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1.
Olfactory cues that indicate predation risk elicit a number of defensive behaviors in fishes, but whether they are sufficient to also induce morphological defenses has receivedlittle attention. Cichlids are characterized by a high level of morphological plasticity during development, and the few species that have been tested do exhibit defensive behaviors when exposed to alarm cues released from the damaged skin of conspecifics. We utilized young juvenile Nicaragua cichlids Hypsophrys nicaraguensis to test if the perception of predation risk from alarm cue (conspecific skin extract) alone induces an increased relative body depth which is a defense against gape-limited predators. After two weeks of exposure, siblings that were exposed to conspecific alarm cue increased their relative body depth nearly double the amount of those exposed to distilled water (control) and zebrafish Danio rerio alarm cue. We repeated our measurements over the last two weeks (12 and 14) of cue exposure when the fish were late-stage juveniles to test if the rate of increase was sustained; there were no differences in final dimensions between the three treatments. Our results show that 1) the Nicaragua cichlid has an innate response to conspecific alarm cue which is not a generalized response to an injured fish, and 2) this innate recognition ultimately results in developing a deeper body at a stage of the life history where predation risk is high [Current Zoology 56 (1): 36-42, 2010]. 相似文献
2.
Assessment of predation risk is vital for the success of an individual. Primary cues for the assessment include visual and
olfactory stimuli, but the relative importance of these sources of information for risk assessment has seldom been assessed
for marine fishes. This study examined the importance of visual and chemical cues in assessing risk for the star goby, Asterropteryx semipunctatus. Visual and chemical cue intensities were used that were indicative of a high threat situation. The behavioural response
elicited by both the visual cues of a predator (the rock cod, Cephalopholis boenak) and the chemical alarm cues from conspecifics were similar in magnitude, with responses including a decrease in feeding
strikes and moves. A bobbing behaviour was exhibited when the predator was visible and not when only exposed to the chemical
alarm cue. When visual and chemical cues were presented together they yielded a stronger antipredator response than when gobies
were exposed solely to conspecific alarm cues. This suggests additivity of risk assessment information at the levels of threat
used, however, the goby’s response is also likely to depend on the environmental and social context of the predator–prey encounter.
This study highlights the importance of chemical cues in the assessment of predation risk for a coral reef fish. 相似文献
3.
A variety of fishes possess damage-released chemical alarm cues, which play a critical role in the detection and avoidance of potential predation threats. Recently, we have demonstrated that the ability of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and finescale dace (Phoxinus neogaeus) to detect and respond to conspecific alarm cues is significantly reduced under weakly acidic conditions (pH 6.0). Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) possess an analogous alarm cue system. However, it is unknown if the trout alarm cue system is likewise affected by relatively small changes in pH. In addition, previous studies have not verified this phenomenon under natural conditions. We conducted laboratory and field trials to examine the potential effects of acute exposure to weakly acidic (pH 6.0) conditions on the detection and response of conspecific alarm cues by juvenile trout. Our laboratory results demonstrate that while juvenile rainbow trout exhibit significant increases in antipredator behaviour under normal pH conditions (pH 7.0–7.2), they do not respond to the presence of conspecific chemical alarm cues (i.e. response is not different from controls) under weakly acidic conditions. Similarly, a wild strain of brook charr in their natural streams near Sudbury, Ontario, failed to detect conspecific alarm cues in a weakly acidic stream (mean pH 6.11) while they responded to these cues in a neutral stream (mean pH of 6.88). This is the first demonstration that relatively small changes in ambient pH can influence alarm responses under natural conditions. These data suggest significant, sub-lethal effects of acid precipitation on natural waterways. 相似文献
4.
Chemical alarm cues function as early indicators of a predation threat and influence the outcome of predator–prey interactions
in the favour of the prey animal. The tropical goby, Asterropteryx semipunctatus, responded with a stereotypical alarm response, including reduced movement and feeding, following exposure to water that
contained chemical cues from injured conspecifics under natural field conditions. Gobies did not exhibit an alarm response
when challenged with extracts from damaged fish from a different taxonomic family. The behavioural response in the field was
similar to that observed in laboratory experiments. This study verifies the use of chemical alarm cues in a marine fish in
their natural environment. 相似文献
5.
