盐胁迫下不同葡萄砧木的渗透调节及抗氧化能力

该研究以13种葡萄砧木品种为材料,采用盆栽试验用100 mmol/L NaCl的1/2 Hoaglands营养液浇灌处理,以葡萄砧木无盐胁迫为对照,待砧木长至20片完全展开叶后测定各品种叶片的相对电导率、渗透调节物质含量、MDA含量、活性氧含量、抗氧化酶活性等指标,探究不同葡萄砧木耐盐能力及其机制。结果显示：(1)至盐胁迫处理结束时,葡萄砧木 ‘188 08’、‘3309C’、‘140R’的处理组叶片近乎完全脱落,‘贝达’、‘5BB’、‘Dogridge’有少部分叶片脱落,而‘101 14’和‘110R’叶枯现象最少。(2)盐胁迫条件下,耐盐性较差的品种‘3309C’和‘140R’叶片相对电导率均大于90%,而耐盐性较强的品种‘101 14’和‘110R’的叶片相对电导率在60%左右;随着盐胁迫处理天数的增加,‘110R’的MDA含量呈明显的上升趋势。(3)盐胁迫条件下,耐盐性较强的品种‘101 14’和‘110R’积累了较多的可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、脯氨酸等渗透调节物质,而耐盐性弱的品种‘3309C’则积累了较多的活性氧,引起明显的脂膜过氧化,严重影响砧木的正常代谢。(4)在盐胁迫条件下,耐盐品种‘101 14’的SOD、POD等抗氧化酶活性显著提高,有效清除体内过量的活性氧,从而维持细胞膜的稳定性。研究发现,葡萄砧木品种‘101 14’、‘110R’在盐胁迫下能积极积累较多渗透调节物质,增强自身抗氧化酶活性,表现出较强的渗透调节和抗氧化能力,有效抵御盐胁迫造成的伤害,可作为西北盐渍化地区葡萄栽培的砧木品种。     

外源ABA对楸树幼苗NaCl胁迫的缓解效应及其生长生理响应特征

以2年生楸树(苏楸1号和008-1)扦插苗为材料,采用盆栽试验法,分析盐胁迫(0.5%NaCl)处理下楸树幼苗生长、生理的变化,并分析不同浓度外源ABA(15、25、35 mg/L)对盐胁迫(30 d)楸树幼苗的缓解效应及其生理生化特性,以探索重度盐胁迫下适合楸树幼苗生长的适宜外源ABA浓度,为增强盐碱地楸树的耐盐性、提高盐碱地的利用提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)0.5%NaCl胁迫下,两品种楸树幼苗叶片表现出不同程度的盐害症状,且‘苏楸1号’叶片盐害症状较‘008-1’严重;随胁迫时间延长,两品种楸树幼苗的相对电导率(REC)均呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,叶绿素(Chl)、相对含水量(RWC)均呈降低趋势,可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、脯氨酸(Pro)以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,但‘008-1’的REC显著低于‘苏楸1号’,Chl、RWC、SS、SP、Pro、SOD均显著高于苏楸1号,表明‘008-1’的耐盐性较‘苏楸1号’更强。(2)喷施外源ABA使得盐胁迫下‘008-1’楸树的苗高显著增加、新叶提前萌发,表明外源ABA在一定程度上能够缓解盐胁迫对楸树生长的影响;喷施外源ABA降低了盐胁迫下‘008-1’楸树幼苗叶片的REC,提高了Chl、RWC、SS、SP、Pro、SOD、过氧化物酶(POD)以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,促进了内源激素生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、赤霉素(GA3)以及玉米素核苷(ZR)的积累。研究表明,楸树品种‘008-1’的耐盐性更强;外源喷施适宜浓度ABA能够缓解盐胁迫对楸树幼苗生长的影响,降低幼苗叶片细胞膜透性,促进幼苗渗透调节物质的积累,增强渗透调节能力,并提高盐胁迫下幼苗的抗氧化酶活性,促进植物对内源激素含量的调节,从而提高楸树的耐盐性,且以25 mg/L ABA处理的效果最好。     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对盐胁迫下葡萄叶片中AsA-GSH循环的影响

