不同干燥方式对青花椒精油品质的影响

不同的干燥方式对青花椒精油品质的影响有着较大的差异。本文采用自然干燥、热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥、冷冻—微波联合干燥等四种不同的干燥工艺对辛香料进行干燥处理。从含水率、精油含量、能耗和精油组分等方面对干燥方式进行比较评价,并通过GC-MS分析鉴定出青花椒精油的主要组分为烯类和醇类。由结果可知,联合干燥所用时间短,能耗少,所得精油含量最多,含水率低,品质也更好,因此联合干燥工艺更适合干燥青花椒。     

离心粘结法制备孔隙连通的三维细胞支架

目的:改进多孔支架制备技术,使多孔支架具有孔隙结构均匀、孔隙连通性良好的特性。方法:间歇离心技术与湿度粘结方法结合,改善致孔剂粘结的均匀性;溶液浇注/颗粒沥析技术制备三维多孔细胞支架;扫描电镜观察支架的孔隙结构,原子吸收光谱检测致孔剂残余,力学实验仪与重量法表征支架的其它物理性能与制备条件的关系。结果:三维多孔支架的孔隙呈球形、分布均匀、孔隙相互连通、通道呈规则的圆形;支架中无残余致孔剂。以聚乳酸为原料制备的支架,其孔隙率、压模量、吸水率分别高达94.7±0.5%、509±6kPa、208.2±20.3%。结论:间歇离心粘结--溶剂浇注/颗粒沥析技术,能够制备出孔隙结构均匀、孔隙相互完全连通的三维细胞支架,支架的孔隙大小和通道尺寸人为可控,支架的孔隙率和强度高,孔隙结构符合组织工程的要求,是一种比较理想的三维细胞支架制备方法。     

L-干燥法和冷冻真空干燥法保藏放线菌效果的比较

L-干燥法和冷冻真空干燥法保藏不同放线菌效果是不一致的。在低温5℃多数放线菌用L-干燥法保藏,无论是干燥后及保存11个月以后其成活率均比冷冻真空干燥法高,但L-干燥法对温度较敏感,在温度37℃保藏成活率有下降的趋势。而冷冻真空干燥法在短期内保藏受温度影响较小。两种方法使用三种保护剂:10%脱脂牛奶粉,3%谷氨酸钠,1%蛋白胨+10%蔗糖,其中以10%脱脂牛奶粉为最理想。因此,采用L-干燥法以10%脱脂牛奶粉为保护剂,在低温5℃长期保存放线菌是较理想的方法之一。两种方法三种保护剂保存11个月后对葡萄糖异构酶     

L-干燥法和冷冻真空干燥法保藏放线菌效果的比较

L-干燥法和冷冻真空干燥法保藏不同放线菌效果是不一致的。在低温5℃多数放线菌用L-干燥法保藏,无论是干燥后及保存11个月以后其成活率均比冷冻真空干燥法高,但L-干燥法对温度较敏感,在温度37℃保藏成活率有下降的趋势。而冷冻真空干燥法在短期内保藏受温度影响较小。两种方法使用三种保护剂:10%脱脂牛奶粉,3%谷氨酸钠,1%蛋白胨+10%蔗糖,其中以10%脱脂牛奶粉为最理想。因此,采用L-干燥法以10%脱脂牛奶粉为保护剂,在低温5℃长期保存放线菌是较理想的方法之一。两种方法三种保护剂保存11个月后对葡萄糖异构酶     

紫淮山全粉喷雾冷冻干燥工艺及其特性研究

制备高品质的紫淮山全粉,有利于拓宽紫淮山的消费途径和提升产品价值。本文考察了固液比、进料流量和冻结温度对紫淮山全粉水分含量、溶解度和花色苷含量的影响,通过四因素三水平正交试验,优化了紫淮山全粉喷雾冷冻干燥工艺,并对热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥、喷雾干燥、喷雾冷冻干燥这4种干燥方式制备的紫淮山全粉理化特性和抗氧化能力进行了比较。结果表明,紫淮山冷冻喷雾干燥的最佳工艺条件为进料流量25 mL/min、固液比1∶1、冻结温度-30℃,在此条件下得到的紫淮山全粉水分含量为3. 89%、溶解度为23. 12%、花色苷含量为13. 28 mg/100 g。干燥方式对紫淮山全粉的物理性质、营养成分、活性成分和抗氧化能力的影响显著。     

芽孢杆菌冷冻真空干燥法和砂管法保藏过程中存活率的变化

以芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)为材料,用冷冻真空干燥法和砂管法,在4℃条件下进行了六年的菌种保藏对比试验.结果表明,冷冻真空干燥法比砂管法保藏的菌种存活率高,存活率下降速率小;建立了菌种保藏过程中菌种相对存活率随时间变化规律的数学模型L′_f(t)=e~(-0.1323t)和L′s(t)=e~(-0.2900t).该模型的模拟结果能与试验结果较好地吻合.在室温条件下,砂管法的菌种存活率下降速率比4℃条件下大,三个月时存活率为零或接近零;而冷冻真空干燥法保藏菌种存活率与4℃的效果接近.因此冷冻真空干燥法是芽孢杆菌的比较有效的保藏方法.     

