表面活性剂对大肠杆菌胞外生产α-环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶的影响

研究了不同浓度表面活性剂Tween-80,Triton X-100,SDS对大肠杆菌生产α-环糊精葡萄糖基转移酶（α-CGT酶）的影响。结果表明：发酵初始添加Tween-80和Triton X-100的最适浓度分别为2％,0.5％,最终胞外酶活分别达2.03U/ml和4.92U/ml,相对于未添加表面活性剂时提高4.6倍和12.67倍,且改变添加时间不能提高酶的产量;发酵36 h添加0.02％SDS对α-CGT酶产量促进最大,最终胞外酶活达5.31U/ml,较对照组提高12.75倍。表面活性剂对α-CGT酶生产的促进作用可能是由大肠杆菌细胞内外膜渗透性增加所致,使细胞周质空间中α-CGT酶能更加快速地渗透到胞外。     

DMSO对悬浮培养的东北红豆杉细胞凋亡和紫杉醇合成的影响

研究了不同浓度的DMSO对悬浮培养的东北红豆杉（Taxus cuspidata）细胞的增殖能力、细胞活性以及紫杉醇合成和释放等方面的影响,同时应用荧光指示剂双染法检测了细胞凋亡的发生情况。结果显示2％的DMSO处理能显著降低细胞活性,抑制细胞的增殖能力,使细胞核内DNA含量减少,培养中、后期在荧光显微镜下可见部分细胞核出现典型的凋亡形态,同时伴有紫杉醇产量的明显增加。对照组及1％以下浓度组未出现上述改变。结果表明一定浓度的DMSO能诱导细胞凋亡,促进细胞紫杉醇合成能力的提高。     

6-苄氨基腺嘌呤和萘乙酸对三裂叶野葛毛状根生长和异黄酮含量的影响

为了探讨植物激素对三裂叶野葛毛状根生长和异黄酮化合物含量的影响,采用不同浓度的6-苄氨基腺嘌呤(6-Benzylaminopurine,6-BA)或6-BA和萘乙酸(α-Naphthaleneacetic,NAA)结合处理三裂叶野葛毛状根,观察其对毛状根生长的影响,然后利用分光光度计测定毛状根中异黄酮化合物含量及抗氧化酶活性。结果表明:6-BA抑制三裂叶野葛毛状根的生长,降低三裂叶野葛毛状根的生物量,且随着6-BA浓度的增加,其抑制效果愈明显;同时降低其总异黄酮化合物的含量。与对照相比,不同浓度6-BA和NAA 2.0 mg/L结合抑制毛状根的生长,降低毛状根中总异黄酮化合物含量。6-BA和NAA结合能显著提高毛状根可溶性蛋白质含量和过氧化物酶活性,但降低其超氧化物歧化酶活性;单独6-BA处理的毛状根培养至30 d时,可以检测到典型的DNA ladder带,而6-BA和NAA结合处理的毛状根培养至20 d时就可以检测到DNA ladder带,表明6-BA或6-BA和NAA结合都可以促进细胞程序性死亡的发生,且NAA具有协同作用。     

野葛细胞培养及其生长特性的研究

目的：以野葛不同器官来源的外植体为材料诱导愈伤组织,建立起悬浮细胞培养体系,研究愈伤组织及悬浮细胞的生长特性。方法：采用细胞生长测定、细胞培养物中有效成分含量测定及细胞的观察。结果：野葛细胞培养过程中异黄酮及葛根素含量随细胞生长逐渐积累,在细胞生长静止期含量最高,次生代谢物与细胞生长呈负相关。不同来源的愈伤组织以根愈伤组织中异黄酮及葛根素含量最高,其中总异黄酮含量为：47．60mg/g Dw、葛根素含量为：3．30mg／g Dw,其次叶、茎、子叶,悬浮细胞中含量最低。不同愈伤组织的细胞及悬浮细胞在生长过程中细胞形态有差异。     

