生物转化中药化学成分的研究进展

生物转化是实现中药现代化的重要途径之一,阐明了生物转化中药化学成分的研究内容和应用范围,讨论了目前存在的问题和解决办法,并对生物转化中药化学成分的发展趋势进行了展望。     

天然活性先导化合物生物转化研究进展

天然活性先导化合物生物转化是利用生物催化剂(如：酶、微生物、动植物细胞)将加入到生物反应系统中的天然活性先导化合物进行特异性的分子结构修饰以获得高效、低毒新化合物的方法。该方法可以有效地提高已知的天然活性先导化合物的活性、降低毒副作用、改善水溶性和生物利用度,也可以用来生产具有重要应用价值的微量天然活性先导化合物,同时可用于药物代谢机制的研究。国内外学者已经针对甾体、醌类、黄酮类、萜类等化合物开展了天然活性先导化合物生物转化研究,筛选出一批有重要应用价值的生物转化反应类型,但针对天然活性先导化合物生物转化的机制、生物转化过程工程以及生物转化产物活性等方面的研究较少。将现代生命科学技术(如：生物催化剂的定向改造、高通量筛选、组合生物转化、非水相生物转化)引入天然活性先导化合物生物转化研究中,必将推进天然活性先导化合物的快速发展。     

微生物转化生物碱的研究进展

目的对微生物转化生物碱的研究进行综述。方法在查阅国内外文献的基础上,简介了微生物转化生物碱的菌种类型和催化反应类型。结果通过对微生物转化生物碱的研究综述,说明微生物转化在生物碱类药物的广泛应用前景。     

微生物转化技术在中药开发中的应用进展

中药现代化是目前中药研究最迫切的需要,微生物转化技术可以利用微生物的特性解决中药现代化研究中难以解决的诸多问题,我们总结了微生物转化中药的特点,转化酶系统及反应类型,分析了微生物生物转化对中药的影响,认为微生物转化技术酶系统广泛,选择性强,反应条件温和可控,反应类型广泛,适用于所有类型的中药有效成分的生物转化,经过转化后,可以提高中药药效,降低毒性,去除杂质,帮助有效成分的体内代谢及产生新的药物成分。中药微生物转化技术必定成为中药学与微生物学完美契合的典范,推进中药现代化的进程。     

甾醇侧链切除的微生物转化技术

甾体化合物是医药工业中具有巨大市场的产品之一,甾醇侧链切除的微生物转化是解决甾体医药原料的基础,像甾醇这一类疏水性底物的微生物转化技术是产业化的关键。本文综述了甾醇侧链切除微生物转化技术的新进展,详细介绍了我们最近开发的浊点系统两相分配生物反应器新技术。     

透性化嗜酸乳杆菌细胞转化亚油酸为共轭亚油酸的反应动力学

本实验旨在研究透性化嗜酸乳杆菌细胞生物转化共轭亚油酸的反应动力学。探讨了细胞浓度、底物浓度、反应体系pH值和温度等因素对生物转化共轭亚油酸反应速度的影响;建立了透性化嗜酸乳杆菌细胞生物转化共轭亚油酸的动力学模型。结果表明,透性化嗜酸乳杆菌细胞有利于共轭亚油酸的生物转化,最适细胞浓度、pH值和反应温度分别为10×1010ufc/mL、4.5和45℃;生物转化共轭亚油酸存在底物抑制现象,当亚油酸的浓度为0.6mg/mL时,反应速度达到最大值17.8μg/(mL·min)。在低亚油酸浓度下,反应初始阶段的反应规律与经典米氏方程相符,而在高亚油酸浓度下,存在底物抑制现象。在最适反应条件下建立了动力学模型,模型基本反映了共轭亚油酸的生物转化特性。     

微生物药物生物合成知识库研究进展

<正>微生物次级代谢途径是微生物药物生物合成的内在基础,微生物药物生物合成涉及一系列的生物转化反应、途径和网络。目前,大多数潜在有用的次级代谢生物转化反应还分散在海量的文献中,因此,生物转化反应的数据集成以及基于生物转化反应建立的生物合成转化模式的数据库匮乏已成为生     

