Blütenbau und Fortpflanzungsbiologie vonValerianella undFedia (Valerianaceae)

The flowers ofValerianella andFedia are compared in regard to their morphology and anatomy. Characters are typified and utilized for an improved systematic grouping. Informations on flower development, flower and reproductive biology are summarized and supplemented. The phylogeny of several traits is discussed.

2. Teil einer Publikationsserie Beiträge zur Systematik und Evolution vonValerianella undFedia (Valerianaceae) (vgl.Ernet 1977a).     

Sproßaufbau und Lebensform vonValerianella undFedia (Valerianaceae)

A comparative morphological and anatomical analysis of cotyledons, leaves, bracts, growth forms and inflorescences of the generaValerianella andFedia is presented. Characters can be typified and used for an improved systematic grouping. Informations on germination, life form and life cycle are summarized and supplemented. The discussion refers to various character phylogenies.1. Teil einer Publikationsserie Beiträge zur Systematik und Evolution vonValerianella undFedia (Valerianaceae).     

Genetic control of fruit polymorphism in the GenusFedia (Valerianaceae) in the light of dimorphic and trimorphic populations ofF. pallescens

The genusFedia consists of three species (F. cornucopiae, F. graciliflora andF. pallescens) of winter annual herbs, endemic to the western Mediterranean Basin. The deciduous terminal fruits of these taxa are polymorphic in the development of their pericarp and/or calyx, and each population is dimorphic or more rarely trimorphic. The three main fruit types are dispersed in several manners, and are specialized for either epizoochory or myrmecochory. On the basis of our experimental study of dimorphic and trimorphic populations ofF. pallescens subsp.pallescens, a genetic model is presented in order to explain the control of this intrapopulational polymorphism. It is postulated that two diallelic loci are tightly linked on the same chromosome in a functional supergene. One allele of each locus displays a dominance effect in the heterozygous state. Within the four possible homologous allelic segments, only two are present in the dimorphic populations, three in the trimorphic ones, and are otherwise associated in diverse combinations in the remaining taxa of the genus. Similar examples of fruit polymorphism are already documented in the tribeValerianeae, subtribeFediinae. The hypothesis is put forward that this fruit polymorphism is a synapomorphy for the subtribe.     

Morphologische,anatomische und palynologische Untersuchungen an der GattungAretiastrum (Valerianaceae)

The fiveAretiastrum species investigated are differentiated by morphological, histological and palynological characteristics from one another and from woodyValeriana species. It seems justified to regardAretiastrum at least as a distinct section ofValeriana but better as a separate genus.

---

Morphologische, anatomische und palynologische Untersuchungen an der GattungAretiastrum (Valerianaceae)

     

A biosystematic study ofValeriana officinalis (Valerianaceae) distributed in Bulgaria

Valeriana officinalis L. is an extremely polymorphic polyploid complex. On the basis of morphological, cytological, and phytochemical investigations of Bulgarian populations ofV. officinalis the two subspeciesV. officinalis subsp.officinalis (2n = 14, 28) andV. officinalis subsp.collina (2n = 14, 28) were each subdivided into diploid and tetraploid cytotypes.     

禾穗新缬草,中国败酱科归化植物新记录种

报道了发现于江苏省的败酱科(Valerianaceae)新缬草属(Valerianella Mill.)归化植物新记录种:禾穗新缬草[V.locusta(Linn.)Laterr.]。     

The morphology,taxonomy and evolution ofRhodocoma (Restionaceae)

The vegetative and reproductive morphology, culm and rhizome anatomy and seed surface micromorphology ofRhodocoma are described. It is shown that this variation is best contained by recognizing three new species in the genus. These new taxa are described, and the phylogeny of the genus is investigated by cladistic analysis. The environmental parameters and distributions of the species are related to the cladogram. This suggests that the species are at present ecologically separated, and indicates that the speciation may have been sympatric. This is the first support for the hypothesis that sympatric speciation may have been important in the speciose Cape flora.     