α-淀粉酶AmyP对有机溶剂和表面活性剂的耐受性

AmyP是一个来自海洋宏基因组文库的α-淀粉酶。AmyP不仅对log Pow值从4．5到-0．24的各种有机溶剂均具有良好的耐受性,而且能被正辛醇、正辛烷和甲苯提高活性为139％、118％和119％。正辛醇影响AmyP的淀粉水解产物、葡萄糖的含量增加、麦芽三糖的含量降低。非离子型的表面活性剂Tween-20、Tween-80和Triton X-100存在条件下,AmyP的活性反而有不同程度的提高。但是,AmyP对阴离子型的SDS和阳离子型CTAB的耐受性稍差。结果表明AmyP是一个同时具有有机溶剂和表面活性剂耐受性的新型α-淀粉酶。     

吐温-80对野葛毛状根生长及异黄酮含量的影响

将不同浓度的吐温-80添加到野葛毛状根悬浮培养液中,研究在一定的作用时间内其对毛状根生长及次生代谢物合成与分泌的影响。结果表明,采用2％浓度处理较为适宜,不仅可以提高毛状根内葛根素的含量,而且有利于培养液中葛根素、大豆甙元及总异黄酮的积累,与对照相比,其含量可分别提高24．2％、50％和46．7％。在该浓度下连续处理毛状根72h后,发现毛状根仍生长旺盛,其生长量已是对照的1．5倍。但不同时间的连续处理对毛状根及培养液中几种异黄酮物质的积累与释放作用不同,其中以处理48h最有利于培养液中总异黄酮的累积,其含量是毛状根中的38倍。     

蔗糖和光对三裂叶野葛毛状根生长及次生物质产生的影响

研究了蔗糖浓度和光对固体培养的三裂叶野葛毛状根生长及其总异黄酮和葛根素产生的影响。结果表明：在供试的分别添加1%、3%、5%、7%和9%蔗糖的MS固体培养基中,3%蔗糖能促进三裂叶野葛毛状根的生长及其异黄酮类化合物和葛根素的积累;培养20d后,其生物量达到0.48g(DW,干重)/瓶,总异黄酮和葛根素含量分别为25.44mg/g(DW)和11.64mg/g(DW)。与添加3%蔗糖的MS培养基培养的三裂叶野葛毛状根相比,含5%蔗糖的培养基培养的毛状根干重增殖倍数提高了7.0％,而含1％、7％和9％蔗糖的培养基培养的毛状根干重增殖倍数分别下降62.4％、42.8％和65.3％;其总异黄酮含量分别降低574％、13％和33.4％,葛根素含量分别下降47.9％、15.8％和35.1％,但其毛状根培养物的可溶性糖含量则分别增加了0.52、1.45和1.54倍。暗培养30d的毛状根的生物量达到0.83g(DW)/瓶,分别比蓝光和白光培养的毛状根提高37.1%和23.3%。在蓝光和白光下培养的部分毛状根的表面呈淡绿色;但白光处理的毛状根中总异黄酮含量比蓝光和暗培养处理的分别提高了14.7%和19.2%;蓝光抑制毛状根中葛根素含量的积累,白光和暗培养的毛状根培养物中的葛根素含量分别是蓝光处理的1.61倍和1.52倍。     

DMSO 对悬浮培养的东北红豆杉细胞凋亡和紫杉醇合成的影响

研究了不同浓度的DMSO对悬浮培养的东北红豆杉(Taxus cuspidata)细胞的增殖能力、细胞活性以及紫杉醇合成和释放等方面的影响,同时应用荧光指示剂双染法检测了细胞凋亡的发生情况.结果显示2%的DMSO处理能显著降低细胞活性,抑制细胞的增殖能力,使细胞核内DNA含量减少,培养中、后期在荧光显微镜下可见部分细胞核出现典型的凋亡形态,同时伴有紫杉醇产量的明显增加;对照组及1%以下浓度组未出现上述改变.结果表明一定浓度的DMSO能诱导细胞凋亡,促进细胞紫杉醇合成能力的提高.     