生物转化对天然药物进行结构修饰的研究进展

利用生物转化对天然药物进行结构修饰,是筛选活性化合物的有效途径之一。本文根据生物体系中酶的多样性和特异性以及生物转化具有副产物少、选择性和专一性强等特点,系统性的综述了近几年来在天然药物资源开发利用研究中生物转化进行结构修饰的常见反应类型:羟基化、糖基化、水解和环氧化反应等,并简述了生物转化法在开发具有活性的新药物和改变天然药物活性如改变细胞毒性、增强抗耐药性、减小毒副作用或提高生物利用率等方面的实际应用。     

甾体C11β—羟基生物转化菌株新月弯孢霉的筛选和鉴定

文章对甾体C11β－羟某化生物转化菌株－新月弯孢霉的生长和生物转化特征进行了研究。经过反复筛选,最终选出了一株氧化可的松转化率达30％的最优菌株。文中描述了新月弯孢霉菌体生长过程中,菌体干重与PH的变化情况,并通过正交实验确定了该菌株生长的最适培养基配方。经过研究,对新月弯孢霉菌株的生长和生物转化特性及其进行甾体C11β－羟基化生物转化过程有了初步的了解。     

二氧化碳生物转化制甲烷技术研究进展

二氧化碳减量化与转化是当前业界关注及着手解决的重要问题,将二氧化碳作为资源转化为甲烷,有利于环境与社会的可持续发展。本文在分析二氧化碳转化为甲烷技术的基础上,重点介绍了国内外二氧化碳生物转化的研究与进展;总结了二氧化碳生物转化途径及其影响因素,分析了氢营养型、甲基营养型生物转化甲烷机理和生物转化能量来源;探讨了不同产甲烷菌微生物电合成产甲烷和氢气研究进展,总结了微生物电合成法、光合作用法和厌氧消化法等二氧化碳生物转化技术在反应器设计、电极材料选择、工艺条件优化及试验结果评估等方面取得的进展及存在的问题。重点就微生物电合成法的未来研究提出了增强微生物活性、提升氢气利用率、加快高效电极开发、提高能量效率、加强工业废气试验研究和强化光能转化等研究重点和发展方向,同时加强计算机模拟等交叉学科协同创新是促进二氧化碳生物转化技术进步的新方向。     

Differential biotransformation of glyceryl trinitrate by red blood cell-supernatant fraction and pulmonary vein homogenate

We have demonstrated previously that glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) undergoes biotransformation to two glyceryl dinitrate (GDN) metabolites in the human red blood cell-supernatant fraction (RBC-SF) by hemoglobin-mediated and sulfhydryl-dependent enzymatic mechanisms. In the present study, we have shown that biotransformation of GTN in rabbit RBC-SF yields a glyceryl-1,2-dinitrate (1,2-GDN)/glyceryl-1,3-dinitrate (1,3-GDN) ratio of 5.3. Following inhibition of hemoglobin-mediated biotransformation of GTN by carbon monoxide (CO), the 1,2-GDN/1,3-GDN ratio was 2.1. Following inhibition of sulfhydryl-dependent biotransformation by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), the 1,2-GDN/1,3-GDN ratio was 30.0. We have demonstrated previously that for GTN-induced vasodilation of isolated bovine pulmonary vein (BPV), the 1,2-GDN/1,3-GDN ratio was 7.1, which indicated that a hemoprotein-dependent process was involved in GTN biotransformation. To determine if this was the case, the biotransformation of GTN (0.51 microM) was studied in BPV homogenates; 31.1 pmol GDN/mg BPV protein was formed in 20 min. The 1,2-GDN/1,3-GDN ratio was 1.1, which indicated that hemoprotein-mediated biotransformation did not occur. This conclusion was supported by the fact that CO did not inhibit GTN biotransformation. GTN biotransformation by BPV homogenate was inhibited 62% by NEM, 89% by boiling of the homogenate, and almost completely by boiling plus NEM. These results indicated that biotransformation of GTN by the BPV homogenate involved in a combination of enzymatic and nonenzymatic processes that were mostly sulfhydryl dependent. It is concluded that the mechanism for GTN biotransformation in isolated intact BPV, which yielded preferential formation of 1,2-GDN, was rendered nonfunctional upon tissue homogenization.     

