再投喂鱼油对瓦氏黄颡鱼肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

为研究植物油替代鱼油对瓦氏黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus vachelli）生长及肌肉脂肪组成的影响及重投喂鱼油对瓦氏黄颡鱼肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响,实验以大豆油分别替代饲料中的0（FO）、50（S1）、75（S2）和100%（SO）的鱼油配制等氮、等能的颗粒饲料,每组设置3个平行,养殖80d后,再投喂鱼油30d。结果表明,饲料中添加豆油不会显著影响瓦氏黄颡鱼的增重率、肝体指数和体成分（P>0.05）。随着饲料中大豆油含量的增加,S2和SO组肌肉中C18:1n-9、C18:2n-6和单不饱和脂肪酸比例显著增加（P < 0.05）,而C20:5n-3,C22:5n-3及n-3/n-6比例显著下降（P < 0.05）。再投喂鱼油30d后,SO组肌肉中C18:3n-6、C20:4n-6、Σ n-9、Σ n-6和S2组中C18:1n-9、Σ n-6比例显著下降（P < 0.05）,而S2和SO组肌肉中Σn-3多不饱和脂肪酸、C20:5n-3和C22:5n-3比例显著增加（P < 0.05）。在生产中,可采用先植物油饲料、后鱼油饲料的养殖方式提高瓦氏黄颡鱼肌肉品质（增加有益人类健康的多不饱和脂肪酸）。     

Effect of diets enriched in Delta6 desaturated fatty acids (18:3n-6 and 18:4n-3), on growth, fatty acid composition and highly unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in two populations of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.)

This study aimed to test the hypothesis that diets containing relatively high amounts of the Delta6 desaturated fatty acids stearidonic acid (STA, 18:4n-3) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6), may be beneficial in salmonid culture. The rationale being that STA and GLA would be better substrates for highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) synthesis as their conversion does not require the activity of the reputed rate-limiting enzyme, fatty acid Delta6 desaturase. Duplicate groups of two Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus L.) populations with different feeding habits, that had been reported previously to show differences in HUFA biosynthetic capacity, were fed for 16 weeks on two fish meal based diets containing 47% protein and 21% lipid differing only in the added lipid component, which was either fish oil (FO) or echium oil (EO). Dietary EO had no detrimental effect on growth performance and feed efficiency, mortalities, or liver and flesh lipid contents in either population. The proportions of 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 18:3n-6, 18:4n-3, 20:3n-6 and 20:4n-3 in total lipid in both liver and flesh were increased by dietary EO in both populations. However, the percentages of 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 were reduced by EO in both liver and flesh in both strains, whereas 20:4n-6 was only significantly reduced in flesh. In fish fed FO, HUFA synthesis from both [1-(14)C]18:3n-3 and [1-(14)C]20:5n-3 was significantly higher in the planktonivorous Coulin charr compared to the demersal, piscivorous Rannoch charr morph. However, HUFA synthesis was increased by EO in Rannoch charr, but not in Coulin charr. In conclusion, dietary EO had differential effects in the two populations of charr, with HUFA synthesis only stimulated by EO in the piscivorous Rannoch morph, which showed lower activities in fish fed FO. However, the hypothesis was not proved as, irrespective of the activity of the HUFA synthesis pathway in either population, feeding EO resulted in decreased tissue levels of n-3HUFA and 20:4n-6. This has been observed previously in salmonids fed vegetable oils, and thus the increased levels of Delta6 desaturated fatty acids in EO did not effectively compensate for the lack of dietary HUFA.     

Partial replacement of dietary fish oil with blends of vegetable oils (rapeseed, linseed and palm oils) in diets for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) over a long term growth study: effects on muscle and liver fatty acid composition and effectiveness of a fish oil finishing diet

