Effect of storage method on spore viability in five globally threatened fern species

Spore germination of five globally threatened fern species [Culcita macrocarpa C. Presl, Dryopteris aemula (Aiton) O. Kuntze, D. corleyi Fraser-Jenkins, D. guanchica Gibby and Jermy and Woodwardia radicans (L.) Sm.] was determined after 1, 6 or 12 months of storage in glass vials (dry storage) or on agar (wet storage) at -20, 5 or 20 degrees C. In all species, storage technique, storage temperature and the technique-temperature interaction all had a significant effect on germination percentage. In most cases, the germination percentage was best maintained by wet storage at 5 or 20 degrees C. In the case of the hygrophilous species C. macrocarpa and W. radicans, 6 or 12 months' dry storage killed most spores. Only Woodwardia radicans germinated in the dark during wet storage at 20 degrees C. Wet storage at 5 degrees C prevented dark germination, and reduced bacterial and fungal contamination. Wet storage at -20 degrees C killed all or most spores in all species. In the three Dryopteris species, the differences among the storage conditions tested were smaller than in C. macrocarpa and W. radicans, and the decline in spore viability during storage was less marked, with high germination percentages being observed after 12 months of dry storage at all three temperatures. Dry storage, which has lower preparation time and space requirements than wet storage, was generally more effective at the lower temperatures (-20 or 5 degrees C).     

The role of GA3 in the germination process of high-mountain endemic and threatened species: Leontopodium nivalePinguicula fiorii and Soldanella minima subsp. samnitica (central Apennines,Italy)

The ex situ conservation of biodiversity is an essential tool for environmental protection interventions. Germination studies of seeds that belong to endangered species are essential for ex situ conservation strategies. In this study, we investigate the germination responses of three high-altitude endemic and vulnerable species (Leontopodium nivale, Pinguicula fiorii and Soldanella minima subsp. samnitica). Specifically we identified potential dormancy mechanisms by investigating the responses of germination percentage and rate to different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA₃), by performing a general linear model. L. nivale reached a germination percentage of 98.0 ± 2.0% (mean ± SE) under control conditions (20°C; 12/12 photoperiod; no GA₃ addition). P. fiorii showed the highest germination percentage (78.0 ± 2.0%) in the treatment with GA₃ 500 ppm. S. minima subsp. samnitica did not show sensitivity to GA₃ but responded positively to cold stratification (6 month at 5°C) with a germination percentage of 90 ± 6%. This study made it possible to acquire important information on the germination process of threatened and rare endemic taxa.     

基于MaxEnt模型的濒危观赏植物福建柏潜在适生区预测

福建柏（Fokienia hodginsii（Dunn）Henry et Thomas）是我国特有珍稀濒危植物,具有重要的经济价值和观赏价值,了解其潜在的适宜分布区将有利于科学合理地制定保护措施。本文基于84个福建柏实际分布数据和11个环境变量参数,运用最大熵模型（MaxEnt）和地理信息系统（GIS）对福建柏在中国的适生区进行预测。结果显示：（1）ROC曲线下面积AUC值为0.966,表明MaxEnt模型预测效果精准;（2）福建柏的高度适生区主要集中在武夷山、罗霄山和南岭等大型山脉,包括江南丘陵、闽浙丘陵、两广丘陵及四川盆地的局部区域;（3）刀切法（Jackknife）检测结果表明,影响福建柏分布的主要环境因子是最冷月最低温、年降水量和最干月降水量,推断夏秋季雨水对福建柏授粉的影响可能是限制其自然更新和分布的关键因素。     

广东南岭国家级自然保护区疏齿木荷+福建柏群落结构与物种多样性研究

通过样方调查,对广东南岭国家级自然保护区秤架管理站辖区内海拔1 400 m左右的疏齿木荷(Schimaremotiserrata)+福建柏(Fokienia hodginsii)落的物种组成、群落结构和物种多样性进行分析.结果表明,在1 600 m~2的样地内共有维管束植物45科75属113种,以泛热带成分为主,热带和温带成分也有一定的比例,表现出较为明显的过渡性质;群落组成以疏齿木荷、福建柏和青茶冬青(Ilex hanceana)等为主,成分复杂,类型多样,优势种优势地位分散而不明显;群落分为乔木层、灌木层和草本.藤本层3层,层间植物稀少,生活型以常绿小、中高位芽植物为主,分别占30.97%和27.43%;按Raunkiaer标准,群落内的种群频度为1%～20%的种类占优势,为总种数的55.75%,福建柏种群以低龄幼树为主,呈增长状态;丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Sknpson指数和均匀度指数等均表现出相同的趋势,为灌木层>乔木层>草本.藤本层.     

