反应分离耦合技术生产L-苹果酸工艺过程的优化研究

运用生物反应分离耦合原理 ,以富马酸钙为底物 ,采用游离延胡索酸酶 ,直接转化生成苹果酸钙。该法相对目前广泛采用的包埋式固定化方法具有工艺流程短、操作简便、转化率、收率高等特点。研究结果表明 ,转化温度为 40℃、Ph为 7.0～ 7.5时 ,每升延胡索酸酶液能在 2.0～ 2.8h间将 3.2kg的富马酸钙转化生成苹果酸钙 ,转化率高达 99.9% ,富马酸在产品中的残留在 0.1%左右 ,产品符合美国药典标准 ,成本与化学合成法生产的DL 苹果酸相当     

L-苹果酸的生理功能及应用前景

L-苹果酸队（L-MalicAcid简称LMA）是生物体糖代谢过程中产生的重要有机酸,广泛存在于自然界的水果和蔬菜中,未成熟的苹果中含量较高,约为04％。LMA有多种生产方法：直接提取法;DL-苹果酸拆分法;利用微生物发酵糖质原料生产法;利用微生物产生的延胡索酸酶转化法;微生物发”酵非糖质原糖生产法［1］.其中以第三和第四种方法为主。直接发酵法的研究可追溯到本世纪20年代,因产酸达不到工业生产水平的要求,很长一段时间都未能有所突破。1959年,日本在实验室以延胡索酸为原料,采用微生物酶转化法取得成功,1974年建小规模工厂生…     

固定化细胞生产L—苹果酸动力学及两种酶反应器的比较

研究了产氨短杆菌ＭＡ－２,黄色短杆菌ＭＡ－３的固定化细胞在富马酸铵转化体系中生成Ｌ－苹果酸的动力学参数,同时比较了固定化细胞在填充床及连续机械搅拌反应器中酶转化反应的差异。研究结果表明：当转化率小于４０％时,酶反应在两种反应器所需的停留时间相当。随着转化率的提高,填充床反应器较连续机械搅拌反应器所需的停留时间短且不会因剪切力使固定化颗粒受到损伤,因此,在富马酸铵体系中用固定化酶生产Ｌ－苹果酸采用填     

L-苹果酸产生菌F-871变株合成延胡索酸酶的研究

温特曲霉Aspergillus wentii F-871是高效转化延胡索酸为L-苹果酸的变株,通过对其合成延胡索酸酶的因素进行研究,筛选了培养基主要营养元素有L-精氨酸、酪氨酸、丝氨酸、天冬氨酸、苏氨酸、赖氨酸及相应含量丰富的酵母粉、黄豆饼粉和玉米浆。该变株生长阶段条件为：pH6．0,温度2830℃,培养时间为24h,酶合成阶段最适条件：接种量15％,初始pH6．8,培养温度2830℃,装量8090ml／500ml,酶合成周期40h。在优化的培养条件下,F-871变株延胡索酸酶合成水平可达156．33u／g,100ml发酵液中的酶可将延胡索酸转化为L-苹果酸32．06g,比国内一步发酵法产酸88．5％提高约4倍,转化率由85％提高到106．87％,发酵周期由90h缩短至57h。     

温特曲霉转富马酸为L—苹果酸的初步研究

从大量霉菌在选育到一株具有较高富马酸酶活性的温特曲霉（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓ ｗｅｎｔｉｉ）Ａ５－６１。在摇瓶培养条件下,３２℃ ９６小时,产Ｌ－苹果酸达１０．４９ｇ／１００ｍｌ,对富马酸的转化率达９０．８０％。利用菌体细胞,进行酶转化试验,结果表明：１．６ｇ湿菌体接入２５ｍｌ含富马酸１０．０％（用ＮａＯＨ中和至ｐＨ７．０）的转化液中,３５℃１６－２４小时,连续转化三次,分别产生Ｌ－苹果酸９．６１     

用平板透明圈法测定延胡索酸酶活力

将黄色短杆菌培养在含有延胡索酶的平板培养基上,该菌产生的延胡索酸酶能转化延胡索乱Ｌ－苹果酸。用６Ｎ硫酸处理平板后,其菌落周围便会出现清晰的透明圈。     

新型气升式反应器在发酵培养中的应用研究

本文以Ｌ－苹果酸生产为例,采用新型的分段内循环气升式反应器分批培养产延胡索酸酶的产氨短杆菌ＭＡ－２,并与同等规模机械搅拌反应器中接着的结果相比较。数据表明,采用气升式发酵设备进行培养,该菌体的收率能提高近３％,且发酵周期能缩短一半左右,显著降低培养成本,该类型的反应器具有广阔的应用前景。     