Triplicate groups of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), of initial mass 5 g, were fed one of three practical type diets for 64 weeks. The three diets differed only in the added oil and were 100% fish oil (FO; diet A), 40% FO/60% vegetable oil blend (VO; diet B) where the VO blend was rapeseed oil, linseed oil and palm oil in the ratio 10/35/15 by weight and 40% FO/60% VO blend (diet C) where the ratio was 24/24/12 by weight. After final sample collection the remaining fish were switched to a 100% FO finishing diet for a further 20 weeks. After 64 weeks fish fed 60% VO diet B had significantly lower live mass and liver mass than fish fed diets A and C although SGR, FCR and length were not different between groups. There were no differences in any of the above parameters after either 14 or 20 weeks on the FO finishing diet. Fatty acid compositions of flesh were correlated to dietary fatty acids although there was selective retention of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA) regardless of dietary input. Inclusion of dietary VO resulted in significantly reduced flesh levels of DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3; EPA) while 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 were all significantly increased in fish fed the 60% VO diets. Fatty acid compositions of liver showed broadly similar changes, as a result of dietary fatty acid composition, as was seen in flesh. However, the response of flesh and liver to feeding a FO finishing diet was different. In flesh, DHA and EPA values were not restored after 14 or 20 weeks of feeding a FO finishing diet with the values in fish fed the two 60% VO diets being around 70% of the values seen in fish fed FO throughout. Conversely, and despite liver DHA and EPA levels being reduced to only 40% of the value seen in fish fed 100% FO after 64 weeks, the levels of liver DHA and EPA were not significantly different between treatments after feeding the FO finishing diet for 14 weeks. However, a 200 g portion of sea bass flesh, after feeding the experimental diets for 64 weeks followed by a FO diet for 14 weeks, contained 1.22 and 0.95 g of EPA + DHA for fish fed FO or 60% VO, respectively. Therefore, sea bass grown for most of the production cycle using diets containing 60% VO can still contribute a significant quantity of healthy n-3 HUFA to the human consumer.     

The influence of dietary fatty acid composition on the respiratory and cardiovascular physiology of Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii): a review

This paper reviews evidence that the fatty acid composition of dietary lipids influences the respiratory and cardiovascular physiology of Adriatic sturgeon {Acipenser naccarii) and, thereby, their tolerance of the stress of hypoxia. Sturgeon fed a commercial diet enriched in fish oil (menhaden oil as 15% of dry feed weight), with an elevated content of highly unsaturated fatty acids of the co3 series (ω3 HUFA), had a significantly lower standard metabolic rate (SMR) and routine oxygen consumption (Mo₂) than those fed a diet enriched with the same quantity of hydrogenated coconut oil, with an elevated content of saturated fatty acids (SFA). Both groups grew equally well. As a result of this difference in aerobic metabolism, sturgeon fed the w3 HUFA and SFA responded differently when exposed to hypoxic challenges. Sturgeon fed w3 HUFA exhibited no significant reflex hyperventilation when exposed to mild, moderate or deep hypoxia (30 min at water 0₂ partial pressures of 10.8, 6.6 and 4.6 kPa, respectively), no hypoxic depression of spontaneous activity during 3h in mild hypoxia, and no depression of Mo₂ during 3h in moderate hypoxia, unlike sturgeon fed SFA. The diets also influenced the performance of isolated hearts in vitro. Hearts from fish fed o3 HUFA maintained maximum in vitro cardiac power output unchanged when oxygen supply was reduced (O₂ content from 2.3 to 0.7 vol.%), unlike hearts from sturgeon fed SFA. Overall, the results indicate that dietary fatty acid composition can influence tolerance of hypoxia in sturgeon, through effects on SMR. When compared to sturgeon fed SFA, those fed co3 HUFA had lower SMR and were more tolerant of hypoxia, with effects both on the whole animal and on the isolated heart.     

The influence of dietary essential fatty acids on uterine C20 and C22 fatty acid composition.

The effect of dietary fatty acids on uterine fatty acid composition was studied in rats fed control diet or semi-synthetic diet supplemented with 1.5 microliter/g/day evening primrose oil (EPO) or fish oil (FO). Diet-related changes in uterine lipid were detected within 21 days. Changes of 2- to 20-fold were detected in the uterine n-6 and n-3 essential fatty acids (EFA) and in certain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. The FO diet was associated with higher uterine C20 and C22 n-3, and the EPO diet, with higher uterine n-6 fatty acid. High uterine C18:2 n-6 was detected in neutral lipid (NL) of rats fed high concentrations of this fatty acid, but there was little evidence of selective incorporation or retention of C18:2 n-6 by uterine NL. The incorporation of EFA into uterine phospholipids (PL) was greater than NL EFA incorporation, and uterine PL n-3/n-6 ratios showed greater diet dependence. Tissue/diet fatty acid ratios in NL and PL also indicated preferential incorporation/synthesis of C16:1 n-9, and C16:0, and there was greater incorporation of C12:0 and C14:0 into uteri of rats fed EPO and FO. Replacement of 50-60% of arachidonate with n-3 EFA in uterine PL may inhibit n-6 EFA metabolism necessary for uterine function at parturition.     