Systematik,Verbreitung und Karyologie derFestuca violacea-Gruppe (Poaceae) im Ostalpenraum

The biosystematics of theFestuca violacea group (F. rubra subsp.violacea sensuHackel) in the Eastern Alps is studied.F. picturata Pils (=F. picta Kit. exSchultes nonJ. F. Gmelin) is confirmed as diploid, whereas the chromosome numbers forF. nitida (diploid),F. puccinellii (hexaploid), andF. norica (diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid) are reported for the first time. Details of morphology, leaf anatomy, and epidermal structures now allow a better separation of these species; new maps illustrate their distribution. Karyological, chorological, morphological, and anatomical data form the basis for a discussion of the phylogeny of theF. violacea group and its position withinF. rubra s. latiss.

     

Sexual Dimorphism of the Larynx of the Mongolian Gazelle (Procapra gutturosa Pallas, 1777) (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Bovidae)

The larynges (except for the epiglottis) of two adult Mongolian gazelles, one male and one female, were dissected. This species is characterized by a pronounced sexual dimorphism of the larynx. Dimorphism with regard to the size of the entire larynx and of the thyroid cartilage is about 2:1 whereas the difference of mean body mass is about 1.3:1 between males and females. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to other bovids, the larynx of the male Mongolian gazelle has a paired lateral laryngeal ventricle. However, in contrast to horse, dog, pig and many primate species also possessing such a paired ventricle, its rostral opening in the Mongolian gazelle is situated lateral to the corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilage. The neck of the laryngeal ventricle is embraced by the bifurcated cuneiform process of the epiglottis. Despite the enlarged laryngeal cartilages, the vocal process of the male arytenoid cartilage is relatively shorter than that of the female. The male thyroarytenoid muscle is clearly separated into a rostral ventricular muscle and a caudal vocal muscle whereas the female's, as in other bovids, is almost uniform. The lateral sac of the two-chambered laryngeal ventricle in the male projects laterally between the ventricular and the vocal muscle. As in the domestic bovids and in many other artiodactyls the larynx of the male Mongolian gazelle is lacking any rostrally directed membraneous portion of the vocal fold. Instead, the thick and tough bow-like vocal fold projects caudally into the infraglottic cavity and is supported by a peculiar pan-like fibroelastic pad. This resilient element, situated medial to the bipartite thyroarytenoid muscle, might be a homologue of the vocal ligament, eventually including lateral portions of the elastic cone. A fibroelastic pad is absent in the female. The resilient floor of the laryngeal vestibulum, ventral to the fibroelastic pad, is rostrally and caudally subducted by tube-like spaces. Evolutionary enlargement of the male larynx, including the vocal folds, and of the caudal portions of the vocal tract may have shifted the fundamental and formant frequencies to a lower register. The paired lateral laryngeal ventricle might produce an amplitude increase of the vocalizations assisted by differential action of the bipartite thyroarytenoid muscle. In addition, the peculiar shape, size and tough consistency of the male vocal folds may, as in roaring felids, assist in producing high amplitude and low frequency vocalizations. Perhaps the biological role of the enlarged male larynx of Procapra gutturosa has evolved in relation to its mating system. In the rutting season, dominant males establish individual territories and maintain harems. During prolonged courtship prior to mating, these males perform an acoustic display uttering loud and guttural bellows. In addition, the bulging ventral neck region of males may serve as an optical attractant for the females. Thus, the evolution of the enlarged larynx of the male Mongolian gazelle may have been favoured by sexual selection.     