Analysis of diaspore morphology and seed germination in Bubon macedonicum L., a rare species in Italy

Bubon macedonicum L. is a chasmophytic species of south-eastern Europe. In Italy, it has been detected only in Rocca Monforte (Campobasso, central Italy). This rare species is included in the IUCN Red Lists of Critically Endangered Italian Flora, and there are no studies relating to B. macedonicum biology. The seed germination dynamics of this species was studied with the aim of building up an appropriate germination protocol to be used in ex situ conservation. On the basis of an ISTA protocol, about 3,000 seeds were collected from Rocca Monforte in August 2013. Fifty seeds were measured. The considered parameters were seed length, width, thickness, seed surface, volume, density, surface/mass ratio and eccentricity index. The morphometric parameters examined showed morphological dormancy, where a short warm period is necessary for embryo growth and seed germination. The results showed high germination percentages under the different conditions of temperature, pH, GA₃ and photoperiod. Only at 5 °C was there no germination. Finally, the seeds maintain high germination percentages from the seed storage process after 130 and 390 days. This factor can be considered of great importance for the conservation of B. macedonicum over the medium and long term.     

成熟时间和干贮藏对两种木蓼种子萌发的影响

刺木蓼(Atraphaxis spinosa)和长枝木蓼(A.virgata)为蓼科木蓼属灌木,刺木蓼1a结果2次,分别于6月份和9月份成熟,而长枝木蓼果期较长,于10—11月份成熟。对2种木蓼不同成熟时间及干贮藏后的种子,进行萌发实验,结果表明:不同成熟时间的刺木蓼种子在30℃/20℃的萌发率高,长枝木蓼10月份成熟的种子在15℃/6℃的萌发率低,而11月份成熟的种子在15℃/6℃的萌发率最高。成熟早的刺木蓼种子较小,而长枝木蓼成熟晚的种子较小,不同成熟时间的2种木蓼种子均表现为,小种子的休眠程度低。刺木蓼不同成熟时间的种子在干贮藏的过程中,种子的萌发率先降低后增加。干贮藏明显提高了长枝木蓼种子在15℃/6℃的萌发率,尤其是10月份成熟的种子,10月份和11月份成熟的种子分别贮藏9个月和6个月后解除休眠。     

Effect of salinity,temperature and hypersaline conditions on the seed germination in Limonium mansanetianum an endemic and threatened Mediterranean species

Abstract

Limonium mansanetianum is catalogued as critically threatened (CR) species and it is included in Valencian Catalogue of Threatened Plant Species. Limonium mansanetianum is a gypsicolous species, which only lives in a restricted area to south-centre of Valencia province (Spain). The species is a low-branched woody shrub with summer flowering. The influence of incubation temperature (10°, 15°, 20° and 25°/20?°C) and salinity (0%–3.0% NaCl) on seed germination of L. mansanetianum was studied. Best seed germination was obtained in distilled water controls. Seed germination decreased with an increase in salinity and few seeds germinated at 2.5% and 3.0% NaCl. Optimal temperature regime for germination was 15?°C where germination in 0.5% and 1.0% NaCl was not affected. Recovery and hypersaline conditions experiments showed that L. mansanetianum seeds displayed a greater tolerance to high salinity and temperature stress before germination.     