S/D灭活血浆内脂包膜病毒及病毒灭活血浆的研究

研究磷酸三丁酯(TNBP)／Triton X-100对血浆内脂包膜病毒的灭活效果。用VSV病毒和Sindbis病毒作指示病毒,加入血浆后再加磷酸三丁酯／Triton X-100,观察病毒的滴度变化及对血浆蛋白的影响。结果发现终浓度各为1％的磷酸三丁酯／Triton X-100在60min内可以灭活血浆内的两种指示病毒,而血浆蛋白的组成和功能变化很小。经层折、超滤后血浆内磷酸三丁酯和Triton X-100的残余量分别低于5μg/ml,表明S／D处理血浆的安全性和治疗作用都很好,其制剂冰冻血浆或冻干血浆可用于临床治疗凝血因子缺乏症,或用作血容量扩张剂。     

水杨酸、茉莉酸甲酯和乙烯利对野葛细胞悬浮培养生产葛根素的影响

野葛〔Ｐｕｅｒａｒｉａｌｏｂａｔａ(Ｗｉｌｌｄ.)Ｏｈｗｉ〕是我国及其他东亚国家传统的药用资源,其主要药用成分为葛根素,广泛用于治疗多种心血管疾病[1]。由于近年来生态环境的人为破坏,野生野葛资源已不能满足人们对葛根素药物的需求,通过细胞工程可以实现野葛资源的可持续性开发。本项目组已经建立了野葛组织培养和植株再生[2]及细胞悬浮培养体系[3],研究结果表明,悬浮细胞培养物能够生产葛根素,但产量仍有待于提高[3]。已知水杨酸(ｓａｌｉｃｙｌｉｃａｃｉｄ,ＳＡ)、乙烯和茉莉酸类化合物(ｊａｓｍｏｎａｔｅｓ,ＪＡｓ)能够在高…     

Food-grade chemical and biological agents permeabilize red beet hairy roots,assisting the release of betalaines

Hairy root cultures of red beet, Beta vulgaris L., were permeabilized under the functions of food-grade chemical and biological agents cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), Triton X-100, Tween-80, Lactobacillus helveticus, Saccharomyces cereviseae, and Candida utilis, as well as cell fractions of L. helveticus, for the recovery of betalaines with or without oxygen stress. Tween-80 (0.15%), Triton X-100 (0.2%), and CTAB (0.05%), in combination with oxygen stress, released 45%, 70%, and 90% pigment into the medium, respectively, with significantly lesser levels in agitated cultures receiving similar treatments. The release was rapid (1 h) in CTAB treatment with a much slower release in Tween-80. CTAB (0.002%) was found to be also useful in effluxing betalaines (80%) from hairy roots grown in a bubble column reactor. Viability of permeabilized hairy roots, tested on agar medium, was not affected by any level of CTAB treatment and was significantly retarded at higher levels of Triton X-100 and Tween-80. An altogether new approach of pigment release using biological agents such as live cells of food-grade microbes was used where C. utilis, L. helveticus, and S. cereviseae released 60%, 85%, and 54% betalaines, respectively, in 24 h, though lower level treatments also released similar levels of pigment by 48 h. Dried whole cell powder of L. helveticus, its total insoluble carbohydrate, and free lipid fractions released 10%, 0%, and 85% pigment, respectively. An extended study with a bubble column reactor using the free lipid fraction of L. helveticus showed 50% and 84% pigment release in 8 and 12 h, respectively, exhibiting good viability when plated on agar medium. Even in the bioreactor, replenishment of medium 8 h after treatment with free lipid of L. helveticus allowed regrowth of hairy roots. The high level of pigment release recorded here, using CTAB or lipid of L. helveticus, appears useful for developing processes for in situ recovery of betalaines. The live microbes, applicable only for batch cultures, are expected to impart improved sensory/nutraceutical effects to the recovered pigment and hence may add value to the product receiving the red beet pigment thus produced.     