以两个耐盐程度不同的葡萄品种‘夏黑’(耐盐性较弱)和‘里扎马特’(耐盐性较强)为材料,分析了不同浓度ALA对不同浓度盐胁迫下葡萄叶片中AsA-GSH循环的影响。研究表明:喷施75 mg·L-1 ALA可显著提高2 g·kg-1盐胁迫下‘夏黑’葡萄叶片中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)的活性以及还原型抗坏血酸(As A)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG比值,显著降低氢抗坏血酸(DHA)与氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量;而喷施150 mg·L-1 ALA可显著提高4 g·kg-1盐胁迫下‘里扎马特’葡萄叶片中APX、GR、MDHAR、DHAR的活性以及AsA、GSH含量和AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG比值,显著降低DHA与GSSG含量。     

He-Ne激光对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗抗氧化活性的影响

为减轻盐胁迫对植物造成的伤害,本研究采用He-Ne激光对盐胁迫下的水稻进行辐照处理,选用水稻9311作为对照、耐盐海稻86作为研究对象,以0.5%的氯化钠进行盐胁迫,He-Ne激光(辐照计量5 m W·mm-2,波长632.8 nm)进行照射。设置了对照组(CK),盐胁迫组、盐胁迫和激光复合处理组(分别为L、BL组),进行了水稻抗氧化活性方面的研究。结果表明:与对照组(CK)比较,He-Ne激光对水稻的盐胁迫有一定的缓解作用,其中对水稻9311的作用最明显,表现为激光处理提高了水稻幼苗中过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性和减缓了丙二醛(MDA)含量的增速;同时也说明新选育的海稻86耐盐性高于水稻9311。因此,一定剂量的He-Ne激光可以提高了水稻的耐盐性,这为抗盐胁迫及耐盐植物的育种提供了途径和理论依据。     

水杨酸和硝普钠对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以番茄品种‘秦丰保冠’为试材,采用营养液培养法,研究单独和复配施用外源水杨酸(SA)、一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)对100 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及生理特性的影响.结果显示:SA、SNP、SA+SNP处理均能显著提高盐胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性、脯氨酸和叶绿素含量、幼苗根系活力,并显著降低叶片电解质渗漏率及丙二醛(MDA)含量,有效减轻盐胁迫对幼苗造成的伤害,促进幼苗的生长发育,其中SA+SNP复配处理效果最好.研究表明,外源SA和SNP处理均能通过提高番茄幼苗保护酶活性和脯氨酸含量来有效缓解盐胁迫伤害,且SA+SNP复配处理在提高番茄幼苗耐盐性方面具有协同增效作用.     

盐诱导的依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散提高了小麦的耐盐性

以小麦抗盐品种‘DK961’和盐敏感品种‘LM15’为材料,探讨盐胁迫条件下叶黄素循环与膜脂过氧化的关系。结果表明：200mmol·L-1NaCl处理后二者地上部分鲜重、含水量、K＋含量显著下降,Na＋含量、Na＋/K＋比、丙二醛含量显著升高,膜透性显著增大,‘LM15’的变化幅度均明显大于‘DK961’,而‘LM15’脱环氧化状态（A＋Z）/（A＋Z＋V）的增加明显小于‘DK961’。这表明盐胁迫下‘DK961’通过增加依赖叶黄素循环的热耗散减轻了膜脂过氧化,提高其耐盐性。     

甜菜耐盐性筛选及其幼苗对盐胁迫的响应

为了探讨甜菜耐盐机理、不同耐盐等级甜菜盐耐性机制差异,对40份甜菜品种（系）用300mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫处理,通过芽期相对盐害率和苗期盐害指数确定不同品种耐盐等级,将不同耐盐等级材料进行NaCl浓度梯度（150、300mmol·L-1）处理,测定植株鲜重、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量和叶片质膜透性。试验结果如下：40份甜菜材料经过芽期和苗期耐盐性筛选最终确定耐盐等级极强的品种（系）1份（‘KWS0143’）,耐盐等级强的品种（系）6份（‘ACERO’等）,耐盐等级中等的品种（系）14份（‘HI0183’等）,耐盐等级弱的品种（系）5份（‘OVITO’等）;在同一盐胁迫时间下,不同耐盐等级材料的植株鲜重随盐浓度的增加呈下降趋势,品种‘KWS0143’和‘ACERO’变化幅度较小,品种‘OVATIO’下降幅度最大;不同耐盐等级材料随盐浓度增加和胁迫时间延长超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性呈现先上升而后下降的趋势,耐盐性极强的品种酶活性显著高于其他耐盐等级材料;不同耐盐等级材料随盐浓度增加和胁迫时间延长丙二醛（MDA）含量和叶片质膜透性均呈上升趋势,耐盐等级弱的品种（系）明显高于其他各个材料。     

盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗根系脯氨酸和多胺代谢的影响

以2个黄瓜品种‘长春密刺’(抗盐性较强)和‘津春2号’(抗盐性较弱)为材料,采用营养液栽培,研究了盐胁迫对幼苗根系脯氨酸(Pro)和多胺(PAs)代谢的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫能提高黄瓜幼苗根系吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶(P5CS)活性,抑制脯氨酸脱氢酶(ProDH)活性,从而显著增加Pro含量,且‘长春密刺’变化幅度显著大于‘津春2号’;盐胁迫下,‘长春密刺’根系精氨酸脱羧酶(ADC)、鸟氨酸脱羧酶(ODC)和S-腺苷蛋氨酸脱羧酶(SAMDC)活性升高幅度显著大于‘津春2号’,而多胺氧化酶(PAO)活性升高幅度显著低于‘津春2号’,引起其根系内亚精胺(Spd)和精胺(Spm)含量显著增加;盐胁迫下,2品种根系腐胺(Put)含量呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,随着Put积累降低,Pro含量显著增加。可见,盐胁迫诱导根系较高的Pro、Spd和Spm积累有利于提高黄瓜幼苗对盐胁迫逆境的适应能力,盐胁迫下PAs代谢和Pro代谢密切相关,Put的积累一定程度上促进了Pro含量的增加。     

盐胁迫对玫瑰生长和生理特性的影响

以野生玫瑰和3个玫瑰栽培品种一年生扦插苗为试材,对不同浓度NaCl胁迫下玫瑰的生物量、光合作用、渗透调节物质含量、根活力和离子含量进行了研究.结果表明:盐胁迫抑制了玫瑰的生长,与地上部相比,根系对盐胁迫更加敏感;盐胁迫下,野生玫瑰的游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量显著高于栽培玫瑰;品种‘紫雁’高于‘紫枝’和‘中科二号’;盐胁迫对野生玫瑰光合性能和根活力的影响明显小于栽培玫瑰.野生玫瑰的耐盐性优于栽培玫瑰;而栽培玫瑰中‘紫雁’优于‘紫枝’和‘中科二号’.上述生理指标可作为玫瑰耐盐性评价的参考指标.     

不同耐盐性小麦根Na~+和K~+的吸收特性

以耐盐小麦品种‘德抗961’和盐敏感小麦品种‘鲁麦15’为材料,研究小麦根Na+、K+吸收特性及其与耐盐性关系。结果表明,2个小麦品种根K+吸收动力学曲线均符合Michaelis-Menten方程,即V=Vmax×[S]/([S]+Km)+k×[S]。低浓度(低于25mmol·L-1)NaCl处理对根高亲和K+吸收系统转运K+具有促进作用,对耐盐品种‘德抗961’的促进作用更大。小麦根高亲和K+吸收系统是通过K+/H+同向转运,而不是K+/Na+同向转运。NaCl处理对根低亲和K+吸收系统有抑制作用,对盐敏感品种‘鲁麦15’的抑制作用更大。NaCl处理导致2个小麦品种根和叶片中的K+含量显著下降,Na+含量显著升高,但‘德抗961’根和叶片中的K+含量均显著高于‘鲁麦15’,‘德抗961’根中Na+含量显著高于‘鲁麦15’,而其叶片中Na+含量显著低于‘鲁麦15’,从而保证NaCl胁迫下其叶片较高的K+/Na+比。非选择性阳离子通道是小麦根Na+吸收的主要途径,K+通道是Na+吸收的一条重要途径。这些结果表明小麦部分通过调节根系K+吸收系统而维持叶片较高的K+/Na+比,从而提高其耐盐性。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.