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1.
Morphological and Genetic Characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saimiri boliviensis</Emphasis>
Eliana Ruth Steinberg Mariela Nieves Marina Sofía Ascunce Ana María Palermo Marta Dolores Mudry 《International journal of primatology》2009,30(1):29-41
The taxonomy of Saimiri is controversial because morphological characteristics, traditionally used for identification, are insufficient to distinguish
species and subspecies. Genetic studies of specimens become relevant for captive management, especially considering their
frequently unknown geographical origin. We analyzed phenotypic and genetic parameters in Saimiri spp. in Argentinean zoological gardens and biological stations to provide a more accurate taxonomic identification. We studied
27 males and 19 females of Saimiri spp. The cytogenetic analysis in mitotic metaphases corroborated a modal number of 2N = 44, XX/XY, and FN = 75 for males
and FN = 76 for females. G- and C-bands, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and the pelage coloration pattern of all the specimens corresponded to Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis. We characterized for the first time the sperm cell morphology and morphometry (mean ± SE): total length: 71.39 ± 5.40 μm;
head length: 5.71 ± 0.81 μm; head width: 3.76 ± 0.70 μm; acrosome length: 3.70 ± 0.82 μm; midpiece length: 12.20 ± 2.22 μm.
Researchers can use the characterization of the sperm morphology as another parameter for taxonomic identification that, together
with cytogenetic and molecular ones, would allow a more precise identification of individual Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis. 相似文献
2.
Frederico Ozanan Barros Monteiro Leandro Nassar Coutinho Eliane do Socorro de Souza Pompeu Paulo Henrique Gomes de Castro Celsemy Eleutério Maia Washington Luis Assunção Pereira Wilter Ricardo Russiano Vicente 《International journal of primatology》2009,30(2):327-336
We evaluated the uterus and ovaries of owl monkeys (Aotus azarai infulatus) via gynecological ultrasound examination. We evaluated the subjects in 2 different time periods. The first period (P1) was
characterized by the absence of mating, with daily examinations, during 4 mo (n = 10). At the end of P1, we paired the subjects for 30 d, but without ultrasonographic evaluation. The second period (P2)
was characterized by the presence of mating, with examinations once a week, during 7 consecutive months (n = 9). We evaluated the uterus and ovaries in sagittal and transverse scans, using a 5–12 MHz linear array probe. The uterine
volume (UV) was directly proportional to the number of previous parturitions. The right ovary volume (RtOV) is greater than
the left (LtOV) in P1 and P2. There is a positive correlation (p < 0.05) between the females’ mass, RtOV (r = 0.28) and LtOV (r = 0.16). 相似文献
3.
Responses of Neoceratitis cyanescens (Bezzi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) females to visual stimuli were studied in a laboratory flight chamber. A bright orange sphere was used to investigate the effects of age, mating status and time of day on their responses. In no-choice assays, four parameters were considered: mean time before leaving the release vial, percentage of flies that visited the sphere, mean number of flights and mean time before landing on the sphere. Naive mated females first became strongly responsive to the orange sphere 6 days post-adult emergence (> 40%). The percentage of females that visited the sphere increased significantly with egg load. There were no significant differences in behavioural responses between virgin and mated mature females. In a choice situation between a yellow and an orange sphere, starved females displayed a greater propensity than well-fed females to land on the yellow sphere. Mature females were more responsive to the orange sphere when tested in the afternoon than earlier in the day. In a no-choice situation, females visited the yellow sphere as often as the orange sphere. However, the mean delay before landing was significantly greater for the yellow sphere. The results emphasize the importance of physiological condition on responses of N. cyanescens females to host-simulating visual stimuli. 相似文献
4.