强化海藻酸钠凝胶制备固定化酶

为了确定生产帕拉金糖（异麦芽酮糖）的固化酶最佳条件,在固化材料和固化方法上进行多项试验。结果表明：使用添加剂强化海藻酸钙凝胶包埋整个细胞酶,固化效果最佳,固化酶的酶活为３０～６０ｕ／ｇ,蔗糖平均转化率８５％,最高转化率９５％,实验室中固化酶连续转化半衰期长达４５ｄ。     

黄曲霉发酵薯干粉水解液生产L－苹果酸

经选育和诱变得到一株产苹果酸的黄曲霉菌ＴＨ５００７,通过发酵条件的优化,以薯干粉的水解液为主要原料,发酵５ｄＬ－苹果酸可达到６％左右。在总酸中苹果酸含量平均达７２％以上,杂有机酸主要是柠檬酸,延胡索酸的含量在０．０２％以下。补糖发酵比分批发酵产酸性能更佳。     

产环氧化物水解酶的黑曲霉菌种分离和发酵条件的研究

从土壤中筛选出一株能将苯基环氧乙烷立体选择性水解为R－苯基乙二醇的环氧化物水解酶的黑曲霉SQ－6。对其产酶发酵条件进行了研究,最佳碳,氮源分别为2．0％蔗糖和2．0％玉米浆,最适初始pH为4．0,该酶不需诱导,同时还研究了其他发酵条件对产酶的影响,使用含酶细胞进行底物苯基环氧乙烷转化。产物（R）－苯基乙二醇转化率为41％,ee值为99％。     

钙指示剂的发展及其研究现状

钙指示剂常被用于细胞及细胞器钙信号的检测,是钙信号转导研究中必不可少的工具.目前的钙指示剂分两大类,包括化学钙指示剂,如Fura-2、Indo-1、Fluo-4等,和基因编码的钙指示蛋白如D1ER、GCaMP、CEPIAler等.随着技术的发展及研究需求的不断提升,各版本的钙指示剂也在不断更新.本文对已有的钙指示剂进行...     

Ganglioside Function in Calcium Homeostasis and Signaling

Ganglioside function in eukaryotic cells encompasses a variety of modulatory interactions related to both development and mature cellular behavior. In relation to the nervous system this includes induction of neurite outgrowth and trophic/neuroprotective phenomena; more generally this applies to ganglioside effects on receptor function, adhesion reactions, and signal transduction mechanisms in neural and extraneural systems. Underlying many of these trophic effects are ganglioside-induced changes in cellular calcium, accomplished through modulation of Ca²⁺ influx channels, Ca²⁺ exchange proteins, and various Ca²⁺-dependent enzymes that are altered through association with gangliosides. A clear distinction needs to be drawn between intrinsic functions of gangliosides as naturally expressed by the cell and activities created by application of exogenous ganglioside(s) that may or may not reflect natural function. This review attempts to summarize findings in this area and point to possible future directions of research.     

Heparin inhibits the reconstituted plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase from porcine brain synaptosome

Heparin has been shown to be involved in the regulation of cellular Ca(2+) by binding to many proteins with high affinity. Here we examined the effects of heparin on the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase from porcine brain synaptosome. Our results showed that heparin dramatically inhibited the ATP hydrolysis and Ca(2+) uptake in the presence and absence of calmodulin. Together with controlled proteolysis by trypsin, we concluded that the calmodulin-binding domain of the plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase was less important for the heparin inhibition. Excess phosphatidylserine was able to eliminate the heparin inhibition. We observed that Ca(2+) affinity kept no obvious changes, but the ATP affinity of plasma membrane Ca(2+)-ATPase was apparently decreased in the presence of heparin. Our results indicated that heparin had little effects on ATP or Ca(2+) binding sites of the enzyme.     

