大熊猫发情期间阴道上皮细胞的角化率

大熊猫为单发情动物,仅在每年春季发情一次。因此,适时配种是人工繁育大熊猫的一个重要环节。到目前为止,人们对大熊猫配种时机的把握主要是根据自已的经验和大熊猫的行为变化。1991-1995年,笔者在进行大熊猫人工繁育研究中,对大熊猫发情期间阴道上皮细胞的角化率进行了观     

The fine structure of exfoliated cervical and vaginal cells.

In order to understand the means by which cellular aggregates were maintained in gynecologic samples, the fine structure of samples derived from a number of women of various ages was examined with special attention paid to the intercellular junctions. Most cells in the samples were squamous cells containing numerous intercellular fibrils and glycogen granules. Parabasal or intermediate cells were also seen as well as occasional endocervical cells. All of these cell types were often found as parts of aggregates and, while other cell junctions were present, desmosomes were the most prominent. It was concluded that desmosomes were probably responsible for maintaining the aggregated state of many of the cells found in gynecologic samples.     

Gut microbiota in reintroduction of giant panda

Reintroduction is a key approach in the conservation of endangered species. In recent decades, many reintroduction projects have been conducted for conservation purposes, but the rate of success has been low. Given the important role of gut microbiota in health and diseases, we questioned whether gut microbiota would play a crucial role in giant panda's wild‐training process. The wild procedure is when captive‐born babies live with their mothers in a wilderness enclosure and learn wilderness survival skills from their mothers. During the wild‐training process, the baby pandas undergo wilderness survival tests and regular physical examinations. Based on their performance through these tests, the top subjects (age 2–3 years old) are released into the wild while the others are translocated to captivity. After release, we tracked one released panda (Zhangxiang) and collected its fecal samples for 5 months (January 16, 2013 to March 29 2014). Here, we analyzed the Illumina HiSeq sequencing data (V4 region of 16S rRNA gene) from captive pandas (n = 24), wild‐training baby pandas (n = 8) of which 6 were released and 2 were unreleased, wild‐training mother pandas (n = 8), one released panda (Zhangxiang), and wild giant pandas (n = 18). Our results showed that the gut microbiota of wild‐training pandas is significantly different from that of wild pandas but similar to that of captive ones. The gut microbiota of the released panda Zhangxiang gradually changed to become similar to those of wild pandas after release. In addition, we identified several bacteria that were enriched in the released baby pandas before release, compared with the unreleased baby pandas. These bacteria include several known gut‐health related beneficial taxa such as Roseburia, Coprococcus, Sutterella, Dorea, and Ruminococcus. Therefore, our results suggest that certain members of the gut microbiota may be important in panda reintroduction.     

圈养大熊猫粘液排泄现象的观察

大熊猫(Ailuropodamelanoleuca)是中国特有的珍稀动物,它们以高纤维含量的竹子为主食,但却具有与食肉动物相似的消化系统结构,为适应高纤维的食物,它们又形成了与食竹相适应的消化生理特点。其整个消化道内膜上粘液腺丰富,在野外,这些粘液腺的分泌物包裹于大熊猫所摄食的竹茎、     

大熊猫国家公园四川片区自然保护地空间关系对大熊猫分布的影响

理清自然保护地的空间关系与分布格局是加强空间管控、整合优化自然保护地体系的基础。以大熊猫国家公园四川片区内的自然保护地为案例,基于ArcGIS空间数据的处理、分析与可视化表达等功能,结合韦恩(Venn)图在空间层面上量化分析了公园范围内各类自然保护地的空间关系,并进一步揭示了不同保护情景下大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)的分布格局。研究结果表明:(1)研究区内含有6类自然保护地,占研究区总面积的75.13%,其中40.68%为交叉重叠区域。(2)各类自然保护地皆存在大面积的交叉重叠。自然保护区为研究区面积最大的自然保护地类型,占自然保护地总面积的72.53%,其中45.89%为交叉重叠区域;其他类自然保护地占自然保护地总面积的60.87%,其中66.48%为交叉重叠区域。(3)猫点密度与自然保护地的交叉重叠程度呈现逆向增长趋势,区域的重叠水平越高,猫点密度越低。(4)自然保护地整体非重叠区的猫点密度高于重叠区。自然保护区是整体猫点密度最高的自然保护地类型,其非重叠区密度明显高于重叠区;森林公园非重叠区与水利风景区重叠区呈现较高的猫点密度。(5)与自然保护区交叉重叠...     