中国蝾螈科动物的反捕行为(正文) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
中国的蝾螈科(Family Salamandridae)动物演化出了卓越的,多种多样的特征,而这些特征往往伴随着强烈的皮肤毒腺存在来保护自己免受捕食者的侵害。这些反捕食行为机制分布列入表1,并以照片解释其反捕行为,来用于已创建的定义和术语是非常重要的。这些定义和术语与不同反捕行为是密切相关的。该科中大多数蝾螈都有鲜艳的腹部色型,有皮肤分泌物毒素存在以警告捕食者。有的蝾螈,象兰尾蝾螈Cynops cyanura和中国瘰螈Paramesotriton chinensis甚至向上翻转显示腹部颜色。 相似文献
6.
Vocal buffering of the stress response: exposure to conspecific vocalizations moderates urinary cortisol excretion in isolated marmosets 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
For many species, the presence of a significant social partner can lessen the behavioral and physiological responses to stressful stimuli. This study examined whether a single, individually specific, signature vocalization (phee call) could attenuate the physiological stress response that is induced in marmosets by housing them in short-term social isolation. Utilizing a repeated-measures design, adult marmosets (n=10) were temporarily isolated from their long-term pair mate and exposed to three conditions: signature vocalizations from the pair mate, phee calls from an unfamiliar opposite sex individual, or no auditory stimuli. Levels of urinary cortisol were monitored as a physiological indicator of the stress response. Urinary cortisol levels were also monitored, while subjects remained undisturbed in their home cages to provide baseline levels. Temporarily isolated marmosets showed significantly higher levels of urinary cortisol than undisturbed marmosets. However, the nature of the acoustic stimulus experienced during isolation led to differences in the excretion of urinary cortisol. Isolated marmosets exposed to a familiar pair mate's vocalization showed significantly lower levels of urinary cortisol than when exposed to unfamiliar marmoset vocalizations (P <0.04) or to no auditory stimuli (P <0.03). Neither the duration of pairing nor the quality of relationship in the pair (indexed by spatial proximity scores) predicted the magnitude of reduction in cortisol in the familiar vocalization condition. The results presented here provide the first evidence that a single, individually specific communication signal can decrease the magnitude of a physiological stress response in a manner analogous to the physical presence of a social partner, a process we term "vocal buffering." 相似文献
7.
Amblydromalus limonicus (Garman & McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is a commercially available predator of key pests in protected crops, particularly of thrips and whiteflies. Basic information on the developmental and reproductive performance of the predator as a function of food is largely lacking. In the present study, development, reproduction and growth rates were determined for A. limonicus on four economically important pests: Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) and two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). The life history traits of females fed on these different target prey were compared with those of females offered Carpoglyphus lactis L. (Acari: Carpoglyphidae), which is the standard food source for mass-producing this predator. Additionally, three commercially available non-prey food sources with potential for use in the mass production or as supplementary food to sustain populations of the predator in the field were tested: the commercial pollen product Nutrimite (consisting of pollen of narrow-leaved cattail, Typha angustifolia L.), frozen eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and frozen eggs of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae). Survival rates of immature A. limonicus were high (>94% survival) on all tested foods except on T. vaporariorum and T. urticae (76.0% and 17.1%, respectively). The fastest development was obtained when mites were fed on T. angustifolia, whereas the longest developmental times were obtained on T. urticae and T. vaporariorum. When females were offered P. latus, no reproduction was observed, despite a high prey consumption in both the juvenile and adult stages. The reproductive performance of A. limonicus fed on T. vaporariorum was significantly lower than that on F. occidentalis. Furthermore, no second generation could be obtained on a diet solely consisting of T. vaporariorum. Population growth rates were highest when A. limonicus was fed on Nutrimite, E. kuehniella or C. lactis, and exceeded those on a diet consisting of their natural prey, F. occidentalis. The phytoseiid showed cannibalistic behavior when maintained on E. kuehniella and C. capitata eggs and T. angustifolia pollen, with females consuming their own eggs. The rate of cannibalism was dependent on the food source offered, but always resulted in reduced population growth rates. This cannibalistic behavior should be taken into account when selecting food sources for mass rearing of A. limonicus or supporting its populations in the field. 相似文献
8.
Øverli Ø Korzan WJ Larson ET Winberg S Lepage O Pottinger TG Renner KJ Summers CH 《Hormones and behavior》2004,45(5):277-329
In humans and other primates, violent actions performed by victims of aggression are often directed toward an individual or object that is not the source of provocation. This psychological phenomenon is often called displaced aggression. We demonstrate that displaced aggression is either rooted in evolutionarily conserved behavioral and neuroendocrine mechanisms, or represent a convergent pattern that has arisen independently in fish and mammals. Rainbow trout that briefly encountered large, aggressive fish reacted with increased aggression toward smaller individuals. There was a strong negative correlation between received aggression and behavioral change: Individuals subjected to intense aggression were subdued, while moderate assaults induced strong agitation. Patterns of forebrain serotonin turnover and plasma cortisol suggest that the presence of socially subordinate fish had an inhibitory effect on neuroendocrine stress responses. Thus, subordinate individuals may serve as stress-reducing means of aggressive outlet, and displaced aggression toward such individuals appears to be a behavioral stress coping strategy in fishes. 相似文献
9.