不同脂肪源对泥鳅稚鱼生长性能及脂肪酸组成的影响

为研究饲料不同脂肪源对泥鳅稚鱼生长性能及鱼体脂肪酸组成的影响, 实验选择初始体重为(10.002.00) mg的健康泥鳅稚鱼1500尾, 随机分为5组, 每组3个重复, 每个水箱100尾鱼, 分别投喂5种含有鱼油(FO)、大豆油(SO)、玉米油(CO)、花生油(PeO)和棕榈油(PaO)的配合饲料, 每种饲料3个重复, 饲养期为40d。结果显示, 摄食不同脂肪源饲料的泥鳅稚鱼在增重率、成活率、饲料系数等生长性能指标和体成分上没有显著差异(P0.05), 但是, 摄食FO组鱼体极性脂肪含量显著高于其他植物油组(P0.05)。鱼油组鱼体中性和极性脂肪中总n-3系脂肪酸含量和EPA+DHA含量显著高于其他植物油组(P0.05)。植物油组鱼体极性脂肪中20:4n-6含量显著高于鱼油组(P0.05), 表明泥鳅稚鱼具有将C18转换为C20的能力。研究表明, 在饲料中添加足量磷脂, 鱼油、大豆油、玉米油、花生油、棕榈油都可以用作泥鳅稚鱼期专用饲料脂肪源。     

Nonspecific immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) in relation to different status of vitamin E and highly unsaturated fatty acids

This study was designed to examine the effects of dietary vitamin E (VE) on modulation of immune responses when supplied with two levels of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Six semipurified diets were prepared containing three levels of dietary VE (0, 100 or 1000 mg alpha-tocopheryl acetate kg(-1) diet) and n-3 HUFA either at 20 or 48% of dietary lipid provided from fish oil or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrated fish oil respectively. The diets were fed to rainbow trout (100 g initial mean weight) for 15 weeks. The VE, vitamin C (VC) content in plasma and tissues and the nonspecific immune responses, both humoral (alternative complement activity, total immunoglobulin) and cellular (phagocytosis, nonspecific cytotoxicity) were examined. VE contents in the kidney reflected the dietary input but were lower in fish fed 48% n-3 HUFA diets, and could have impaired some of immune responses compared to fish fed 20% n-3 HUFA. VC contents in kidney followed the same pattern as VE. Both humoral and cellular immune functions deteriorated in fish fed VE deficient diets whereas improvement in most of the parameters corresponded to its supplementation. However, the higher dose of dietary VE did not substantially enhance the responses assayed compared to the 100 mg dose. Besides clearly indicating the role of VE in maintaining the immune functions in fish in relation to dietary n-3 HUFA, this study has revealed that optimum health benefits could be achieved when VE is maintained slightly above the levels generally recommended for normal growth.     

Antioxidant defense of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in relation to dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E contents

This study examined the modulation of the antioxidant status and related physiological changes in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss under different levels of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFA) and vitamin E. Six diets containing 0, 100 or 1000 mg alpha-tocopheryl acetate kg(-1) diet and 20% or 48% n-3 HUFA provided by normal fish oil or DHA concentrated fish oil, respectively, were fed to 100 g size fish for 15 weeks. Growth of fish fed vitamin E deficient diets under both levels of n-3 HUFA were slightly retarded, accompanied by a reduction of hematocrit values, an enlargement of liver and spleen, an elevation of lipid hydroperoxide in red blood cell and the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase). Supplementation of vitamin E could protect the fish from these adverse effects; however the higher dose was no better compared to the moderate dose. The modulations were clearly seen in fish fed high n-3 HUFA (48%) since they were under greater oxidative stress as indicated by the markers, lipid hydroperoxide and 8-isoprostane. The increased activity of enzymes corresponds to physiological mechanisms combating the elevation of free radicals under oxidative stress and a dietary fatty acid profile-dependent moderate dose of vitamin E is all that is required to function as an effective antioxidant.     