Nina Giotto Alain Laurent Nabil Mohamed Nicolas Prevot Jean-François Gerard 《European Journal of Wildlife Research》2008,54(4):539-547
Observations on the behaviour and ecology of the beira (Dorcatragus megalotis) were made during spring 2004 in a wild population discovered in 1993 in a low mountain range in the South of the Republic
of Djibouti. Spring was found to be both a birthing and a mating season. Beiras fed in the first and last daylight hours,
mainly on dicotyledons and in patches supporting trees and/or bushes. They spent the warmest hours of the day in the shade
of trees, or in rock shelters when the temperature became too hot. Observed groups (n = 56) ranged in size from one to five individuals (mean ± SD = 2.70 ± 1.49). Most of these groups included a single adult
male (62.5%) or no adult male at all (33.9%). The only encounter observed between two adult males resulted in the chasing
of one by the other. Furthermore, the mixed-sex groups including a single adult male seemed rather stable, and their members
used collective urination–defecation sites. From a behavioural point of view, the beira thus appears not very far from the
dik-diks (Madoqua spp.), but differs from them by a greater sociability between adult females and its type of habitat. 相似文献
5.
Sharon Gursky 《International journal of primatology》2010,31(1):117-131
One of the most widely accepted explanations for the difference in the sex bias between mammals and birds is that male-biased
dispersal in mammals is due to the preponderance of polygynous mating systems exhibited by this class, whereas birds are predominantly
monogamous. Spectral tarsiers (Tarsius spectrum) are unusual in that they exhibit variation in its mating system. Although the majority of spectral tarsier groups are monogamous,
ca. 15% are polygynous. If mating system influences dispersal, then I predicted that the polygynous groups would exhibit male
biased dispersal whereas I predicted that the dispersal patterns of the monogamous groups would be analogous to that exhibited
by birds, specifically female biased. Alternatively, I hypothesized that ecological variation may influence dispersal habits
in this species. Specifically, I predicted that polygynous groups would exhibit greater habitat quality than monogamous groups.
The 2 hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. On the basis of 14 individuals birdbanded between 1994 and 1999, I determined
that individuals of both sexes were equally likely to disperse (males, n = 5; females, n = 9). Males dispersed twice as far as females did. The mean dispersal distance for males was 660 m, and for females it was
266 m. Females (77%) were more likely to form a territory adjacent to the parental territory than were males (20%). Individuals
exhibited relatively high amounts of site fidelity (86%) that were related to physical characteristics of the sleeping site.
Adults that dispersed a second time (n = 4) initially resided in trees that were shorter and had a smaller diameter-at-breast height than the trees of individuals
that exhibited site fidelity. The results of my study partly support the parental mating system hypothesis and also support
the habitat quality hypothesis. 相似文献
6.
Marc Rhainds Gerhard Gries Carlos Chinchilla 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1995,77(2):183-187
In commercial oil palm plantations in Costa Rica, we tested the hypotheses that pupation site and emergence time affect the
mating success of protogynous female bagworms,Oiketicus kirbyi (Guilding) (Lepidoptera: Psychidae). Greater proportions of female than male pupae on upper leaves of oil palms and greater
proportions of mated females in the upper rather than lower crown strata support the hypothesis that selection of pupation
site by female larvae influences the mating success of adults. Increasing captures of males with increasing trap height further
suggest that enhanced mating success of females in tree tops may be attributed either to most effective dissemination of sex
pheromone on higher sites, or to males foraging predominantly in the upper strata of oil palms. As the majority of females
pupated in the middle rather than upper crown of oil palms, selection of pupation site by females may be affected by additional
as yet unknown factors. Emergence of females significntly preceded emergence of males. Increasing proportions of mated females
throughout the emergence seasons probably resulted from an increased ‘availability’ of males. In tropical rainforests with
local variations inO. kirbyi developmental time and stage, protogyny may represent an evolutionary strategy that furthers outbreeding. 相似文献
7.
The proportion of mated females (M f) of the osmund sawfly, Strongylogaster osmundae, and the sex ratio of the eggs they deposited (r, proportion of males) were estimated in the wild by collecting egg masses. The proportion of mated females at oviposition varied from 0 to 1.0. M f was high (often 1.0) among the females that emerged after hibernation, and lower in the subsequent generations. Mated females of the hibernated generation deposited equal numbers of eggs of both sexes. Mated females of the first and subsequent generations produced more female than male eggs. These results qualitatively agreed with the prediction provided by an evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) model (if M f < 1 then r < 0.5). However, the quantitative prediction provided by the model [M f (1 − r) = 0.5] was not always observed in the wild, especially where the population density and M f were high. The value of r was often lower than the predicted one. The following simple hypothesis was tested by experimentation: “Females that encounter males frequently estimate the proportion of mated females to be high and deposit eggs with a 1:1 sex ratio.” However, results did not support this hypothesis. Females that copulated soon after emergence and were courted by males two or more times did not show a higher offspring sex ratio than those which mated 1 or 2 days after emergence and experienced no other sexual encounter. Another mechanism for determination of r is suggested, and the reason why the population sex ratio of sawflies is often female-biased (r < 0.5) is discussed. 相似文献
8.