Brian D. Wisenden Justin Karst Jeffrey Miller Stacey Miller Linda Fuselier 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》2008,82(1):85-92
When a predators attack prey, damaged prey tissue releases chemical information that reliably indicates an actively foraging
predator. Prey use these semiochemicals to cue anti-predator behaviour and reduce their probability of predation. Here, we
test central mudminnows, Umbra limi (Kirtland 1840), for anti-predator behavioural responses to chemical cues in conspecific skin extract. In a field experiment,
traps scented with mudminnow skin extract (alarm cue) caught fewer mudminnows than traps scented with water (control). Under
controlled laboratory conditions, mudminnows showed a significant reduction in activity and movement to the bottom in response
to alarm cues relative to water controls. Reduced activity and increased time on the bottom of the tank are both known components
of an anti-predator response. Thus, based on field and lab data, mudminnows exhibited anti-predator behavioural responses
to chemical alarm cues released by damaged epidermal tissue. Histological preparations of epidermal tissue did not reveal
the presence of specialised “alarm substance” cells for the production of chemical alarm cues. This is the first report of
an alarm reaction in an esociform, an order with a long evolutionary history of piscivory. 相似文献
10.
《Harmful algae》2019
Dinoflagellate paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) production is mediated by several abiotic and biotic factors. This study compared the relative importance of nitrogen source and concentration, prey alarm cues and grazer presence on toxin production of the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella (Group I, strain BF-5). In separate assays run under either nutrient-replete (F/2 medium) or nutrient-depleted (filtered seawater) conditions, PST production of A. catenella was measured as a function of varying concentrations of added nitrogen sources (ammonium and urea), alarm cues from lysed conspecific (A. catenella Group I strains) and interspecific (the diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogii, and the green flagellate, Tetraselmis sp.) algae, and the presence of a grazer (the copepod Acartia hudsonica). Results showed that addition of ammonium or urea did not increase PST production. Unexpectedly, interspecific alarm cues increased toxin production but conspecific ones did not. Grazer presence dramatically induced PST production in A. catenella, irrespective of nutrient conditions, and this effect was an order of magnitude greater than any of the other variables tested. These results corroborate previous studies on grazer-induced PST production, and support the hypothesis that grazer-induced toxin production is not an experimental artifact, but rather a prey defense mechanism. 相似文献
11.
Topographic complexity is a key component of habitats that influences communities by modulating the interactions among individuals that drive population processes such as recruitment, competition, and predation. A broad range of disturbance agents affect biological communities indirectly through their modifications to habitat complexity. Individuals that best judge the threat of predation within their environment and can trade‐off vigilance against behaviors that promote growth will be rewarded with the highest fitness. This study experimentally examined whether topographic habitat complexity affected the way a damselfish assessed predation risk using olfactory, visual, or combined cues. Fish had higher feeding rates in the low complexity environment. In a low complexity environment, damage‐released olfactory cues and visual cues of predators complemented each other in the prey's assessment of risk. However, where complexity was high and visual cues obscured, prey had lower feeding rates and relied more heavily on olfactory cues for risk assessment. Overall, fish appear to be more conservative in the high complexity treatment. Low complexity promoted extremes of behavior, with higher foraging activity but a greater response to predation threats compared with the high complexity treatment. The degree of flexibility that individuals and species have in their ability to adjust the balance of senses used in risk assessment will determine the extent to which organisms will tolerate modifications to their habitat through disturbance. 相似文献
12.