The Fat-1 Mouse has Brain Docosahexaenoic Acid Levels Achievable Through Fish Oil Feeding

Fat-1 transgenic mice endogenously convert n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The aims of this study were to test whether a) fish oil feeding can attain similar brain n-3 PUFA levels as the fat-1 mouse, and b) fat-1 mouse brain docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3; DHA) levels can be potentiated by fish oil feeding. Fat-1 mice and their wildtype littermates consumed either a 10% safflower oil (SO) or a 2% fish oil and 8% safflower oil chow (FO). Brain total lipid and phospholipid fraction fatty acids were analyzed using GC-FID. Wildtype mice fed FO chow had similar brain levels of DHA as fat-1 mice fed SO chow. Fat-1 mice fed FO chow had similar brain n-3 PUFA levels as fat-1 mice fed SO chow. In conclusion, brain levels of DHA in the fat-1 mouse can be obtained by and were not further augmented with fish oil feeding.     

Fatty acid changes in liver choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids in aspirin-treated rats fed linoleate, gamma-linolenate and fish oil

The effects of dietary linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid and marine fatty acids on the development of aspirin-induced gastric hemorrhage and the distribution of liver glycerophospholipid fatty acids in fat-deficient growing rats were studied. Aspirin (100 mg/day)-treated and nontreated rats were fed for 7 days, a mixed diet of 2.5% safflower oil and 7.5% hydrogenated coconut oil (SFO/HCO) or 7.5% fish oil (SFO/FO), or 2.5% gamma-linolenate concentrate and 7.5% fish oil (GLA/FO). Gastric hemorrhage was induced in animals by aspirin treatment to various extents. It was not affected by FO feeding, but was significantly alleviated by GLA feeding. Aspirin treatment reduced the proportions of 20:4n-6 in liver phosphatidylcholine. FO feeding (in SFO/FO and GLA/FO rats) further reduced the 20:4n-6 level and replaced it by n-3 fatty acids. GLA feeding, on the other hand, elevated the proportion of 20:4n-6. As a result, the reduction of 20:4n-6 by fish oil feeding, was less significant in GLA/FO rats than in SFO/FO rats. The degree of gastric hemorrhage appeared to relate negatively to the levels of 20:4n-6 in liver phosphatidylcholine, and to the sum of 20:4n-6 and 20:5n-3 when FO was included in the diet. It is suggested that long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (20:4n-6 and 20:5n-3) per se in addition to being precursors of prostaglandins, may also affect the development of gastric hemorrhage, possibly by modulating the permeability of cell membranes in the gastric mucosa.     

Effects of water temperature and diets containing palm oil on fatty acid desaturation and oxidation in hepatocytes and intestinal enterocytes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Food grade fisheries have reached their sustainable limits while aquaculture production has increased to meet consumer demands. However, for growth in aquaculture to continue and utilise sustainable, feeding ingredients, alternatives to fish oil (FO), the predominant lipid component of fish diets, must be developed. Therefore, there is currently considerable interest in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism in fish in order to determine strategies for the best use of plant oils in diets for commercially important cultured fish species. Plant oils are characteristically rich in C18 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) but devoid of C20 and C22 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) found in FO. The fatty acyl desaturase enzyme activities involved in the biosynthesis of HUFA from PUFA are known to be under nutritional regulation and can be increased in fish fed diets rich in plant oils. However, fatty acid desaturase activity is also known to be modulated by water temperature in fish. The present study aimed to investigate the interaction between water temperature and diet in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism in rainbow trout. Trout, acclimatized to 7, 11 or 15 degrees C, were fed for 4 weeks on diets in which the FO was replaced in a graded manner by palm oil. At the end of the trial, fatty acyl desaturation/elongation and beta-oxidation activities were determined in isolated hepatocytes and intestinal enterocytes using [1-14C]18:3n-3 as substrate, and samples of liver were collected for analysis of lipid and fatty acid composition. The most obvious effect of temperature was that fatty acid desaturation/elongation and beta-oxidation were reduced in both hepatocytes and intestinal enterocytes from fish maintained at the highest water temperature (15 degrees C). There were differences between the two tissues with the highest desaturation/elongation and beta-oxidation activities tending to be in fish held at 11 degrees C in the case of hepatocytes, but 7 degrees C in enterocytes. Correlations between fatty acid metabolism and dietary palm oil were most clearly observed in desaturation/elongation activities in both hepatocytes and enterocytes at 11 degrees C. The highest beta-oxidation activities were generally observed in fish fed FO alone in both hepatocytes and enterocytes with palm oil having differential effects in the two cell types.     