担载b-FGF的PLGA微球复合明胶支架的体外释放研究

目的:研究担载碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(b-FGF)微球复合明胶支架的外形特征、孔径、孔隙率及体外释放动力学,以期构建具有缓释功能、高孔隙率的担载细胞因子的新型复合明胶支架。方法:本文利用冷冻相分离法和S/O/W法先将b-FGF水溶液包裹于PLGA微球中,然后埋置于明胶溶液中制备为多孔复合明胶支架。分别对微球的形态和复合明胶支架的基本形态、孔径、孔隙率进行表征,通过Elisa法测定b-FGF在复合明胶支架中的体外释放行为。结果:制备成形态良好的三维复合明胶支架,其孔隙率为82.90%±1.45%,孔径范围为150~300μm,复合明胶支架中b-FGF在体外缓慢释放20余天。结论:担载蛋白微球复合明胶支架不仅满足组织工程支架的要求,还能有效缓释细胞因子,为细胞和组织生长提供良好的微环境,为进一步应用于组织工程领域提供了可能。     

高仿真组织工程神经支架制备工艺的参数优化

目的:对直接影响神经支架微观结构的关键因素进行分析,以确定制备不同孔径仿真支架的制备工艺。方法:用前期开发的神经支架制备工艺,应用不同浓度的醋酸浓度和冷淋速度制备仿真神经支架,以扫描电镜观察神经支架结构特征,以确定醋酸浓度和冷淋速度对神经支架内部结构的影响。结果:醋酸浓度和冷淋速度对神经支架内部结构具有重要影响。醋酸浓度为0mg/ml时,无法制备定向结构的神经支架,当醋酸浓度为1mg/ml、2mg/ml、3mg/ml和4mg/ml时,可制备轴定向仿真支架,并且神经支架的孔径随醋酸浓度增大而增大;当冷淋速度为1×10-5m/s、2×10-5m/s和5×10-5m/s时,所制备的仿真支架内部均呈明显的轴向微管结构,其中冷淋速度为2×10-5m/s时,其轴向微管结构排列最为有序、规律。当速度为1×10-6m/s,2×10-6m/s,5×10-6m/s以及1×10-4m/s时,所制备的材料内部微管结构走向无明显规律。结论:醋酸浓度和冷淋速度是影响神经支架内部结构的两个关键因素,通过改变醋酸浓度和冷淋速度可制备不同孔径的仿真神经支架。     

高密度发酵和真空冷冻干燥工艺对乳酸菌抗冷冻性的影响

经真空冷冻干燥得到的乳酸菌发酵剂存活率和后期的低温贮藏稳定性与诸多因素相关。本文综述了制备乳酸菌发酵剂过程中高密度发酵和真空冷冻干燥工艺的不同对乳酸菌抗冷冻性的影响,其中高密度发酵过程中的培养基组分、培养温度、发酵恒定pH、中和剂的选择、菌体收获时期和发酵结束后处理以及真空冷冻干燥过程中保护剂的添加、预冷冻处理等是影响乳酸菌抗冷冻性的重要因素。通过对这些相关因素的综述分析,为提高乳酸菌发酵剂的冻干存活率和后期的低温贮藏稳定性提供新的思路,且应用抗冷冻性强、活力高的乳酸菌发酵剂对有效提高乳制品的质量和企业的经济效益意义重大。     

灵芝孢子油微胶囊制备技术

灵芝孢子油是从灵芝孢子粉中提取的具有一定药理活性的脂质成分。为提高灵芝孢子油稳定性,以大豆分离蛋白和麦芽糊精为壁材,采用喷雾干燥法和冷冻干燥法制备灵芝孢子油微胶囊。通过试验优化了制备工艺条件并比较了两者干燥方式制备微胶囊的理化性质。结果表明：最佳工艺为大豆分离蛋白和麦芽糊精质量比1:1、固形物含量20%、均质压力30MPa、壁材芯材质量比4:1。两种干燥方式微胶囊流动性、溶解性均较好,差异不显著。但两种微胶囊形态差异较大,喷雾干燥微胶囊整体呈球状、表面紧密无裂缝有凹陷,包埋率为90.84%;冷冻干燥微胶囊结构疏松呈片状,表面多孔。因此喷雾干燥法更适合包埋灵芝孢子油。     