Wuchsform,Infloreszenz- und Blütenmorphologie vonEpithema (Gesneriaceae)

The shoot organization and inflorescence structure ofEpithema is analyzed. On the main axis micro- and macrocotyledon (the latter falling off early) are followed by a ± long epicotyl, then a large, solitary leaf (B₃) and above this a dimerous leaf whorl (B₄, B₅). The last internode of the main axis is the basic internode of the main florescence (Troll). Peculiarly enough, the latter includes only one partial florescence which is embraced by its subtending bract (B₆) and represents a capitulum-like, congenital, pair-flowered cincinnus. Paracladia arise from the axils of B₃ to B₅ (sometimes also from the macrocotyledon); they are either reduced to their co-florescence (with the same structure as the main florescence), or carry further shoots resp. co-florescences from the axils of a dimerous leaf whorl.—Epithema can be interpreted as anisophyllous.—From flower morphology and ontogenesis a number of new differential characters are revealed. Together with shoot and inflorescence characters their systematic and possible functional significance is discussed.

Frau Univ.-Prof. Dr. E.Tschermak-Woess zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Studies onCabomba aquatica (Cabombaceae)

Cabomba aquatica has been found for the first time in India. Both, submerged and floating leaves are epistomatic. The stomata are anomocytic and perigenous in their development. The metaxylem vessel elements have simple perforation plates and spiral side wall thickening. Vessel elements are found in roots, rhizomes and aerial stems. The venation pattern is of two types like the dimorphic leaves. On the basis of these and other featuresCabomba deserves family rank.     

Stachys beckeana (Labiatae) in Albanien und Jugoslawien

Morphological and cytological investigations were carried out inStachys beckeana Dörfler & Hayek andS. recta L. subsp.sarajevensis sensuHayek. These two taxa have the same morphological characteristics (shape and indumentum of leaves; morphology of sepals, petals and fruits) and both have 2n = 2x = 34 chromosomes. They cannot be considered as different taxa;S. beckeana Dörfler & Hayek is the valid name (synonyms:S. recta L. subsp.sarajevensis sensuHayek,S. hayekii Malý,S. recta L. subsp.hayekii Malý).

Erster Beitrag zur Neubearbeitung der Artengruppe derStachys recta L.     

茴芹属16种植物的花粉形态及系统学分析

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对茴芹属16种植物的花粉形态进行了观察,其中12种为首次报道。结果表明,茴芹属16种植物花粉大小为（19.75～33.03）μm×（11.52～17.41）μm,极轴与赤道轴的比值（P/E）为1.40～2.28,体积大小指数（P×E）^1/2为16.71～23.97,属于中型花粉,具三孔沟,萌发孔位置为边萌发孔。花粉粒赤道面观有近矩形、赤道收缩形、椭圆形和近菱形等类型,其中近矩形和赤道收缩形占多数;极面观为三角形或三角圆形。扫描电镜下,其外壁表面纹饰赤道面观为脑纹状,极面观近光滑或为穴纹状。在伞形科芹亚科中,茴芹属植物的花粉具有中等进化、比较进化的形态特征。研究认为,花粉形态可为个别物种的分类处理提供孢粉学证据。     

Diaspore diversity in the anemochorousGouanieae (Rhamnaceae)

Fruits and seeds of four anemochorous taxa ofRhamnaceae-Gouanieae were studied by SEM. Flight performance of diaspores of three genera was analyzed. Diverging postfloral morphogeneses lead to different fruit and diaspore types: (1) a solid schizocarp dehiscing into three 2-winged mericarps (Gouania, Crumenaria), (2) an inflated schizocarp dehiscing into three inflated mericarps (Reissekia), and (3) a hollow septicide capsule which releases three winged hemimericarps (Alvimiantha). The latter convey significantly heavier seeds thanGouania andReissekia at comparable fall rates. The generic status ofAlvimiantha is confirmed. The Neotropics are pointed out as being a site of strong adaptive radiation for the tribeGouanieae.     