N-3 HUFAs affect fat deposition,susceptibility to oxidative stress,and apoptosis in Atlantic salmon visceral adipose tissue

We have investigated how n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs) in the diet affect fatty acid (FA) utilization, fat storage and oxidative stress (OS) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) white adipose tissue (WAT). Four groups of Atlantic salmon were fed for 21 weeks on one of the four diets supplemented with 23% (of dry matter) lipid. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) levels increased from 10% of total FAs in the rapeseed oil (RO) diet, to 20% in the fish oil (FO) diet, and to 50% and 55% in the DHA-enriched and EPA-enriched diets, respectively. Increased dietary levels of n-3 HUFAs resulted in lower fat percentage in WAT. Furthermore, mitochondrial FA β-oxidation activity was higher in the FO group than it was in the RO group. The relative levels of DHA and EPA in phospholipids (PLs) from WAT and mitochondrial membranes increased with the increasing dietary levels of these HUFAs. In general, the mitochondrial membrane PLs were characterised by lower relative levels of n-3 HUFAs and higher relative levels of linoleic acid (LA; 18:2 n-6) than WAT membrane PLs. The predominance of LA relative to n-3 HUFAs in mitochondrial membrane PLs may help to protect these PLs from peroxidation. Cytochrome c oxidase measurements revealed higher incidence of disrupted mitochondrial membranes in the DHA and EPA dietary groups than in the FO and RO dietary groups. This disruption further affected the mitochondrial function, resulting in a marked reduction in FA β-oxidation capacities. The reduction in mitochondrial function and the increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the DHA and EPA groups showed that high dietary dose of DHA and EPA resulted in oxidative stress (OS). The increased activity of caspase 3 in the high n-3 HUFA groups suggested the induction of apoptosis and increased incidence of cell death in WAT, which may be one of the factors explaining the lower fat percentage found in these groups.     

Fish oil prevents high-saturated fat diet-induced impairments in adiponectin and insulin response in rodent soleus muscle

High saturated fatty acid (SFA) diets contribute to the development of insulin resistance, whereas fish oil-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increase the secretion of adiponectin (Ad), an adipocyte-derived protein that stimulates fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and improves skeletal muscle insulin response. We sought to determine whether fish oil could prevent and/or restore high SFA diet-induced impairments in Ad and insulin response in soleus muscle. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 1) a low-fat control diet (CON group), 2) high-SFA diet (SFA group), or 3) high SFA with n-3 PUFA diet (SFA/n-3 PUFA group). At 4 wk, CON and SFA/n-3 PUFA animals were terminated, and SFA animals were either terminated or fed SFA or SFA/n-3 PUFA for an additional 2 or 4 wk. The effect of diet on Ad-stimulated FAO, insulin-stimulated glucose transport, and expression of Ad, insulin and inflammatory signaling proteins was determined in the soleus muscle. Ad stimulated FAO in CON and 4 wk SFA/n-3 PUFA (+36%, +39%, respectively P ≤ 0.05) only. Insulin increased glucose transport in CON, 4 wk SFA/n-3 PUFA, and 4 wk SFA + 4 wk SFA/n-3 PUFA (+82%, +33%, +25%, respectively P ≤ 0.05); this effect was lost in all other groups. TLR4 expression was increased with 4 wk of SFA feeding (+24%, P ≤ 0.05), and this was prevented in 4 wk SFA/n-3 PUFA. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 expression was increased in SFA and SFA/n-3 PUFA (+33 and +18%, respectively, P ≤ 0.05). Our results demonstrate that fish oil can prevent high SFA diet-induced impairments in both Ad and insulin response in soleus muscle.     