Characterization and evaluation of hydrophobically modified chitosan scaffolds: Towards design of enzyme immobilized flow-through electrodes

Chitosan scaffolds were fabricated by application of thermally induced phase separation from aqueous solutions of unmodified chitosan and hydrophobically modified chitosan polymer. The final pore structure, in terms of diameter and geometry, were correlated to freezing temperature and freezing time for both the unmodified and hydrophobically modified chitosan polymer. Results showed that the resulting pore structure is strongly dependent upon the freezing temperature and less dependant upon the freezing time. For scaffolds produced from unmodified chitosan, the pore size decreased as expected with decreasing freezing temperature from ?5 °C to ?10 °C. However, an inconsistency in this trend was observed as the freezing temperature was decreased to ?20 °C. Combined analysis of pore size distribution and average pore diameter suggested that the freezing process was mainly mass transfer dominated at ?5 °C and ?10 °C, but principally heat transfer dominated at ?20 °C. In comparison, the scaffolds produced from hydrophobically modified chitosan (butyl-chitosan) followed the expected trend of decreasing mean pore diameter with decreased freezing temperatures throughout the entire temperature range. The scaffolds produced from the unmodified chitosan were more stable and rigid, and possessed average pore diameters that were generally smaller than those fabricated from the hydrophobically modified chitosan. The generally larger pores in the butyl-modified chitosan scaffolds might be explained by increased phase separation rates due to the introduced hydrophobicity of the chitosan polymer. Among the scaffolds fabricated from the butyl-modified chitosan, those produced at ?20 °C yielded the most uniform pore structure, the smallest average pore diameters, and the least temporal broadening of pore size distribution.     

Processing and characterization of porous structures from chitosan and starch for tissue engineering scaffolds

Natural biodegradable polymers were processed by different techniques for the production of porous structures for tissue engineering scaffolds. Potato, corn, and sweet potato starches and chitosan, as well as blends of these, were characterized and used in the experiments. The techniques used to produce the porous structures included a novel solvent-exchange phase separation technique and the well-established thermally induced phase separation method. Characterization of the open pore structures was performed by measuring pore size distribution, density, and porosity of the samples. A wide range of pore structures ranging from 1 to 400 microm were obtained. The mechanisms of pore formation are discussed for starch and chitosan scaffolds. Pore morphology in starch scaffolds seemed to be determined by the initial freezing temperature/freezing rate, whereas in chitosan scaffolds the shape and size of pores may have been determined by the processing route used. The mechanical properties of the scaffolds were assessed by indentation tests, showing that the indentation collapse strength depends on the pore geometry and the material type. Bioactivity and degradation of the potential scaffolds were assessed by immersion in simulated body fluid.     

Effect of some factors on fabrication of poly(L-lactic acid) microporous foams by thermally induced phase separation using N,N-dimethylacetamide as solvent

Biocompatible, highly interconnected microporous poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) foams or scaffolds with nano-fibrous structure, containing pores with diameters of 0.1-3.5 μm and fibers with diameters of 300-700 nm scale, were prepared through the thermally induced liquid-liquid phase separation (TIPS) method using N,N'-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) as solvent. Various foam morphologies were obtained by changing parameters involved in the TIPS process, such as polymer concentration, solvent composition, and quenching temperatures. The morphology of different foams was examined by scanning electron microscopy, whereas the pore size and the pore size distribution were calculated. The results showed that most porous foams presented nano-fibrous structure with interconnected open pores. In the case of using DMAc as solvent, with increasing polymer concentration, either the average pore diameter or the pore size distribution exhibited a maximum value at 0.05 g/mL polymer concentration and quenching temperature of -30°C. It was found that all the pore size distribution fit the F-distribution equation. With increasing the quenching temperature from -30°C to -10°C, the maximum average pore diameter of the foams decreased and the pore size distribution became narrower, whereas the polymer concentration exhibiting the maximum pore size and widest pore size distribution increased from 0.05 g/mL to 0.07 g/mL. In the case of using the mixed solvent of DMAc/DOX (1,4-dioxane) from 9/1 to 7/3 (v/v) there appeared a maximum value of average pore diameter and a widest pore size distribution all at 0.05 g/mL PLLA concentration and quenching temperature of -30°C. The maximum pore size tends to increase with increasing DOX content.     