Expression of biotransformation genes in woodrat (Neotoma) herbivores on novel and ancestral diets: identification of candidate genes responsible for dietary shifts

The ability of herbivores to switch diets is thought to be governed by biotransformation enzymes. To identify potential biotransformation enzymes, we conducted a large-scale study on the expression of biotransformation enzymes in herbivorous woodrats ( Neotoma lepida ). We compared gene expression in a woodrat population from the Great Basin that feeds on the ancestral diet of juniper to one from the Mojave Desert that putatively switched from feeding on juniper to feeding on creosote. Juniper and creosote have notable differences in secondary chemistry, and thus, should require different biotransformation enzymes for detoxification. Individuals from each population were fed juniper and creosote diets separately. After the feeding trials, hepatic mRNA was extracted and hybridized to laboratory rat microarrays. Hybridization of woodrat samples to biotransformation probes on the array was 87%, resulting in a total of 224 biotransformation genes that met quality control standards. Overall, we found large differences in expression of biotransformation genes when woodrats were fed juniper vs. creosote. Mojave woodrats had greater expression of 10× as many biotransformation genes as did Great Basin woodrats on a creosote diet. We identified 24 candidate genes that may be critical in the biotransformation of creosote toxins. Superoxide dismutase, a free radical scavenger, was also expressed to a greater extent by the Mojave woodrats and may be important in controlling oxidative damage during biotransformation. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that biotransformation enzymes limit diet switching and that woodrats in the Mojave have evolved a unique strategy for the biotransformation of creosote toxins.     

酵母菌半连续转化人参皂苷Rb1的条件优化

以单因素实验为基础,通过多因素方差分析实验对人参皂苷半连续转化的条件进行优化,选出最佳条件组合,得到最佳的补料方式,补料浓度为6%,补料体积为24mL,补料周期为12h,在此条件下人参皂苷Rb1生物转化达33.5%左右。在最佳补料条件下进行人参皂苷酵母菌转化,其稳定性好,转化率高,对工业生产有积极的推动作用。     

响应面法优化獐牙菜苦苷生物转化条件

采用响应面法对獐牙菜苦苷的生物转化条件进行优化,首先应用Plackett-Burman方法筛选出对转化具有显著性影响的因素,再用中心响应面法的Response Optimizer工具对最优转化条件进行了分析和预测,最后对预测结果进行了验证。结果表明,獐牙菜新碱的最优化转化条件(mg/mL)为MgSO4.7H2O 5.14、MnSO4.4H2O 3.42、葡萄糖9.95、蛋白胨9.24、pH5.80。在此条件下獐牙菜新碱的最大转化产率为17.64%;红百金花内酯的最优转化条件(mg/mL)为MgSO4.7H2O 4.09、MnSO4.4H2O6.07、葡萄糖7.37、酵母膏7.37,pH5.73。在此条件下红百金花内酯的最大转化产率为8.81%。     

Cytochrome P-450 mediated biotransformation of organic nitrates

The vascular biotransformation of organic nitrates appears to be a prerequisite for their action as vasodilators. In the current study, we assessed the involvement of cytochrome P-450 in the denitration of glyceryl trinitrate and the enantiomers of isoidide dinitrate. Denitration of organic nitrates by the microsomal fraction of rat liver was NADPH dependent and followed apparent first-order kinetics. Under aerobic conditions, the t1/2 of D-isoidide dinitrate was significantly shorter than that of L-isoidide dinitrate (11.9 vs. 14.1 min, p less than or equal to 0.05), which is consistent with the greater potency of the D-enantiomer for vasodilation. Under anaerobic conditions, the denitration of glyceryl trinitrate was very rapid (t1/2 approximately 30 s). Organic nitrate biotransformation was inhibited by carbon monoxide, SKF 525A, and dioxygen. This suggests that the biotransformation of organic nitrates can occur through the direct interaction with the heme moiety of cytochrome P-450. The biotransformation of glyceryl trinitrate was catalyzed preferentially by those isoenzymes induced by phenobarbital. The biotransformation of glyceryl trinitrate was regioselective for 1,3-glyceryl dinitrate formation except in phenobarbital-induced microsomes under aerobic conditions, in which preferential formation of 1,2-glyceryl dinitrate occurred. These data suggest that cytochrome P-450 is involved in the biotransformation of organic nitrates and raises the possibility that vascular cytochrome P-450 may play a role in the mechanism-based biotransformation of organic nitrates, the result of which is vascular smooth muscle relaxation.     