Pierce BN Hemsworth PH Rivalland ET Wagenmaker ER Morrissey AD Papargiris MM Clarke IJ Karsch FJ Turner AI Tilbrook AJ 《Hormones and behavior》2008,54(3):424-434
Various stressors suppress pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in ewes and cortisol has been shown to be a mediator of this effect under various conditions. In contrast, little is known about the impact of stress and cortisol on sexual behavior in the ewe. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that both psychosocial stress and stress-like levels of cortisol will reduce the level of attractivity, proceptivity and receptivity in addition to suppressing LH secretion in the ewe. In Experiment 1, a layered stress paradigm of psychosocial stress was used, consisting of isolation for 4 h with the addition of restraint, blindfold and noise of a barking dog (predator stress) at hourly intervals. This stress paradigm reduced LH pulse amplitude in ovariectomized ewes. In Experiment 2, ovariectomized ewes were artificially induced into estrus with progesterone and estradiol benzoate treatment and the layered stress paradigm was applied. LH was measured and sexual behavior was assessed using T-mazes and mating tests. Stress reduced pulsatile LH secretion, and also reduced attractivity and proceptivity of ewes but had no effect on receptivity. In Experiment 3, ewes artificially induced into estrus were infused with cortisol for 30 h. Cortisol elevated circulating plasma concentrations of cortisol, delayed the onset of estrus and resulted in increased circling behavior of ewes (i.e. moderate avoidance) during estrus and increased investigation and courtship from rams. There was no effect of cortisol on attractivity, proceptivity or receptivity during estrus. We conclude that psychosocial stress inhibits LH secretion, the ability of ewes to attract rams (attractivity) and the motivation of ewes to seek rams and initiate mating (proceptivity), but cortisol is unlikely to be the principal mediator of these effects. 相似文献
13.
In human newborns, presentation of sounds and odors under stress situations had a calming effect on behavioral and cortisol
responses (Kawakami et al., 1996, 1997). These calming effects were examined with 10-day- and 15-day-old Japanese macaques. In Study 1, white
noise presentation (Experimental conditions) at the blood sampling was compared with no sound presentation (Control conditions)
at the blood sampling. White noise presentation has a calming effect on coded behavioral responses. In Study 2, lavender scent
presentation (Experimental conditions) at the blood sampling was compared with no odor presentation (Control conditions) at
the blood sampling. Lavender presentation has a calming effect on cortisol responses in the marginal level. From the data
of these studies, the salivary cortisol levels were related to the cortisol levels in plasma. Our results may suggest the
different effects of sound and odor on infant Japanese macaques. 相似文献
14.
Using a non-invasive method of sampling saliva followed by assay for cortisol levels, we found that common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) show a decrease in cortisol levels after seeing a snake-model stimulus that reliably elicits mobbing (tsik) calls. In fact, there was a significant positive correlation between the number of tsik vocalizations made and the magnitude of the decrease in the cortisol concentrations. Furthermore, marmosets with higher levels of cortisol prior to being exposed to the stimulus produce more tsik calls than those with lower levels of cortisol. Subsequent experiments showed that, in response to 15 min of isolation with no visual or auditory contact with conspecifics (a traditional stressor), cortisol levels increased significantly. However, playback of the mobbing calls of a familiar conspecific to individual isolated marmosets not only prevented the rise in cortisol, but also actually caused a decrease in the levels of this hormone. This suggests that the mobbing calls serve to calm the marmoset after experiencing a stressful situation. This finding results in a greater understanding as to the role of physiological responses during communication in this species and could have implications for the welfare of marmosets in captivity. 相似文献
15.
16.
Alarm signals released after predator attack function as reliable public information revealing areas of high risk. The utility of this information can extend beyond species boundaries, benefiting heterospecifics capable of recognizing and responding appropriately to the signal. Nonmutually exclusive hypotheses explaining the acquisition of heterospecific reactivity to cues suggest it could be conserved phylogenetically following its evolution in a common ancestor (a species‐level effect) and/or learned during periods of shared risk (a population‐level effect; e.g., shared predators). Using a laboratory‐based space‐use behavioral assay, we tested the response of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) to the damage‐released alarm cues of five confamilial (sympatric and allopatric) species and two distantly related out‐groups: a sympatric teleost (white sucker Catostomus commersonii) and an allopatric agnathan (Atlantic hagfish Myxine glutinosa). We found that sea lamprey differed in their response to conspecific and heterospecific odors; exhibiting progressively weaker avoidance of cues derived from more phylogenetically distant confamilials regardless of current overlap in distribution. Odors from out‐groups elicited no response. These findings suggest that a damage‐released alarm cue is at least partially conserved within the Petromyzontidae and that sea lamprey perceives predator attacks directed to closely related taxa. These findings are consistent with similar observations from gastropod, amphibian and bony fish taxa, and we discuss this in an eco‐evo context to provide a plausible explanation for the acquisition and maintenance of the response in sea lamprey. 相似文献
17.
18.