Photoinitiated cross-linking of the biodegradable polyester poly(propylene fumarate). Part II. In vitro degradation

This study investigated the in vitro degradation of both solid PPF networks and porous PPF scaffolds formed by photoinitiated cross-linking of PPF polymer chains. Three formulations of scaffolds of differing porosity and pore size were constructed by varying porogen size and content. The effects of pore size and pore volume on scaffold mass, geometry, porosity, mechanical properties, and water absorption were then examined. Throughout the study, the solid networks and porous scaffolds exhibited continual mass loss and slight change in length. Porogen content appeared to have the greatest effect upon physical degradation. For example, scaffolds initially fabricated with 80 wt % porogen content lost approximately 30% of their initial PPF content after 32 weeks of degradation, whereas scaffolds fabricated with 70 wt % porogen content lost approximately 18% after 32 weeks of degradation. For all scaffold formulations, water absorption capacity, porosity, and compressive modulus were maintained at constant values following porogen leaching. These results indicate the potential of photo-cross-linked PPF scaffolds in tissue engineering applications which require maintenance of scaffold structure, strength, and porosity during the initial stages of degradation.     

Porous gelatin hydrogels: 1. Cryogenic formation and structure analysis

In the present work, porous gelatin scaffolds were prepared by cryogenic treatment of a chemically cross-linked gelatin hydrogel, followed by removal of the ice crystals formed through lyophilization. This technique often leads to porous gels with a less porous skin. A simple method has been developed to solve this problem. The present study demonstrates that the hydrogel pore size decreased with an increasing gelatin concentration and with an increasing cooling rate of the gelatin hydrogel. Variation of the cryogenic parameters applied also enabled us to develop scaffolds with different pore morphologies (spherical versus transversal channel-like pores). In our opinion, this is the first paper in which temperature gradients during controlled cryogenic treatment were applied to induce a pore size gradient in gelatin hydrogels. With a newly designed cryo-unit, temperature gradients of 10 and 30 degrees C were implemented during the freezing step, resulting in scaffolds with average pore diameters of, respectively, +/-116 and +/-330 microm. In both cases, the porosity and pore size decreased gradually through the scaffolds. Pore size and structure analysis of the matrices was accomplished through a combination of microcomputed tomography using different software packages (microCTanalySIS and Octopus), scanning electron microscopy analysis, and helium pycnometry.     

Porous devices derived from co-continuous polymer blends as a route for controlled drug release

In this study we examine the release profile of bovine serum albumin (BSA) from a porous polymer matrix derived from a co-continuous polymer blend. The porosity is generated through the selective extraction of one of the continuous phases. This is the first study to examine the approach of using morphologically tailored co-continuous polymer blends as a template for generating porous polymer materials for use in controlled release. A method for the preparation of polymeric capsules is introduced, and the effect of matrix pore size and surface area on the BSA release profile is investigated. Furthermore, the effect of surface charge on release is examined by surface modification of the porous substrate using layer-by-layer deposition techniques. Synthetic, nonerodible polymer, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), was used as a model substrate prepared by melt blending with two different styrene-ethylene-butylene copolymers. Blends with HDPE allow for the preparation of porous substrates with small pore sizes (300 and 600 nm). A blend of polylactide (PLA) and polystyrene was also used to prepare porous PLA with a larger pore size (1.5 microm). The extents of interconnectivity, surface area, and pore dimension of the prepared porous substrates were examined via gravimetric solvent extraction, BET nitrogen adsorption, mercury porosimetry, and image analysis of scanning electron microscopy micrographs. With a loading protocol into the porous HDPE and PLA involving the alternate application of pressure and vacuum, it is shown that virtually the entire porous network was accessible to BSA loading, and loading efficiencies of between 80% and 96% were obtained depending on the pore size of the carrier and the applied pressure. The release profile of BSA from the microporous structure was monitored by UV spectrophotometry. The influence of pore size, surface area, surface charge, and number of deposited layers is demonstrated. It is shown that an effective closed-cell structure in porous PLA can be prepared, effectively eliminating all short-term BSA release.     