硬叶兰种子的迁地共生萌发及有效共生真菌的分离和鉴定

兰科植物的种子原地和迁地共生萌发技术是近年发展起来的开展兰科植物种子和共生真菌研究的有效方法。该研究对兰属(Cymbidium)附生植物硬叶兰(C. mannii)开展了种子的迁地共生萌发研究, 试图获得其种子萌发的有效真菌。利用硬叶兰成年植株根部周围的树皮、苔藓、枯枝落叶、腐殖质等作为培养基质, 进行种子的共生培养。在培养133天后, 成功地获得了处于不同阶段的已萌发种子、原球茎和幼苗, 并从原球茎中分离得到一种瘤菌根菌属(Epulorhiza)真菌。用所分离到的FCb4菌株和一种从兜唇石斛(Dendrobium aphyllum)分离到的胶膜菌属(Tulasnella) FDaI7菌株和硬叶兰种子在燕麦琼脂培养基上进行共生萌发, 设置不接菌作为对照处理, 以检验FCb4菌株对硬叶兰种子萌发的有效性。经过58天的培养, 不接菌的对照处理中种子没有萌发, 接种FCb4和FDaI7菌株的处理都有很高的种子萌发率, 两种接菌处理在不同光照条件下的种子萌发率均无显著性差异。但暗培养条件下, 种子萌发形成原球茎后, 表现出生长停滞的趋势, 仅有很少的原球茎继续生长达到幼苗阶段, 说明原球茎发育后期与幼苗发育阶段需要光照。在光照条件下, 接种FCb4菌株处理中达到幼苗阶段种子的比例为(25.67 ± 9.27)%, 显著高于接种FDaI7菌株处理的(3.04 ± 2.27)% (W = 56, p = 0.026, Mann-Whitney U-test), 表明此研究中分离到的瘤菌根菌属真菌能有效地促使硬叶兰种子萌发并生长发育到幼苗阶段。     

Relationships between seed germination requirements and ecophysiological characteristics aid the recovery of threatened native plant species in Western Australia

Summary One of the foremost technical issues addressed in reintroduction and restoration projects is the feasibility of establishing living plants. To advance the recovery process, the germination requirements of 201 threatened Western Australian seed‐bearing taxa representing a range of life forms, families and ecophysiological characteristics were studied. Procedures used to stimulate germination in otherwise dormant seed involved pretreatment using thermal shock, scarification, seed coat removal, soaking in an aqueous smoke solution and/or additions of the growth hormone gibberellic acid (GA₃). Sixty‐one taxa germinated under the basic trial conditions of light (12‐ h photoperiod), temperature (constant 15°C) and moisture, without additional pretreatments. These taxa were generally those with canopy‐stored seeds in the families Proteaceae and Casuarinaceae, and small‐seeded taxa in Myrtaceae. Taxa with soil‐stored seeds required single or multiple cues to stimulate germination. Seeds in the families Fabaceae and Mimosaceae were dependent on cracking of the seed coat, mechanically through nicking of the testa or through thermal shock, as were several non‐leguminous species of the Sterculiaceae and Liliaceae. Complete or partial removal of seed coats, in conjunction with GA₃ enhanced germination percentage in some taxa of the Myoporaceae, Lamiaceae and Myrtaceae. Application of GA₃ also enhanced germination percentage in members of the Epacridaceae. Several taxa previously stimulated by aqueous smoke solutions were equally responsive to additions of GA₃ after complete seed coat removal. In general, species with seed weights greater than 10 mg germinated better under a range of conditions than those with lighter seeds. There was no difference in germinability between resprouter and seeder species, and no obvious relationship between seed weight and germination rate. In the light of previous studies these results indicate that the relationship between germination requirements and ecophysiological characteristics is similar for both threatened and common species. These data will enable better prediction of likely dormancy breaking cues for other related species and will greatly assist the process of recovery and restoration work for mining operations and community bushland regeneration as well as single species reintroductions.     

Seasonal fluctuations in soil phenolics of a coniferous forest: effects on seed germination of different coniferous species

This study examined seasonal variations in the content of water-soluble phenolics extracted from litter and Ah horizon of forest soil under Pinus laricio Poiret trees. After having identified and quantified different phenolics, the effects of seasonal phenolic extracts, single phenolic acids and synthetic phenol mixtures on seed germination of Pinus laricio Poiret, Pinus pinaster Aiton and Pinus halepensis Mill. were evaluated, and the activity of phenolics on the main enzymes involved in the glyoxylate cycle was tested. The results indicated a seasonal variation of phenol content in soil, with largest concentrations of water-soluble phenolic acids in autumn and smallest concentrations in summer. Addition of phenol extracts to germination medium reduced seed germination showing phytotoxic effects which differed, depending on the species and the fractions tested. Phenols extracted from litter and Ah horizon in autumn and winter, vanillic acid, and synthetic mixtures reproducing phenols extracted from soil in winter inhibited seed germination of Pinus laricio, pinaster and halepensis more than other treatments. A greater inhibitory effect was observed on seed germination of Pinus pinaster and halepensis compared to Pinus laricio. The phenols also had the greatest inhibitory effect on glyoxylic enzyme activities. Section Editor: H. Lambers     

