The relationship between total ridge count and pattern intensity index of digital dermatoglyphics

A mathematical relationship between total ridge count (TRC) and pattern intensity index (PII) is explored using data from a sample of 180 males and 213 females of Negroid origin from southwestern Haiti, West Indies. Linear regression of total ridge count on pattern intensity index gave good fit to data in males. In females the linear and quadratic regression models were less satisfactory probably due to the considerable overlap of ridge count distribution between loops and whorls. Two other measures which compare better than total ridge count are absolute ridge count and weighted total ridge count. Predictions of TRC from PII on the basis of regression estimates from Haitian data gave satisfactory results for Negroid and some Caucasoid populations but less satisfactory results for Mongoloid groups suggesting that the relationship might be different in different ethnic groups.     

Fixed and random effects in the variation of the finger ridge count: a study of fragile-X families.

A maximum-likelihood scoring technique for analysis of pedigree data allows for the concurrent estimation of random and of fixed effects in a quantitative trait. We included both types of effects in genetic models, to study the sources of variation in finger ridge count in 54 large families affected with the fragile-X disorder. The fixed effects were represented by fragile X and sex, and the random effects by environmental and genetic variance. We found a significant effect of fragile X in the mean of the finger ridge count on the thumb (finger 1) and index finger (finger 2), which had the lowest heritability and a negligible nonadditive component of genetic variance. This was in contrast with ridge counts on fingers 3 and 4, which showed little fragile-X effect, but high heritability and a significant nonadditive component. A contrast in genetic properties for ridge counts on fingers 1 and 2, compared with these counts on the remaining three fingers, may be relevant to increased selection pressures on functions of the thumb and of the index finger in evolution of modern man. We have also demonstrated an important effect of fragile X in increasing the additive variance in covariance, especially between male pairs. These findings suggest that the effect of the fragile-X genotype in finger ridge count is additive and superimposed on the normal hereditary variations in this trait.     

家族手纹嵴线的遗传相关性分析

本文通过对28个汉族家族共230人的指纹进行捺印、编号、测量、统计分析, 研究亲子代之间指纹的总嵴线数、各指位嵴线数、a-b嵴线数以及atd角之间的关系, 计算它们之间的相关系数以及回归方程,分析家族指纹的遗传性。     

Dermatoglyphics in juvenile hypertension.

Dermatoglyphics of 172 children and young adults (116 males, 56 females) with hypertension, 13-27 years old, were compared with those of 130 healthy male and 110 female controls. Several differences were observed between the two groups. Hypertensive patients had a somewhat lower frequency of fingertip ulnar loops, higher frequency whorls and a higher total finger ridge count. They also had a somewhat higher mean atd angle, significantly more frequent distal position of the axial triradius (mostly in t' position) and more missing axial triradii compared to controls. The differences between a-b ridge counts, the interdigital, thenar and hypothenar patterns were generally small and sometimes limited to one sex or one hand only. The observed differences seem to indicate a genetic influence in the etiology of essential hypertension.     

Variation in maximal angle <atd among 20 Dhangar castes of Maharashtra,India

In a sample of 3000 males belonging 20 endogamous castes from Maharashtra were analysed to determine specifically the distribution of <atd along with bilateral differences and population variation. The right, left and right plus left sides, each separately exhibit unimodal, meptokurtic and positively skewed distribution in all populations. The mean and standard deviations are significantly heterogenous in nature. Non-significant bilateral differences of atd angle toward symmetry express well in all 20 castes. Population variations are found to be lesser, i.e. 44 (23.16%) significant out of 190 caste pairs compared to other palmar quantitative variables like interdigital ridge counts — ab, bc and cd; and main line index. These results suggests, angle atd is more stable phenotype compared to some other palmar quantitative characters.     

Useful weeds of West Bengal rice fields

Out of 158 weed species collected from rice fields of Hooghly and Midnapore districts of West Bengal, 124 possess economic importance in one way or other. The various uses of these weeds may aid dealers in crude drugs, manufacturers of plant products, or persons interested in the beneficial aspects of plants.     