内部结构可控的大体积三维细胞支架制备研究

目的：研究一种可以控制三维细胞支架内部孔隙结构的实验技术,用于制备孔隙结构可控的三维细胞支架,以满足组织工程对支架孔隙结构的要求。方法：均匀混合粘结剂与致孔剂,在离心力作用下去除混合物中多余的粘结剂,应用溶剂浇注/颗粒沥析方法制备三维细胞支架。结果：致孔剂粘结块的结构非常均匀,粘结程度可以通过实验条件控制。例如,直径为100~220μm的致孔剂,在离心力为161g,粘结剂浓度分别为20％和40％时,颗粒间粘结程度分别为33.78±556 (134)μm和42.89±5.87 (132) μm。并且,利用该技术制备的三维多孔支架,其内部孔隙大小取决于致孔剂颗粒大小,孔隙间的通道直径取决于致孔剂的粘结程度,即离心粘结与溶剂浇注/颗粒沥析技术相结合,能够方便地控制三维支架的孔隙结构。例如,当粘结程度为33.78±556 (134) μm时,支架的通道直径为33.34±5.21(12)μm,两者之间无显著差异。 结论：利用离心粘结与溶剂浇注/颗粒沥析技术结合,获得了孔隙呈球形、孔隙间完全连通的、结构均匀的大体积三维细胞支架,并且支架的孔隙以及孔隙间通道大小均可以实现人为控制。     

Porous 3-D scaffolds from regenerated silk fibroin

Three fabrication techniques, freeze-drying, salt leaching and gas foaming, were used to form porous three-dimensional silk biomaterial matrixes. Matrixes were characterized for morphological and functional properties related to processing method and conditions. The porosity of the salt leached scaffolds varied between 84 and 98% with a compressive strength up to 175 +/- 3 KPa, and the gas foamed scaffolds had porosities of 87-97% and compressive strength up to 280 +/- 4 KPa. The freeze-dried scaffolds were prepared at different freezing temperatures (-80 and -20 degrees C) and subsequently treated with different concentrations (15 and 25%) and hydrophilicity alcohols. The porosity of these scaffolds was up to 99%, and the maximum compressive strength was 30 +/- 2 KPa. Changes in silk fibroin structure during processing to form the 3D matrixes were determined by FT-IR and XrD. The salt leached and gas foaming techniques produced scaffolds with a useful combination of high compressive strength, interconnected pores, and pore sizes greater than 100 microns in diameter. The results suggest that silk-based 3D matrixes can be formed for utility in biomaterial applications.     

Poly(propylene fumarate) bone tissue engineering scaffold fabrication using stereolithography: effects of resin formulations and laser parameters

Stereolithography using photo-cross-linkable polymeric biomaterials is an effective technique for fabricating highly complex three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds with controlled microstructures for tissue engineering applications. In this study, we have optimized the UV curable polymer solution composition and laser parameters for the stereolithography machine. Poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) was used as the biomaterial, diethyl fumarate (DEF) was used as the solvent, and bisacrylphosphrine oxide (BAPO) was used as the photoinitiator. Three different weight ratios of PPF/DEF and BAPO contents were characterized by measuring the viscosities and thermal properties of the un-cross-linked solutions and the mechanical properties of the formed scaffolds. After optimizing the resin composition by satisfying both the viscosity limitation and the mechanical requirement, laser parameters such as critical exposure (Ec) and penetration depth (Dp) were determined from the working curve and the relationship between laser speed and energy by measuring the thickness of predesigned windows fabricated in stereolithography with different ranges of Ec and Dp. Three-dimensional scaffolds with various pore sizes, pore shapes, and porosities were designed in computer-aided design (CAD) software and were fabricated in stereolithography. The fabricated scaffolds were characterized by measuring external dimensions, porosities, mean pore sizes, and compressive moduli and were compared to the CAD models. Feature accuracy in the xy-plane was achieved and overcuring of the resin in z-axis was minimized. The stereolithographically fabricated scaffolds with controlled microstructures can be useful in diverse tissue engineering applications.     

Effects of the cooling mode on the structure and strength of porous scaffolds made of chitosan,alginate, and carboxymethyl cellulose by the freeze-gelation method

A freeze-gelation method was utilized to prepare porous scaffolds made of chitosan, alginate, and carboxymethyl cellulose because of their usefulness in tissue engineering applications. These polysaccharide solutions were cooled down to freezing using either a fast-cooling (FC) mode (>20 °C/min) or a slow-cooling (SC) mode (0.83 °C/min). Then the frozen polysaccharide solutions were immersed in their respective non-solvents to form porous scaffolds. Based on the SEM and optical microscope images of the scaffolds, the FC mode induced non-simultaneous nucleation and generated directional pore structures. In contrast, simultaneous nucleation and uniform and isotropic pore structures (mean pore size: 60–100 μm) were obtained by using the SC mode. Moreover, the tensile strength of the scaffolds prepared by the SC mode (about 60 N/g) was three times higher than that of scaffolds prepared by the FC mode (about 20 N/g). This study reveals that when using the freeze-gelation method, the cooling rate (mode) is a crucial factor which controls the pore structure and strength of porous scaffolds. Therefore, our results suggest that polysaccharide scaffolds with pore structures suitable for tissue engineering applications can be obtained via an appropriate cooling mode.