Growth of mouse vaginal epithelial cells in vitro

Summary Pieces of adult mouse vagina (comprising epithelium and connective tissue), when explanted onto glass coverslips, gave rise to outgrowing sheets of pure epithelium whose cells had ultrastructural features in common with the cells of origin in vivo. Epithelial outgrowths from vaginas of estradiol-primed and nonprimed ovariectomized mice were studied. After the first 5 days in vitro, in the absence of estradiol, the labeling index and length of the cell cycle were similar in both types of cultures. The values were similar to those reported by others in vivo in response to estrogen. Thus, proliferative activity of cells from nonprimed mice was stimulated merely by in vitro conditions, while proliferation of cells from primed mice continued at the high level existing prior to explantation. The high rate of proliferation wasnot associated with keratinization of any cells. In the continued absence of estrogen, cells from both kinds of cultures showed a progressive decrease in proliferative activity between 5 and 14 days, also associated with inability of cells to keratinize. Addition of estradiol didnot reverse the mitotic drop or promote keratinization. Supplementation with hydrocortisone and insulin had no effect. The results suggest that (a) vaginal epithelial cells in vitro require factors in addition to estradiol in order to maintain a high level of proliferative activity or to differentiate fully by keratinization and (b) keratinization is not dependent on rate of cell proliferation. Supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute (1 PO 1 CA 11536) and the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases (1 P0 1 AM 15515).     

Sequence variation and genetic diversity in the giant panda

About 336–444 bp mitochondrial D-loop region and tRNA gene were sequenced for 40 individuals of the giant panda which were collected from Mabian, Meigu, Yuexi, Baoxing, Pingwu, Qingchuan, Nanping and Baishuijiang, respectively. 9 haplotypes were found in 21 founders. The results showed that the giant panda has low genetic variations, and that there is no notable genetic isolation among geographical populations. The ancestor of the living giant panda population perhaps appeared in the late Pleistocene, and unfortunately, might have suffered bottleneck attacks. Afterwards, its genetic diversity seemed to recover to some extent. Project supported by the “8.5” Key Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Chairman Foundation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, K. C. Wang Education Foundation, the Applied Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Special Foundation for Returned Chinese Scientists, and Zoological Society of San Diego.     

小相岭山系大熊猫廊道规划

廊道能有效地增加栖息地斑块间的大熊猫种群交流,降低种群灭绝的风险。小相岭山系是现存大熊猫种群数量最少的山系之一。通过MAXENT(Maximum Entropy)分析,发现小相岭山系存在7个相对隔离的栖息地斑块,栖息地破碎化严重。为了增加小相岭山系大熊猫种群交流,利用最小代价路径原理和电流理论,从保护管理角度出发,在该区域划定了9条连接大熊猫栖息地斑块的廊道。其中紫马-麻麻地廊道连接该区域面积最大、大熊猫痕迹点最多的两个栖息地斑块,生态意义重大,建议优先建设该廊道。此外,研究划定的多个廊道彼此邻近,甚至存在一定程度的重叠。将这些极其邻近或者重叠的廊道合并,并提出"廊道群"的概念。廊道群是两个或两个以上极其相邻的廊道构成的网状结构,廊道群作为景观上的网状结构,能同时连接多个栖息地斑块,更有效地增加多个栖息地斑块间的种群交流。由于农田的挤压,部分廊道难以达到大熊猫廊道的最低宽度需求(2230 m),制约了其生态效应的发挥,建议在以后的保护工作中探索农田区域的栖息地恢复方式。     

Trypsin-like activity in the vaginal epithelial cells of the rat.