饲料中植物油替代鱼油对大西洋鲑肝细胞油酸跨膜吸收的影响

以 1-14C油酸（oleic acid;18:1n-9,OA）为指示剂,研究了不同饲料油源饲喂下大西洋鲑肝细胞膜脂肪酸组成受到改变时该细胞对OA吸收的状况,以探讨植物油（Vegetable oil,VO）替代鱼油（Fish oil,FO）对大西洋鲑肝细胞脂肪酸跨膜吸收的影响,为大西洋鲑饲料中植物油替代鱼油的可行性提供理论依据。试验先以鱼油和大豆油为油源配制两种全价配合饲料,分别饲喂大西洋鲑幼鲑5个月,使其产生不同的脂肪酸组成。在饲养结束后,分离并培养试验鱼肝细胞,将细胞与1-14COA及37.5 mol/L OA（1/30,mol/mol,0.3 Ci/瓶）共孵育2h,收集并测定细胞内OA放射活性,再计算细胞内OA吸收量 nmol/（hmillion cells）。同时,试验采取RT-PCR方法测定了细胞脂肪酸运送蛋白（Fatty acid transport protein,FATP）、脂肪酸移位蛋白（Fatty acid translocase,FAT/CD36）的基因表达量。结果表明,FO和VO组肝细胞对OA吸收分别为（0.9240.258）及（0.8880.179）nmol/（hmillion cells）,两组间无显著差异（P0.05）。RT-PCR的检测结果表明,FAT/CD36和FATP基因表达量在FO与VO两组间均无显著差异（P0.05）。结果表明,从植物油替代鱼油不影响大西洋鲑肝细胞对长链脂肪酸的跨膜吸收方面来看,大西洋鲑饲料中以植物油替代鱼油具有可行性。       

Effects of two Avtemia diets with different contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the lipid composition of larvae of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus

Atlantic herring larvae ( Clupea harengus ) were fed two enriched Artemia diets with different contents of (n-3) highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), one containing low levels of 20: 5(n-3) and no 22: 6(n-3), the other containing substantial levels of both 20: 5(n-3) and 22: 6(n-3). After 30 days of culture, fatty acid compositions of lipid classes in the heads, bodies and eyes of the larvae were analysed. Fish fed Artemia with the low (n-3) HUFA diet lacking 22: 6(n-3) had lower amounts of total (n-3)HUFA and, in particular, of 22:6(n-3) in individual phospholipids and total neutral lipids of heads, bodies and eyes as compared to fish fed Artemia with high levels of (n-3)HUFA. The amount of 22: 6(n-3) in the fatty acids of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine of eyes was particularly susceptible to dietary depletion. The implications of these findings are discussed, particularly in relation to dietary requirements for 22: 6(n-3) during development of neural tissue in predatory fish iarvae.     

Effect of dietary fish oil on tumor-induced hyperlipidemia and tumor growth in rats implanted with a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma

Male Fischer 344 rats implanted with a methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma (MCS), along with normal (or control) animals, were fed diets containing either 10% com oil (CO) or 2% CO + 8% fish oil (FO), designated as diets CO and FO, respectively, in a study designed to determine the effect of dietary FO on serum lipids (in the presence or absence of a tumor) and the growth and fatty acid composition of the MCS. For both diets, MCS-bearing rats had significantly (p < 0.05) higher serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and total lipids than controls. For both controls and tumor-bearers, serum levels of all these lipids were, with the exception of cholesterol for the tumorbearers, significantly lower in rats receiving the FO diet than for the corresponding groups receiving the CO diet. Relative to rats fed the CO diet, those fed the FO diet had significantly higher serum levels of some fatty acids (e.g., 20:5n-3) but significantly lower levels of others (e.g., 18:2n-6), regardless of tumor status. For the tumor-bearers, differences in the levels of fatty acids in MCS tissue reflected differences in the fatty acid composition of total serum lipids. Sarcoma growth was unaffected by diet. Thus, feeding dietary FO resulted in changes in the lipid status of both control and tumor-bearing rats. Since sarcoma growth was unaffected by diet, the reduction in the severity of MCS-induced hyperlipidemia by FO appears to be due to an effect of the oil per se.     

Effects of dietary fish oil substitution by Echium oil on enterocyte and hepatocyte lipid metabolism of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.)