Molecular phylogeny, diversification and character evolution in Lupinus (Fabaceae) with special attention to Mediterranean and African lupines

Phylogenetic relationships within the complex genus Lupinus are estimated from internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat. The molecular data supports Lupinus as a distinct monophyletic group within the tribe Genisteae. Different geographical lineages are revealed within Lupinus, which are each restricted to either the Old or the New World. In the New World, the ITS data support an eastern-western geographic disjunction of the lupines and the recognition of some well-supported clades. In the Old World, almost all the previously recognized taxa are taxonomically well differentiated. The homogeneous African rough-seeded lupines, Scabrispermae, are strongly supported as a monophyletic group, which is distinct from the diverse and heterogeneous circum-Mediterranean smooth-seeded ones. The latter appear to have evolved as two lineages, in which are revealed some intersectional relationships. Also ITS data allow the assessment of the phylogenetic position of the newly discovered species, L. anatolicus (in the Old World) and L. jaimehintoniana (the Mexican tree lupin). The ITS phylogeny suggests a rapid initial radiation of the lupines subsequent to their divergence from a common ancestor. Moreover, the results indicate that the annual and perennial habits have evolved many times in Lupinus and suggest a role for generation time in affecting the evolutionary history of lupines. Data on adaptive processes and character evolution are re-examined and discussed in the light of the ITS phylogeny.These studies were supported by the research unit UMR-CNRS 6553 Ecobio – University of Rennes (France), and by the NSERC of Canada (grant to R.J. Bayer, at the University of Alberta). They are greatfully acknowledged. All the persons that have contributed in different ways to this work on Lupinus, summarized in this presentation, are greatly thanked. Particularly, we would like to mention Malika Aïnouche, Roland Greinwald, André Huon, W.K. Swiecicki, Billie L. Turner and Ludger Witte for their contributions.     

Anomalous secondary vascular tissue inHelminthostachys zeylanica (Ophioglossaceae)

The vascular anatomy ofHelminthostachys zeylanica was examined with special reference to anomalous secondary tissue. Primary xylem development gradually takes place centrifugally. In branched rhizomes with destroyed apices, the vascular cylinder apical to the insertion of branch traces is generally composed of primary xylem, accessory xylem, inner parenchyma of radially arranged cells, outer parenchyma of irregularly arranged cells, and partly crushed phloem, listed in order going outwards. The accessory xylem as well as the inner parenchyma ofHelminthostachys zeylanica is probably secondarily produced, partly to contribute to the branch traces, in a position corresponding to that of secondary vascular tissue developed from a normal cambium inBotrychium sensu lato. It is suggested that although a cambium is lacking inHelminthostachys zeylanica, the secondary vascular tissues are comparable between the genera. The phylogenetic implication of this tissue is discussed.     

The hemiramphid,Oxyporhamphus, is a flyingfish (exocoetidae)

Osteological and myological studies on the caudal complex of flying fishes (Exocoetidae) plusOxyporhamphus (of Hemiramphidae) revealed the following shared derived conditions: 1) neural spines of preural vertebrae broader than haemal spines; 2) spur present on posterior margin of preural vertebra 2;3) upper hypural plates steeply angled; 4) lower hypural plate extending strongly posteriorly; 5) lower hypural plate deeply surrounded by caudal fin rays; 6) flexor ventralis well developed, arising from neural spines; 7) flexor ventralis externus well developed; 8) adductor dorsalis well developed.Oxyporhamphus and exocoetids also share a lower jaw of adults not elongate and the premaxilla with a straight anterior margin. Therefore,Oxyporhamphus is transferred to the Exocoetidae, with which it shares a total of 10 derived conditions.     

Morphological and anatomical studies on economically important Empetrum nigrum L. subsp.hermaphroditum (hagerup) bocher (empetraceae)

The study is based on anatomical and morphological investigations of Empetrum nigrum L. subsp. Hermaphroditum (Hagerup) Bocher, an important plant because of its value for medicine and food. Plant samples were collected from the northeastern part of Turkey. Morphological and anatomical features of various plant parts (e.g., stem, leaf, flower, and fruit) are illustrated and described in detail.