Rat vaginal epithelial cells have trypsin-like activity as shown by the formation of a colored product when the cells are incubated with alpha-N-methyl alpha-N-toxyl-L-lysine beta-naphthol ester and hexazotized pararosanilin. This enzyme activity in vaginal smears is maximal at proestrus, i.e., the day in the 5-day estrus cycle when plasma estrogen is maximal. Only the rounded nucleated epithelial cells present at late diestrus, proestrus and early estrus demonstrate the trypsin-like enzyme activity. These are the cells that stain blue in the Papanicolaou method. Preincubation of cell suspensions with the serine protease inhibitor, p-nitrophenyl p-guanidino benzoate, prevented the enzyme staining reaction, further demonstrating the trypsin-like nature of the cellular enzyme. The advantages of this enzyme staining technique over the fibrin plate method for the demonstration of trypsin-like enzymes in cells are increased resolution and ability to show trypsin inhibitor effects.     

卧龙大熊猫生境的群落结构研究

系统样方调查,研究了卧龙大熊猫生境的物种结构与群落特征。结果表明,大熊猫原 始生境群落特征表现为微个样方内的物种数平均为２１．５７个,盖度为１．６４,物种多样性指数为１．５７,优势度指数０．３８,最大平均树径达７９．４ｃｍ,平均每平方米竹类生物量为６．７３ｋｇ。大熊猫对生境的群落结构也有较广的适宜性,在卧龙落叶直林, 叶－针叶混交林及针叶林３种植被型均可为它的适宜生境。但生境适宜性程度及生境质量主     

大熊猫和小熊猫粪便DNA提取的简易方法

采集了大熊猫和小熊猫的新鲜粪便样品 ,使用 1 0 0 %乙醇保存。通过重复离心富集研究动物的肠道脱落细胞 ,并使用乙醇和双蒸水洗涤以除去抑制物。用 1 %的SDS快速裂解细胞 ,离心除去残渣后 ,向裂解液中加入蛋白酶进行消化。消化结束后使用等体积的酚 /氯仿抽提 ,乙醇沉淀DNA。用双蒸水溶解粪便DNA后 ,使用PCR产物纯化试剂盒对粪便DNA进行纯化。电泳检测结果显示 ,从乙醇保存的大、小熊猫粪便样品中抽提到高质量的粪便DNA。对线粒体控制区、细胞色素b基因、 1 2SrRNA基因的PCR扩增反应以及测序结果也证实了样品保存方法和DNA抽提方法可靠而高效。此方法使用实验室内常用的分子生物学试剂 ,不仅克服了分子粪便学研究中常见的抑制物粪便DNA微量降解严重等障碍 ,与商业化的粪便抽提试剂盒 (QIAampDNAStoolMiniKit,Qiagen)相比还是一种经济的试验方法 (抽提反应成本为试剂盒的 1 / 5 )。文中还对粪便DNA内细菌基因组等背景DNA可能对分子粪便学试验结果的影响进行了探讨。在基于PCR技术的遗传学研究中 ,对于植食性动物而言 ,粪便内的背景DNA对目标动物DNA片断的扩增和序列测定未见影响 ;但对于肉食性动物 ,则必须考虑被捕食者基因组对试验可能产生的影响 ,应谨慎对待     

大熊猫器官中元素分布

采有原子吸收分光光度计,分析了１只死亡大熊猫的１９种器官中的５种元素铜（Ｃ）、铁（Ｆｅ）、锌（Ｚｎ）、钙（Ｃａ）和镁（Ｍｇ）的分布。发现肝脏、脾脏和肾脏中含 都很高,分别是６５４０．５４μｇ＝ｇ,４４２３．２１μｇ／ｇ和４７６３．４１μｇ／ｇ,锌和铜含量最高的是十二指肠,含量是２０１．１７μｇ／ｇ和１５．４６μｇ／ｇ,睾丸中含锌较低,为６８．４３μｇ／ｇ,但含钼最高,是１９６６．５８μｇ／ｇ,颌下