四川盆地一新蛇颈龙

本文记述了蛇颈龙一新属种——杨氏壁山上龙(Bishanopliosaurus youngi gen.et sp.nov.)。它的形态特征与欧洲里阿斯[Lias]期的 Rhomaleosaurus 的相似。因此可以推测产壁山上龙的地层——自流井组的东岳庙段的时代为早侏罗世。     

桂西壮族手皮纹的分析

本文对广西西部500例健康壮族大、中学生的手皮纹进行了观察分析,计算出各型指纹频率、指纹脊线总数、指纹频度指数、atd角度、a-b脊线数、τ距比、主线横向指数、皮纹花样出现率、掌褶纹出现率共九项基本参数,并将这些数值与汉族作了比较,桂西壮族的手纹与汉族既有相似之处,又有本民族的特点。     

Variations on dermal ridges in nine population groups of maharashtra,india. III. Asymmetry and interdigital diversity

Variations in asymmetry and interdigital diversity for the three finger-dermatoglyphic traits, total finger ridge count (TRC), absolute total finger ridge count (ARC), and finger pattern intensity index (PII) have been studied here from a sample of 646 males belonging to nine population groups from Maharashtra, India. It is seen that at such local level of population differentiation the ridge count measures TRC and ARC discriminate the population better as compared to PII. A considerable amount of variations also exist in their asymmetries and interdigital diversities and these suggest the possibility of their genetic controls. Such genetic controls might mediate both asymmetry and interdigital diversity jointly, as there seems to be positive correlation between these measures with respect to all the three finger-dermatoglyphic traits.     

山西上党地区汉族肤纹研究

报道中国中原山西省上党地区汉族群体肤纹模式样本的参数。样本包括500名男性和500名女性。技术分类用《ADA标准-CDA版本》, 项目参数用《CDA标准》。分析了指纹总嵴线数(TFRC)、指三角a和b间嵴线数(a-bRC)、手掌轴三角t到指三角a和d角度(atd)、轴三角t百分距离(tPD)、指纹、指间纹、手大小鱼际、猿线、指三角等项目的二级模式样本。还分析了同名指指纹对应的情况,非随机组合的现象。山西东南部自古称为"上党", 地处黄河流域中下游广大的中原地带的中心区域,在远古时期就有原始人类聚集生息, 是中华民族发祥地之一, 是研究中原汉族肤纹参数的较具代表性地域。我们建立中原汉族肤纹的模式样本, 为体质人类学等学科研究提供较完整的资料。     

Digital dermatoglyphics of 107 Bengalis.

I analyzed the finger prints of 59 male and 48 female unrelated Bengalis in a rehabilitation camp of Dacca, Bangladesh. The most common pattern type in the Bengalis was the ulnar loop (53%), then whorls (40%); arches (5%) and radial loops (2%) were the least common. Radial loops occurred most frequently on the index fingers. I have shown the arch/whorl, whorl/loop, and pattern intensity indices, and I have presented ridge counts by individual digits and by total digital ridge count. Digital dermatoglyphics in the male Bangladeshis were similar to previous findings in male Brahmins of Bengal. However, there were more whorls and arches, fewer loops, and a higher mean total digital ridge count in the female Bangladeshis than in female Brahmins.     

Maternal effects on fingertip dermatoglyphics.

Significantly larger variation between sibships within families of male MZ twins than between sibships within families of female MZ twins, indicative of maternal influences, was found for 10 of 41 dermatoglyphic fingertip variables. Of these, five were thumb-related with the effect primarily on the thumb radial and ridge count (larger of radial and ulnar count). These same variables were previously found to have unequal variances in MZ twins of known placental type, and the results indicate maternal influences in singletons as well as twins for these variables. Although the total ridge count (TRC), previously shown to differ in MZ twins of known placental type (paralleling the thumb radial and ridge counts) did not reach significance, the trend indicated that the observed thumb changes may be reflected in the TRC as well. Little finger pattern type and ulnar counts also showed less variability in families of female MZ twins, but the interpretation is complicated by the concomitant differences in mean squares within-sibships for these little finger variables.     

a-b palmar interdigital ridge-count in the Basque population

The a-b palmar interdigital ridge count was analyzed in a sample of 841 males and 911 females of Basque origin. Bimanual differences were not found, against that a significant sexual dimorphism. The mean ridge count value is in the lower lange of the variability among White populations.     

Asymmetry of finger ridge countsamong four tribal populations of Andhra Pradesh, India

The asymmetry among the four tribal populations Dulia, Kotia, Manne Dora and Manzai Mali is reported. The mean directional asymmetry (MDA) and mean absolute asymmetry (MAA) were measured for homologous fingers. The asymmetry follows a decreasing trend in radio-ulnar direction with higher mean values in thumb and index finger. The individual variation is also higher in these fingers. Neither sexual nor population differences are consistent. Jantz's Square root of A2 (another measure to assess asymmetry) for total finger ridge count and absolute finger ridge count does not indicate any significant sexual or ethnic differences. The results suggest that the underlying mechanisms influencing the level of asymmetry may be similar for all groups, and that certain dermatoglyphic areas like the thumb are more vulnerable to developmental/environmental stress, that cause asymmetry at the developmental stage.     