We describe the diurnal temporal and spatial patterns of reproductive activities (mating and ovipositing) of adult tomato fruit flies, Neoceratitis cyanescens (Bezzi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), under laboratory, field‐cage and field conditions. The distribution pattern of flies in the different habitats (host and non‐host plants) showed temporal, physiological and sexual differences. Mature females were observed to frequent host plants preferentially, particularly in the late afternoon. By contrast, immature females preferred to rest on non‐host plants throughout the day. Males frequented mainly non‐host plants but some were observed on host fruits in the morning. Mating activity took place preferentially on non‐host plants, in the morning. In laboratory cages, females showed a strong daily propensity to engage in mating behaviour; the mean percentage of mating females was 88 ± 5%. Time allotted to this activity (4 h 52 min ± 1 h 23 min in laboratory cages and at least 3 h for the mating pairs observed in the field) appeared considerable compared to the time required to satisfy feeding or oviposition activities. Except for a few ovipositing females observed in the morning, oviposition activities occurred mainly in the late afternoon. 相似文献
9.
Blaszkowska J 《Cell biology and toxicology》2008,24(3):213-224
Chymotrypsin inhibitor isolated from Ascaris suum (ACHI) was tested for the induction of dominant lethal mutations in male mice. Dominant lethal effects of ACHI for the main
stages of germ cell development were analyzed by mating at specific time points after dosing. Two groups of adult BALB/c males
received 24 or 40 mg per kilogram body weight (BW) per day intraperitoneal (IP) injection of ACHI in sterile phosphate-buffered
saline (PBS) for five consecutive days (subacute exposure). Males from a third group were administered single IP injections
of ACHI—60 mg/kg BW (acute exposure). The control group received concurrent injections of PBS for five successive days. After
the last dose, each male was mated with two untreated females. For fractionated examination with regard to successive germ
cell stages (spermatozoa, spermatids, spermatocytes, spermatogonia), every second week, two other untreated virgin females
were placed with each male for mating. The uteri of the females were inspected on the 15th day of gestation, and preimplantation
loss and postimplantation loss determined from dominant lethal parameters. Exposure of mice germ cells to ACHI did not impair
mating activity of males. Fertility index was reduced (P < 0.05) only for females mated at the third week with males exposed to the highest dose of ACHI. In the females bred to ACHI-treated
males, significant (P < 0.05) increase in preimplantation loss was observed at postinjection weeks 1 (reflecting exposure to spermatozoa after
single treatment and to spermatozoa or late spermatids after subacute dosing) and 3 (reflecting exposure to mid and early
spermatids for acute dosing and to mid and early spermatids or late spermatocytes following acute treatment), regardless of
dose and length of exposure to the inhibitor. At the 60-mg/kg-BW group, a significant increase of this parameter was also
noted at week 5 (reflecting exposure to early spermatocytes). During mating days 15–21, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in postimplantation loss and dominant lethal effects were observed for all doses of ACHI. Acute ACHI exposure
5 weeks prior to mating resulted in dominant lethal effects in early spermatocytes. These preliminary data suggest that ACHI
induces dominant lethal mutations at postmeiotic and meiotic stages of spermatogenesis, but spermatids are the most sensitive
cell stage to the effect of ACHI. These results show that ACHI may be one of the factors causing disturbances in spermatogenesis
leading to a reduction of host reproductive success. 相似文献
10.