An experimental study of habitat choice by Daphnia: plants signal danger more than refuge in subtropical lakes 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
MARIANA MEERHOFF CLAUDIA FOSALBA CARLA BRUZZONE NÉSTOR MAZZEO WILLEMIJN NOORDOVEN ERIK JEPPESEN 《Freshwater Biology》2006,51(7):1320-1330
1. In shallow temperate lakes, submerged plants often provide refuge for pelagic zooplankton against fish predation, a mechanism with potential strong cascading effects on water transparency and on the entire ecosystem. In (sub)tropical lakes, however, the interaction between aquatic plants and predation may be more complex, particularly because fish density is high within the plant beds in such systems. 2. Using laboratory ‘habitat choice’ experiments, we determined the effects of three (sub)tropical free‐floating plants, Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia auriculata and the cosmopolitan submerged Ceratophyllum demersum, on horizontal movement by the water flea Daphnia obtusa. We tested for avoidance of plants in the absence and presence of alarm signals from crushed conspecifics and chemical cues from the fish Cnesterodon decemmaculatus, the fish have been subjected to different feeding regimes. 3. In the absence of other stimuli, D. obtusa strongly avoided the plants and the crushed conspecifics, as expected. However, the response to fish was insignificant regardless of their previous feeding regime. The avoidance of free‐floating plants was more pronounced than that of the submerged plant. Contrary to predictions based on research in temperate lakes, Daphnia did not take refuge among the plants but rather swam away from them when exposed simultaneously to plants and alarm signals. 4. We hypothesise that the avoidance of plants by D. obtusa may ultimately be attributable to an expectedly higher predation risk within the plants than in the pelagic, because of a high density of associated zooplanktivorous fish in the former. In the (sub)tropics, therefore, aquatic plants and particularly the free‐floating ones, may not promote cascading effects via Daphnia grazing on phytoplankton as seen in temperate eutrophic lakes. 相似文献
19.
Studies on primates and other taxa have shown that the physiological response of an individual to stress reflects their social status. We combined behavioral observations with measures of stress to test the hypothesis that stress is an important physiological determinant of mating behavior and success in the male grey seal. Known-age males (N=19) were studied during the breeding seasons of 2004 and 2005 at Sable Island, Canada. The stressor was a capture and restraint period of 35 min and serial samples of cortisol and testosterone were taken as measures of stress. The mean baseline concentrations of cortisol and testosterone were 9.7+/-0.5 ug/dl and 6.2+/-0.6 ng/mL, respectively. The baseline cortisol concentration was negatively correlated with the duration of time a male spent at a site (r=-0.507, P=0.027), which was a strong correlate of mating success (r=0.659, P=0.002). All males experienced an increase in the concentration of cortisol during the restraint period (79.1+/-8.4%; CV=46.1%). The percentage rise in cortisol during restraint was correlated with the mean duration of time spent at a site (r=0.544, P=0.016) and thus success. The concentration of testosterone also increased during the restraint period (32.8+/-9.7%). This might be an adaptive response to maintaining the ability to reproduce while under stress. Our study indicates that stress is an important determinant of success in male grey seals. More successful males might exhibit an adaptive response to stress by maintaining low concentrations of cortisol during breeding. 相似文献
20.
Thiago Acosta Oliveira Gessi Koakoski Adriana Costa da Motta Angelo Luis Piato Rodrigo Egydio Barreto Gilson Luiz Volpato Leonardo José Gil Barcellos 《Hormones and behavior》2014
Living animals exploit information released from dead animals to conduct adaptive biological responses. For instance, a recently published study has shown that avoidance behavior is triggered by death-associated odors in zebrafish. Stress can clearly act as an adaptive response that allows an organism to deal with an imminent threat. However, it has not been demonstrated whether these chemical cues are stressful for fish. Here, we confirmed that dead zebrafish scents induce defensive behavior in live conspecifics. Additionally, we show for the first time in fish that these scents increase cortisol in conspecifics. To reach this conclusion, firstly, we exposed zebrafish to multi-sensorial cues (e.g., visual, tactile, chemical cues) from dead conspecifics that displayed defensive behaviors and increased cortisol. Also, when we limited zebrafish to chemical cues from dead conspecifics, similar responses arose. These responses coincide with the decaying destruction of epidermal cells, indicating that defensive and stress responses could take place as an effect of substances emanating from decaying flesh, as well as alarm substance released due to rupture of epidermal cells. Taken together, these results illustrate that living zebrafish utilize cues from dead conspecific to avoid or to cope with danger and ensure survival. 相似文献