Inhibitory effects of substrate and product on the carvone biotransformation activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhodococcus erythropolis</Emphasis>

The aqueous substrate and product toxicity thresholds in the microbial biotransformation of (-)-trans-carveol to the fragrance/flavor compound (R)-(-)-carvone by Rhodococcus erythropolis were determined. Above aqueous phase concentrations of approx. 500 mg carveol/l and 200-600 mg carvone/l, the biotransformation activity of the biocatalyst was inhibited. This biotransformation was undertaken in a single aqueous phase 3 l [corrected] reactor in which a total of 5 ml carveol (mixture of isomers) was added before the biotransformation rate decreased significantly. The carvone volumetric productivity was 31 mg/lh. Although the growth of the organism post-exposure was not affected, dramatic morphological changes in response to the accumulation of the inhibitory substrate and product were observed.     

Differential biotransformation of the enantiomers of isoidide dinitrate in isolated rat aorta

Previous studies have demonstrated that the D-enantiomer of isoidide dinitrate (IIDN) is 10-fold more potent than the L-enantiomer for relaxation and cyclic GMP accumulation in isolated rat aorta. To test whether preferential biotransformation of D-IIDN to a species that activates guanylate cyclase is the basis for this observed enantioselectivity, paired segments of rat aorta were exposed to D- and L-IIDN and the tissue accumulation of the parent compound and the formation of their respective metabolites (D- and L-isoidide mononitrate, IIMN) were determined. The extent of relaxation of rat aorta following exposure to 2 microM D-IIDN was greater than that by L-IIDN over a 5-minute time course, and this was associated with a higher rate of D-IIDN biotransformation to D-IIMN at all time points. In addition, the rate of D-IIDN biotransformation was greater than that of L-IIDN at most IIDN concentrations tested. By contrast, the amount of D- and L-IIDN in the tissue was the same at all time points and concentrations tested, indicating that selective uptake of D-IIDN into blood vessels did not occur. When tissues were made tolerant to organic nitrate-induced relaxation by treatment with a high concentration of glyceryl trinitrate, the biotransformation of both D- and L-IIDN was attenuated. This suggests that mechanism-based biotransformation may be affected during tolerance development. Furthermore, the association of preferential D-IIDN biotransformation with its greater potency for vasodilation and cyclic GMP accumulation suggests than an enantioselective site for biotransformation is an important component of organic nitrate-induced vasodilation.     

The influence of biochemical species differences on acute fish toxicity of organic chemicals.

1. Reported LC50s of hundreds of chemicals and data of many enzymes in many fishes have been reviewed in order to find the hypothesized influence of biotransformation on acute toxicity. 2. Biotransformation of carbaryl was correlated and biotransformation of endrin was inversely correlated with acute toxicity. 3. For most compounds no correlation was found which indicates that either biotransformation is not important in acute toxicity or enzyme activities are not representative parameters to quantify biotransformation reactions.     

酵母菌转化人参皂苷Rb1的动力学

在分批发酵中,对酵母菌转化人参皂苷的动力学进行了研究。应用Logistic方程和Luedeking-Piret方程,得到了描述分批发酵过程中,酵母菌体生长、底物消耗和产物合成的动力学模型及模型参数,并对实验数据与模型进行了验证比较,模型计算值与实验值拟合良好,所建模型能很好地描述酵母菌转化人参皂苷的动力学特征。为进一步研究和预测酵母菌生物转化过程奠定理论基础。