Aging-related changes in calcium oscillations in fertilized mouse oocytes

Aging of oocytes, being not fertilized after ovulation for a prolonged time, considerably affects normal development of the fertilized oocyte. We examined effects of the aging on a series of highly repetitive Ca²⁺ transients commonly seen in fertilized mouse oocytes (Ca²⁺ oscillations). Frequency of Ca²⁺ oscillations in the aged oocyte [20 hrs after induction of superovulation by i.p. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)] was significantly higher (34.1 ± 5.8 1/hr) than the fresh oocyte (14 hr post-hCG, 21.8 ± 7.9 1/hr). Rates of rise and fall of individual Ca²⁺ transient in the aged oocyte were significantly slower than the fresh oocyte, whereas durations of individual Ca²⁺ transients were similar. When extracellular Ca²⁺ was raised from 2.04 mM to 5.00 mM, aged oocytes showed significant prolongation of the duration of individual Ca²⁺ transient, that resulted in a sustained elevation of intracellular Ca²⁺ ([Ca²⁺]_i) in 33% of the aged oocyte. Transient increase in [Ca²⁺]_i by photolysis of a caged Ca²⁺, Nitr-5, injected into cytoplasm was completely restored in the fresh oocyte [fluorescence intensity of [Ca²⁺]_i indicator dye Fluo-3 (F₄₈₀) returned to 97 ± 2% of the control level, time constant = 37 ± 9 sec]. In contrast, in the aged oocyte, restoration of F₄₈₀ following Nitr-5 photolysis was incomplete (115 ± 12% of the control) and slow (time constant = 64 ± 23 sec). Because inhibition of the Ca²⁺ pump of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by 5 μM thapsigargin almost completely inhibited restoration of F₄₈₀ following Nitr-5 photolysis in the fresh oocyte, we conclude that the aging-related changes in Ca²⁺ oscillations may be accounted for by dysfunction of intracellular Ca²⁺ regulation, presumably of the Ca²⁺ pump of the ER. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 48:383–390, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Subcellular calcium oscillators and calcium influx support agonist-induced calcium waves in cultured astrocytes

We have analysed Ca²⁺ waves induced by norepinephrine in rat cortical astrocytes in primary culture using fluorescent indicators fura-2 or fluo-3. The temporal pattern of the average [Ca²⁺]_i responses were heterogeneous from cell to cell and most cells showed an oscillatory response at concentrations of agonist around EC₅₀ (200 nM). Upon receptor activation, [Ca²⁺]_i signals originated from a single cellular locus and propagated throughout the cell as a wave. Wave propagation was supported by specialized regenerative calcium release loci along the length of the cell. The periods of oscillations, amplitudes, and the rates of [Ca²⁺]_i rise of these subcellular oscillators differ from each other. These intrinsic kinetic properties of the regenerative loci support local waves when stimulation is continued over long periods of time. The presence of local waves at specific, invariant cellular sites and their inherent kinetic properties provide for the unique and reproducible pattern of response seen in a given cell. We hypothesize that these loci are local specializations in the endoplasmic reticulum where the magnitude of the regenerative Ca²⁺ release is higher than other regions of the cell. Removal of extracellular Ca²⁺ or blockade of Ca²⁺ channels by inorganic cations (Cd²⁺ and Ni²⁺) during stimulation of adrenergic receptors alter the sustained plateau component of the [Ca²⁺]_i response. In the absence of Ca²⁺ release, due to store depletion with thapsigargin, agonist occupation alone does not induce Ca²⁺ influx in astrocytes. This finding suggests that, under these conditions, receptor-operated Ca²⁺ entry is not operative. Furthermore, our experiments provide evidence for local Ca²⁺ oscillations in cells which can support both wave propagation as well as spatially discrete Ca²⁺ signalling.     

Mode of action of proctolin on locust visceral muscle

Proctolin increases the frequency and amplitude of myogenic contractions and results in a sustained contraction of the oviducts of Locusta migratoria. The possible mode of action of proctolin receptors on this visceral muscle has been investigated. Calcium-free saline, containing either 20 mM magnesium ions or 100 μM EGTA, inhibited myogenic contractions, lowered basal tension, and abolished all the effects of proctolin following a 20 min incubation. These effects were reversible upon washing with normal saline. Similar results were obtained with normal saline containing 10 mM cobalt ions. Nifedipine at 50 μM lowered basal tension, abolished myogenic contractions, and reduced the proctolin-induced sustained contraction by 42-62% at 0.5 nM proctolin and by 33-37% at 5 nM proctolin. Similar results were obtained with 100 μM verapamil. Proctolin was still capable of eliciting considerable contractions (25-67% of controls) in preparations depolarized with 100 mM potassium saline. The removal of calcium from the high-potassium saline reversibly abolished the potassium-induced contraction and reversibly blocked the action of proctolin. Nifedipine was ineffective in blocking the action of proctolin in high-potassium saline. Neither cyclic AMP levels nor cyclic GMP levels of the lateral oviducts were elevated by proctolin in the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. The results indicate that proctolin mediates its effects via an influx of external calcium ions. This calcium appears to enter through two channels, a voltage-dependent channel and a receptor-operated channel. Cyclic nucleotides do not appear to be involved in the action of proctolin in this visceral muscle.     