Males of the aphid hyperparasitoid Dendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis) were attracted by a sex pheromone released by conspecific females. The intensity of this cue, and thus female attractiveness,
depended both on the female's mating status and her age. Only virgin females younger than 2 h were consistently recognized
as mates by foraging males. Male age did not influence foraging and mating success. Empty mummies, from which females had
emerged within the previous 10 min were attractive to males and examined intensively. Rain reduced the searching success of
males, although the host plant Vicia faba provided sheltered places. Wind did not reduce mating success but prevented both sexes from leaving the host plant. Since
the time of female attractiveness seems to be very limited, wind may have an enormous effect on the mating success of D. carpenteri in the field and thus on the population dynamics of this species.
Received: 5 October 1998 / Accepted: 16 December 1998 相似文献
11.
Arrilton Araújo Maria Bernardete Cordeiro de Sousa 《International journal of primatology》2008,29(5):1355-1364
The social relationship dynamic among callitrichid females is well known. Breeding exclusivity by dominant females involves
female-female competition, usually resulting in the inhibition of subordinate reproduction. However, the strategies to maintain
the male breeding position are still unclear. Researchers have observed no overt aggression between males, and differences
in testosterone levels between dominant and subordinate individuals do not correlate with differences in reproductive success.
In Callithrix monogamy is the predominant mating system, and testicular size is compatible with the absence of sperm competition. We analyzed
testicular volume during development in 95 individuals at different ages (infant n = 12, juvenile n = 9, subadult n = 15, and adult n = 59). We also investigated if the ratio between testicular volume and body mass correlates with breeding position in the
social group. The ratio was significantly higher in breeding males and a positive correlation between body mass and testicular
volume is significant only for nonbreeding males. The findings suggest that testicular size varies with male reproductive
status in the social group and that the enlargement of testicular volume in breeding common marmoset males seems to be a result
of proximate causes and to depend on social and reproductive contexts acting together or separately. 相似文献
12.
A new righteye flounder, Poecilopsetta pectoralis, is described from 4 specimens (2 males, 2 females) collected from deep waters (510–580 m) around New Caledonia. The species
is easily distinguished from 13 congeners by having 99–105 lateral line scales, a narrow interorbit [male: 37.00–40.25 in
head length (HL); female: 47.33–50.71], long pectoral fin on ocular side (male: 0.89–0.91 in HL; female: 1.04–1.20), no scales
from snout to anterior interorbital region, and 4 spots on caudal fin. Sexual dimorphism is evident in this species, showing
males bearing the ocular-side pectoral fin longer than females, and it is the first example in Poecilopsetta. 相似文献
13.
Naoki Yagishita Yoshiaki Kai Atsushi Yamasaki Tetsuji Nakabo 《Ichthyological Research》2007,54(2):198-206
Morphological and genetic differences between red and yellow morphotypes of Sebastes owstoni were investigated, utilizing 277 males [84.0–194.3 mm in standard length (SL)] and 542 females (92.3–251.5 mm SL) from the
Sea of Japan. All males smaller than 120 mm SL were characterized by red body color. The frequency of specimens with yellow
body color thereafter increased gradually with SL, all specimens larger than 170 mm SL being yellow. The specimens with yellow
body color were observed throughout the year. All females smaller than 170 mm SL were characterized by red body color, the
frequency of specimens with yellow body color tending to slightly increase with SL. However, most females had red body color,
except for 16 specimens (177.7–241.5 mm SL) that were yellow, growth-related color change from red to yellow being uncommon.
Morphological analysis of 49 males (107.6–193.3 mm SL) and 68 females (108.7–241.5 mm SL) showed the head length, orbit diameter,
lower jaw length, and predorsal length to be relatively greater, but the distance between the pelvic and anal fins less, in
males. A discriminant analysis using Mahalanobis distances resulted in 100% correct assignment of specimens to sex, regardless
of SL and body color. In addition, no genetic differences were apparent between red and yellow individuals in mitochondrial
DNA sequence analyses from the threonine tRNA to the first half of the control region (498 bp). Accordingly, the differences
in body color, maximum size, and the five morphometric characters listed above were considered to represent sexual dimorphism.
That evidenced by body color was considered to appear after that shown by morphometric characters, some exceptions in the
former occurring in females. This is the first report of permanent sexual dimorphism in body color in Sebastes. 相似文献
14.