Use of resistant mutants to study the interaction of triton X-100 with Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus mutants resistant to the nonionic detergent Triton X-100, isolated from the wild-type strain H and the autolysin-deficient strain RUS3, could grow and divide in broth containing 5% (vol/vol) Triton X-100, while growth of the parental strains was markedly inhibited above the critical micellar concentration (0.02%) of the detergent. Growth-inhibitory concentrations of Triton X-100 killed wild-type cells without demonstrable cellular lysis. Triton X-100 stimulated autolysin activity of S. aureus cells under nongrowing conditions, and this lytic response was markedly reduced in energy-poisoned cells. In contrast, the detergent had no effect on the activity of autolysins in cell-free systems, and growth in the presence of Triton X-100 did not alter either the cellular autolysin activity or the susceptibility of cell walls to exogenous lytic enzymes. Treatment with either Triton X-100 or penicillin G in the growth medium stimulated release of predominantly acylated intracellular lipoteichoic acid and sensitized staphylococci to Triton X-100-induced autolysis. There was no significant difference in the cell wall and membrane compositions or Triton X-100 binding between the parental strains and the resistant mutants. The resistant mutant TXR1, derived from S. aureus H, had a higher level of L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase activity, and its oxygen uptake was more resistant to inhibition by a submicellar concentration (0.008%) of Triton X-100. Growth in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of Triton X-100 rendered S. aureus H cells phenotypically resistant to the detergent and greatly stimulated the level of oxygen uptake. Membranes isolated from such cells exhibited enhanced activity of the respiratory enzymes succinic dehydrogenase and L-alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase.     

Effects of detergents on the West Nile virus protease activity

Detergents such as Triton X-100 are often used in drug discovery research to weed out small molecule promiscuous and non-specific inhibitors which act by aggregation in solution and undesirable precipitation in aqueous assay buffers. We evaluated the effects of commonly used detergents, Triton X-100, Tween-20, Nonidet-40 (NP-40), Brij-35, and CHAPS, on the enzymatic activity of West Nile virus (WNV) protease. Unexpectedly, Triton X-100, Tween-20, and NP-40 showed an enhancement of in vitro WNV protease activity from 2 to 2.5-fold depending on the detergent and its concentration. On the other hand, Brij-35, at ?0.001% enhanced the protease activity by 1.5-fold and CHAPS had the least enhancing effect. The kinetic analysis showed that the increase in protease activity by Triton X-100 was dose-dependent. Furthermore, at Triton X-100 and Tween-20 concentrations higher than 0.001%, the inhibition of compound B, one of the lead compounds against WNV protease identified in a high throughput screen (IC₅₀ value of 5.7 ± 2.5 μM), was reversed. However, in the presence of CHAPS, compound B still showed good inhibition of WNV protease. Our results, taken together, indicate that nonionic detergents, Triton X-100, Tween, and NP-40 are unsuitable for the purpose of discrimination of true versus promiscuous inhibitors of WNV protease in high throughput assays.     

Effect of different non-ionic surfactants on the biodegradation of PAHs by diverse aerobic bacteria

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of several non-ionic surfactants (Tween-80, Triton X-100 and Tergitol NP-10) on the ability of different bacteria (Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Stenotrophomonas sp.) to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Bacterial cultures were performed at 25 °C in an orbital shaker under dark conditions in BHB medium containing 1% of surfactant and 500 mg l⁻¹ of each PAH. Experiments performed with Tween-80 showed the highest cell density values and maximum specific growth rate because this surfactant was used as a carbon source by all bacteria. High degree of PAHs degradation (>90%) was reached in 15 days in all experiments. Toxicity increased at early times using Tween-80 but decreased to low levels in a short time after the firsts 24 h. On the other hand, Triton X-100 and Tergitol NP-10 were not biodegraded and toxicity kept constant along time. However, PAHs-degradation rate was higher, especially by the action of Enterobacter sp. with Tween-80 or Triton X-100. Control experiments performed without surfactant showed a significant decrease in biomass growth rate with a subsequent loss of biodegradation activity likely due to a reduced solubility and bioavailability of PAHs in absence of surfactant.     