Stretch-activated calcium channels relay fast calcium waves propagated by calcium-induced calcium influx

For nearly 30 years, fast calcium waves have been attributed to a regenerative process propagated by CICR (calcium-induced calcium release) from the endoplasmic reticulum. Here, I propose a model containing a new subclass of fast calcium waves which is propagated by CICI (calcium-induced calcium influx) through the plasma membrane. They are called fast CICI waves. These move at the order of 100 to 1000 microm/s (at 20 degrees C), rather than the order of 3 to 30 microm/s found for CICR. Moreover, in this proposed subclass, the calcium influx which drives calcium waves is relayed by stretch-activated calcium channels. This model is based upon reports from approx. 60 various systems. In seven of these reports, calcium waves were imaged, and, in five of these, evidence was presented that these waves were regenerated by CICI. Much of this model involves waves that move along functioning flagella and cilia. In these systems, waves of local calcium influx are thought to cause waves of local contraction by inducing the sliding of dynein or of kinesin past tubulin microtubules. Other cells which are reported to exhibit waves, which move at speeds in the fast CICI range, include ones from a dozen protozoa, three polychaete worms, three molluscs, a bryozoan, two sea urchins, one arthropod, four insects, Amphioxus, frogs, two fish and a vascular plant (Equisetum), together with numerous healthy, as well as cancerous, mammalian cells, including ones from human. In two of these systems, very gentle local mechanical stimulation is reported to initiate waves. In these non-flagellar systems, the calcium influxes are thought to speed the sliding of actinomyosin filaments past each other. Finally, I propose that this mechanochemical model could be tested by seeing if gentle mechanical stimulation induces waves in more of these systems and, more importantly, by imaging the predicted calcium waves in more of them.     

Plasma membrane calcium pump and sodium-calcium exchanger in maintenance and control of calcium concentrations in platelets

The purpose of this research was to elucidate the activity of the mechanisms responsible for control of cytosolic calcium concentration in platelets by modeling the time-course of the concentration changing in response to discharge of the intracellular stores or store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). The parameters estimated as a result of model fitting to experimental data are related to physiological or pathological state of the cells. It has been shown that: (a) the time-course is determined by the passive calcium fluxes and activities of the corresponding mechanisms; (b) the decline in the concentration (after its rise) develops due to activity of plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA) both in the case of discharge of the stores of platelets contained in calcium-free medium and in the case of SOCE; (c) impulsive extrusion of calcium in response to its sudden influx, presumably, is the main function of PMCA; (d) the function of sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) is to extrude calcium excess by permanent counteracting its influx.     

Calcium in plant defence-signalling pathways

In plant cells, the calcium ion is a ubiquitous intracellular second messenger involved in numerous signalling pathways. Variations in the cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ ([Ca2+]cyt) couple a large array of signals and responses. Here we concentrate on calcium signalling in plant defence responses, particularly on the generation of the calcium signal and downstream calcium-dependent events participating in the establishment of defence responses with special reference to calcium-binding proteins.     

Light Dependence of Calcium and Membrane Potential Measured in Blowfly Photoreceptors In Vivo

Light adaptation in insect photoreceptors is caused by an increase in the cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration. To better understand this process, we measured the cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration in vivo as a function of adapting light intensity in the white-eyed blowfly mutant chalky. We developed a technique to measure the cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration under conditions as natural as possible. The calcium indicator dyes Oregon Green 1, 2, or 5N (Molecular Probes, Inc., Eugene, OR) were iontophoretically injected via an intracellular electrode into a photoreceptor cell in the intact eye; the same electrode was also used to measure the membrane potential. The blue-induced green fluorescence of these dyes could be monitored by making use of the optics of the facet lens and the rhabdomere waveguide. The use of the different Ca²⁺-sensitive dyes that possess different affinities for Ca²⁺ allowed the quantitative determination of the cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration in the steady state. Determining the cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration as a function of the adapting light intensity shows that the Ca²⁺ concentration is regulated in a graded fashion over the whole dynamic range where a photoreceptor cell can respond to light. When a photoreceptor is adapted to bright light, the cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration reaches stable values higher than 10 μM. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the logarithm of the increase in cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration is linear with the logarithm of the light intensity. From the estimated values of the cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration, we conclude that the Ca²⁺-buffering capacity is limited. The percentage of the Ca²⁺ influx that is buffered gradually decreases with increasing Ca²⁺ concentrations; at cytosolic Ca²⁺ concentration levels above 10 μM, buffering becomes minimal.