To screen stimulators from Chinese medicinal insects for mycelial growth and polysaccharides production of Ganoderma lucidum, G. lucidum was inoculated into the media with and without supplementation of medicinal insect extracts. The ethyl acetate extract of
Eupolyphaga sinensis at 55 mg l−1 lead to significant increase in both biomass and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) concentration from 8.53 ± 0.41 to 14.16 ± 0.43
and 1.28 ± 0.09 to 2.13 ± 0.11 g l−1, respectively. In addition, the ethyl acetate extract of Catharsius molossus at 55 mg l−1 significantly enhanced extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) production; the EPS yield increased from 350.9 ± 14.1 to 475.1 ± 15.3 mg
l−1. There were no new components in the two types of polysaccharides obtained by the addition of the insect extracts. 相似文献
15.
In the present study, we evaluated whether reproductive condition affects female reproductive behaviour in the induced ovulator
Ctenomys talarum. We also explored the effect of the interaction with a male on the reproductive condition of females. To evaluate this, we
arranged mating trials and evaluated female reproductive behaviour. Reproductive status of females was evaluated using a combined
approach of vaginal smears, urinary progesterone and oestradiol, and ovarian histology. Behaviours denoting attraction (‘male
sniff’ and ‘mount attempts’) and mutual courtship behaviours (‘spin’ and copula) were correlated with vaginal cytology before
and oestradiol and progesterone levels in urine 12 h after male–female encounter. After 24 h of the interaction, oestradiol
levels and vaginal epithelization increased while progesterone levels decreased in soliciting females. C. talarum females’ reproductive behaviour was related to its physiological reproductive state and vaginal cytology. The kind of male
interaction, whether couples copulated or remained indifferent affected the later status of females. Females are induced ovulators
by mating but male presence and interaction also affected other components of their reproductive physiology such as ovarian
hormones and vaginal cytology. 相似文献
16.
Brent R. Campos Maxfield A. Fish Gardner Jones Rebecca W. Riley Peter J. Allen Peter A. Klimley Joseph J. CechJr John T. Kelly 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2009,85(1):3-13
Ultrasonic telemetry was used to analyze the effects of environmental variables on movement directions and movement rates
of brown smoothhounds, Mustelus henlei, in Tomales Bay, California. Ultrasonic transmitters were surgically implanted in the peritoneal cavities of one male and
five female brown smoothhounds and tracked during the period of 29 June to 15 July 2004. Coarse-scale tracking consisted of
locating all tagged individuals multiple times during a single session, while fine-scale tracking consisted of following a
single individual continuously during a session. Coarse-scale tracking suggested movement toward the inner bay with incoming
and high tides and toward the outer bay with outgoing and low tides (P = 0.01), whereas the diel cycle had no apparent effect
on their movement directions. Mean shark movement rate was 0.09 m s−1 (range: 0.01–0.34 m s−1), with diel and tidal cycles both having significant effects on their rates of movement (P = 0.02 and P < 0.01), respectively. We tracked two female sharks on a fine scale over three tracking sessions in July 2004. Both individuals
exhibited higher rates of movement during the night compared to the day (P < 0.01). While one shark’s rate of movement was not significantly affected by tidal stage, the other’s was (P < 0.001). 相似文献
17.
Females of the almond seed wasp,Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), responded in an olfactometer positively to odours from almond flowers and unripe fruits,
but not to almond leaf odours and odours from flowers and unripe fruits of certain other nonhostPrunus species. Males responded to none of these odours. Extracts of undamaged unripe almond fruits (using ethanol, methanol, acetone,
hexane, dichloromethane, or petroleum ether) stimulated female aggregation on glass surfaces treated with these extracts;
in addition, certain fruit extracts (ethanol, methanol, or acetone) stimulated oviposition. Extracts of undamaged almond leaves
(ethanol, methanol, or acetone) and flowers (ethanol or methanol) also stimulated female aggregation and oviposition. Aggregation
and oviposition in response to an ethanol extract of almond fruits was intense in females aged 5 to 14 days and from 12∶00
to 18∶00h (photophase between 06∶00 and 20∶00). Certain almond fruit (ethanol, methanol, acetone or hexane) and flower extracts
(ethanol or methanol) also provoked female response in the olfactometer. The results strongly suggest that certain chemical
stimuli emanating from parts of the almond tree play a major role in host selection and oviposition. Some of the extracts
tested may be a good source for the isolation, identification and synthesis of compounds stimulating attraction, aggregation
and oviposition in nature. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A3414024 00003 相似文献
18.