Toxicity of phenanthrene dissolved in nonionic surfactant solutions to Pseudomonas putida P2

The fraction in which direct contact occurs between micellar-phase phenanthrene and the bacterial cell surface was estimated by measuring the toxicity of nonionic surfactant (Tween 80 and Triton X-100) solutions to the phenanthrene-degrading bacterium, Pseudomonas putida P2. Cell viability of completely dissolved phenanthrene decreased by 30% at concentrations greater than 0.3 mg L(-1), which is equal to approximately one third of its solubility. Both nonionic surfactants had no effect on cell viability up to 5 g L(-1). Cell viability increased with increasing surfactant concentration at a fixed phenanthrene concentration, due to the decreased concentration of aqueous-pseudophase phenanthrene and the reduced fraction of direct contact. The fraction of direct contact was c. 20% or more below 3 g L(-1) of Triton X-100. The fraction of direct contact for Tween 80 was estimated to be lower than Triton X-100.     

Permeabilization of plant cells for release of intracellularly stored products: viability studies

Summary The effects of various chemical substances on the permeability of plasma membranes and tonoplasts of three suspension cultures (Catharanthus roseus, Thalictrum rugosum and Chenopodium rubrum) have been studied. The permeability of the plasma membrane is monitored by measuring the activity of the cytosolic enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase and the permeability of the tonoplast is measured by determining the release of substances stored in the vacuoles (inorganic phosphate, berberine and betanin for the three cell lines, respectively). The minimum concentration required for quantitative release of vacuolar products have been established for five different permeabilization agents. Cell viability is lost upon permeabilization except for treatment of Catharanthus roseus with DMSO and Triton X-100.Abbreviations DMSO dimethylsulfoxide - PEA phenethylalcohol - HDTMAB hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide - ICDH isocitrate dehydrogenase     

Effect of triton X-100 on ultrastructure,reactivation, and motility characteristics of ram spermatozoa

For optimal extraction and reactivation of ram sperm, glutamate, dithiothreitol, magnesium, and cyclic AMP were required in a medium of pH 7.9. On extraction with 0.01 % Triton X-100, ram sperm were only partially demembranated, and extensive areas of plasma membrane remained intact especially in the midpiece region. Treatment with 0.1% Triton X-100 removed all plasma membranes and extracted the mitochondrial membrane and matrix. In the absence of ATP, 16.6% ± 0.4 of the partially demembranated sperm were motile, but sperm extracted with 0.1% Triton X-100 were completely immotile. On adding ATP partially demembranated sperm reactivated better (81.6% ± 2.8) than sperm completely demembranated in 0.1 % Triton X-100 (39.5% ± 4.6). The release of intracellular LDH rose linearly with increasing concentrations of the detergent from 0.01 to 0.05%, at which it plateaued. There was a significant increase in beat frequency and forward velocity of partially demembranated sperm when treated with ATP. Partially demembranated sperm had intact mitochondria that presumably were still able to produce ATP, although the spermatozoan movement was stimulated by exogenous ATP.     

Effect of surfactants on cellulase production by Nectria catalinensis

The effect of different nonionic surfactants (Tween 80, Tween 20, Triton X-100) and polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) was tested on cellulolytic enzyme system production. Tween 80 gave the highest yield of endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and cellobiase at the 20th day of growth, presumably by causing increased permeability of cell membranes and/or by promoting the release of cell-bound enzymes. Maximal yield of endoglucanase was achieved with 1.7 mM Tween 80, whereas exoglucanase and cellobiase were at 0.85 mM. In the same way, this compound increased fungal growth. On the other hand, Tween 20 and Triton X-100 inhibited growth and cellulolytic enzyme production. High yields of endoglucanase and exoglucanase were achieved with PEG 6000 in comparison with the control, presumably by increasing enzyme stability. Received: 22 January 1996 / Accepted: 28 March 1996