台湾闽南汉人肤纹学研究

本文报导台湾闽南汉人的肤纹参数,样本包括100名男性和100名女性。研究的项目有TFRC、a-b RC、atd、tPD、指纹、指间纹、手大小鱼际、猿线、指三角等,并且还分析了同名指指纹对应的情况,见到非随机组合的现象。这是对闽南汉人肤纹较详尽的调查,为人类学、遗传学和医学等提供了较完整的肤纹数据。     

湖南侗族的手纹研究

报道了湖南通道侗族337例正常人的指纹型、总指纹嵴数（TFRC）、a-b纹嵴线（a-bRC)、atd角、轴三角百分距（tPD)、大鱼际纹、小鱼际纹、指间区纹、掌褶纹、掌纹主线横向指数（MLIT）等手纹参数正常值,并与侗族不同人群和湖南周边不同民族进行了比较,发现湖南侗族手掌真实花纹和掌褶纹分布频率与湖南周边其他已研究过的民族和侗族群体存在明显差异。     

Monitoring microbial aeroflora using vegetable waste media: an ecological aspect

For isolation of aeromicroflora in ecologically different zones, a liquid vegetable waste, deproteinised leaf juice (DLJ) was used instead of usual media. DLJ samples from three different plants, cowpea (Vigna sinensis), turnip (Brassica campestris) and radish (Raphanus sativus), were used in order to determine their efficiency as potential growth media for different types of microbes. Four different ecological zones of West Bengal, India were selected to study the aeromicroflora. The zones were as follows: (i) densely populated and industrially polluted Calcutta (CAL); (ii) plateau region of western part of the state (WEST); (iii) Terai region of Northern Bengal (TER); (iv) sandy coastal zone of Midnapore district of Southern Bengal (SB). Each zone was subdivided into three subzones. The variation in population of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes among these zones was studied. The relative abundance and species diversities of microbes were noted. The study indicates that pollution and ecological diversity both play important roles in controlling the above two factors.     

A dermatoglyphic study of the Kavalan aboriginal population of Taiwan

By the 1970s, a number of dermatoglyphic studies of Taiwan aborigines (Gaoshan nationality) had been published, however in each only a few dermatoglyphic variables were addressed. Since that time, little new research has been conducted. In this study, we collected and analyzed the dermatoglyphs of 100 individuals of Kavalan, a Taiwan aboriginal population, and we reported a wide range of dermatoglyphic variables including total finger ridge count (TFRC), a-b total ridge count (a-b RC), atd angle and axial triradius percent distance (tPD), and frequencies of fingerprint pattern, palmar thenar pattern, palmar interdigital pattern, palmar hypothenar pattern, and simian line. This study is the first comprehensive dermatoglyphic research of any Taiwan aboriginal population.     

A dermatoglyphic study of the Kavalan aboriginal population of Taiwan

By the 1970s, a number of dermatoglyphic studies of Taiwan aborigines (Gaoshan nationality) had been published, however in each only a few dermatoglyphic variables were addressed. Since that time, little new research has been conducted. In this study, we collected and analyzed the dermatoglyphs of 100 individuals of Kavalan, a Taiwan aboriginal population, and we reported a wide range of dermatoglyphic variables including total finger ridge count (TFRC), a-b total ridge count (a-b RC), atd angle and axial triradius percent distance (tPD), and frequencies of fingerprint pattern, palmar thenar pattern, palmar interdigital pattern, palmar hypothenar pattern, and simian line. This study is the first comprehensive dermatoglyphic research of any Taiwan aboriginal population.     

Study of blood groups and haemoglobin variants among the Santal tribe in Midnapore District of West Bengal, India

Blood specimens of the Santals in Midnapore District of West Bengal, India were tested for the antigens A, B, C, D, E, c and e, when the incidence of B gene was found to be 26.8%. Another feature of the Santals was the high frequency (74.6%) of CDe chromosome with complete absence of cde. Trace of sickle-cell trait was also noticed among the Santals as is known to occur in some of the aboriginal tribes of the Nilgiri Hills, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat and Western India. HbS was the only haemoglobin variant detected among them.