The growth rate, reproductive aspects, and natural mortality of chimaeras and ratfish are poorly known. In this study, life-history
parameters for cockfish Callorhinchus callorhynchus (Holocephali—Callorhinchidae) are estimated, which is an important fish resource exploited in Chile. Specimens were sampled
from the artisanal fishery captures, from November 2006 to November 2007. The standard length (SL) of males fluctuated between
20 and 62 cm, and between 21 and 70 cm for females. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated through length-frequency
data analysis using MULTIFAN. The length-weight relationship and von Bertalanffy growth parameters were significantly different
for males and females, as well as the length at 50% maturity. For males a model with 5 age-classes was the best, with asymptotic
length L
∞ = 52 cm SL, growth coefficient K = 0.473 yr−1, and age at length zero t
0 = −0.690 yrs. For females the best model was represented by 10 age-classes (L
∞ = 70.3 cm SL, K = 0.193 yr−1, t
0 = −1.158 yrs) in the length-frequency data sets. Length at 50% maturity of males was estimated in 43.7 cm SL, and in 50.2 cm
SL for females. The natural mortality rate fluctuated between 0.42 and 0.82 yr−1 for males and between 0.12 and 0.37 yr−1 for females, depending upon the method used. It is concluded that C. callorhynchus is a species with life-history parameters significantly different between males and females, and such differences should
be taken into account in future population dynamics analysis. 相似文献
19.
Naoya Kitao Daisuke Fukui Masaaki Hashimoto Peter G. Osborne 《International journal of biometeorology》2009,53(2):159-165
The raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides, is a canid with a passive overwintering strategy in northern Europe. However, the behaviour and physiology of the Japanese
subspecies, N. p. albus, which has fewer chromosomes than the other subspecies, remain unknown. We measured body temperature, body composition and
blood biochemistry of wild free-ranging and fasted enclosure-housed N. p. albus during boreal winter in Hokkaido, Japan. Body temperature of N. p. albus decreased from 38°C in autumn to 35.9–36.7°C while maintaining a circadian rhythm in late February (n = 3). A transient 18–36% decrease in resting heart rate occurred when body temperature was low (n = 2). Despite a 33–45% decrease in body weight due to winter fasting, circulating glucose, total protein and triglyceride
levels were maintained (n = 4). Serum urea nitrogen dropped by 43–45% from autumn to spring, suggesting protein conservation during fasting. The overwintering
survival strategy of N. p. albus in central Hokkaido is based upon large changes in seasonal activity patterns, winter denning and communal housing without
the large decrease in body temperature that is characteristic of subarctic animals exhibiting hibernation or torpor.
Naoya Kitao, Daisuke Fukui and Peter G. Osborne contributed equally to this work 相似文献
20.
The sperm allocation pattern of a copulating marine cottid fish, Alcichthys alcicornis, was investigated. A total of 86 mating events using six males were conducted in aquarium tanks over 10 days, and in 36 of
them, spermatozoa were collected using a false copulation method. Males released 3–8 × 108 spermatozoa in early events, with the number decreasing gradually during subsequent mating events. This sperm allocation
was represented as an “early investment and tapering” pattern. It was discussed why males have significantly higher sperm
release in early spawning events. The reproductive behavior consists of spawning and subsequent copulation. Spermatozoa have
the ability to fertilize eggs from multiple clutches, and in earlier produced clutches the level of sperm competition should
be relatively low. In addition, if early spawn happens to be the first spawn with a female, spermatozoa that are released
into the water column after spawning are responsible for fertilizing the female’s first clutch. The probability of this occurring
should decrease dramatically as the season progresses, due to the highly synchronous seasonal spawning of females. All of
these factors should select for high sperm numbers in early ejaculates. Based on such reproductive ecology of A. alcicornis we hypothesize that this sperm allocation pattern is an adaptive reproductive strategy in response to egg availability and
sperm competition occurring within the ovarian cavity. 相似文献