Neogene and Quaternary climate changes shaped the lineage differentiation and demographic history of Fokienia hodginsii (Cupressaceae s.l.), a Tertiary relict in East Asia

Historical climate oscillations and tectonic events have influenced the speciation and evolutionary history of many organisms. In this study, we chose Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A. Henry & H. H. Thomas (Cupressaceae s.l.), a Tertiary relict conifer, for the inference of the demographic history since the Neogene. Five chloroplast regions and two single-copy nuclear genes were amplified and sequenced in 497 individuals from 28 populations. The chloroplast data showed that F. hodginsii presented a high level of genetic diversity (H _T  = 0.860 ± 0.0279) and significant phylogeographic structure (N _ST  > G _ST , P < 0.05). According tobeast analysis, the divergence time of the two major lineages indicated by the phylogenetic construction produced from chloroplast and nuclear data could be dated to the early Miocene (ca. 19.34–19.95 Ma), which coincided with the onset and intensification of the Asian monsoon. During this time, environmental adaption under the different climatic conditions on either side of the Tanaka Line could have played important roles in maintaining and/or reinforcing the divergence of the two major lineages. The ecological niche modeling results showed that F. hodginsii experienced habitat fragmentation and strengthening of genetic barriers during the Last Glacial Maximum, followed by local expansion during postglacial periods. Our findings show that paleoclimate changes since the Neogene might have triggered the extinction of all but one Fokienia species and its intraspecific lineage differentiation. This study also suggests that Tertiary relicts in subtropical and tropical areas might have had a complex evolutionary history and their intraspecific differentiation time might have been earlier than expected.     

野豌豆属4种植物种子萌发的积温模型分析

以青藏高原野豌豆属窄叶野豌豆(Vicia angustifolia)、山野豌豆(V. amoena)、歪头菜(V. unijuga) 3种野生植物与一种当地栽培植物救荒野豌豆(箭筈豌豆) (V. sativa) ‘兰箭3号’种子为材料, 在5、10、15、20、25及30 ℃下进行萌发实验, 应用种子萌发的积温模型对上述4种植物萌发对温度的响应特征进行了比较分析。结果表明: 1)基于萌发速率(1/T_g)对种子萌发温度最低温T_b值的估计受萌发率(g)的影响较小; 与此不同, 除‘兰箭3号’种子外, 对萌发最高温T_c值的估计, 受到g的显著影响。 这表明种群内所有种子个体萌发的T_b值相对恒定, 但T_c值在有些物种中变异较大; 2)基于重复概率单位回归分析估计的种子萌发T_b值与基于萌发速率估计的值较为接近; 而由此方法估计的T_c值则与萌发率为50%时的估计值较为接近; 3)相比多年生豆科植物歪头菜和山野豌豆, 一年生豆科植物箭筈豌豆‘兰箭3号’与窄叶野豌豆具有相对较低的T_b与T_c值; 4)积温模型可准确地预测休眠破除后豆科植物种子在不同温度条件下的萌发进程。     

Mathematical description of the seed germination dependency on time and temperature

Abstract. A mathematical model which describes the germination percentage dependency on time and temperature of a seed population was derived from the experimental results with a seed population of Amaranthus patulus Bertol. under sub-optimal temperature conditions (Washitani & Takenaka, 1984). The equation of the model which is a modified thermal time model is where G is germination percentage at a certain time after the start of imbibition ( t ) at a certain temperature ( T ), μ _{T 1} and σ _{T 1} are the mean and standard deviation of lower limit temperature among the seeds belonging to the seed population, and Tb, m , and A are the parameters characterizing the linear relationship between the rate and temperature, namely, Tb is the base temperature, m , the median of the required thermal time and A , a parameter determining the pattern of the variation of the required thermal time within seed population, respectively. The equation yields time courses for germination which are very similar to those observed by experiment.