The fatty acid profile of vegetable oils (VOs), together with the poor ability of marine fish to convert polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), lead to important changes in the nutritional value of farmed fish fed VO, which include increased fat and 18:2n-6 and reduced n-3 HUFA. Echium oil (EO) has a good n-3/n-6 balance as well as an interesting profile with its high content of unusual fatty acids (SDA, 18:4n-3 and GLA, 18:3n-6) that are of increasing pharmacological interest. The effects of substituting 50 % of dietary fish oil (FO) by EO on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) enterocyte and hepatocyte lipid metabolism were studied. After 4 months of feeding, cell viability, total lipid contents and lipid class compositions were not affected by EO. The cells clearly reflected the fatty acid profile of the EO showing increased SDA, GLA and its elongation product 20:3n-6, and only minorly decreased n-3 HUFA compared to other VO. Metabolism of [1-¹⁴C]18:2n-6 and [1-¹⁴C]18:3n-3 was also unaffected by EO in terms of total uptake, incorporation, β-oxidation and elongation–desaturation activities.     

Effect of Dietary Mono- and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Fatty Acid Composition of Pigs' Adipose Tissues

In two experiments with growing-finishing pigs six different dietary fats were added to a conventional diet (control - C) to study the effects of dietary monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on the fatty acid composition of backfat and kidney fat at similar amounts of double bonds in feed (Exp. 1:7% pork fat - PF, 4.95% olive oil - OO, 3.17% soybean oil - SO) or a constant amount of 5% of processed fats (Exp. 2: partially hydrogenated fat - SAT, fractionated pork fats: olein - OLE, stearin - STE). Compared with the control, PUFA were only slightly increased in backfat of pigs fed PF, OLE, STE or OO, although dietary PUFA intake was up to 70% higher. With SO PUFA were significantly increased in adipose tissues, predominantly at the expense of MUFA. Consequently, a non-linear relationship was found between PUFA intake and proportion in backfat. MUFA were incorporated at the expense of SFA, therefore, adipose tissues of OO fed animals were lowest in SFA. Despite comparable amounts of double bonds in feed (Exp. 1), the degree of unsaturation measured as fat score (sum of double bonds) was in the order SO > OO > PF > C. In contrast, the proportion of SFA was C > PF = SO > OO. Regarding the decisive role of SFA for fat consistency it may be concluded that MUFA should also be considered in feeding recommendations for pigs. Furthermore, in case of a high dietary supply of MUFA, a simple index of double bonds might not be sufficiently conclusive to judge pig fat quality.     

不同脂肪源对异育银鲫的生长、体组成和肌肉脂肪酸的影响

配制了十种等氮等能的饲料饲喂3.53 g的异育银鲫幼鱼12周, 探讨异育银鲫对不同脂肪源的利用效果。十种饲料中分别添加8%的鱼油(FO)、椰子油(CNO)、玉米油(CO)、亚麻油(LO)、大豆油(SO)、菜籽油(RO)、1∶1鱼油-椰子油(FCNO)、1∶1鱼油-玉米油(FCO)、1∶1鱼油-亚麻油(FLO)和1∶1∶1∶1鱼油-椰子油-玉米油-亚麻油混合油(MIX)。每组饲料三个平行, 每个平行30尾。实验在循环水养殖系统中进行, 水温控制在(241)℃。结果表明, 在单一脂肪源中, 豆油组和椰子油组的增重率最高, 其次是菜籽油组, 鱼油、玉米油和亚麻油组的增重率最低。与相应的单一脂肪源相比, 饲料中鱼油与椰子油、玉米油或亚麻油1∶1混合后使用提高了异育银鲫的生长。摄食不同脂肪源饲料的异育银鲫血清生化指标、各组织的水分和脂肪含量差异不明显(P0.05)。肌肉脂肪酸与饲料脂肪源呈明显正相关。摄食豆油和菜籽油饲料的鱼体肌肉中20:4n-6较高, 而摄食亚麻油饲料的鱼则含有较高的20:5n-3和22:6n-3, 表明异育银鲫具有转化18:2n-6和 18:3n-3为高不饱和脂肪酸的能力。从实验可以看出, 豆油、椰子油和菜籽油是异育银鲫饲料中良好的脂肪源。       

Cold storage effects on flesh quality of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) fed diets containing different vegetable oils

The intention of this experiment was to assess the effects of different sources of dietary lipid on the fatty acid composition of the fillet and liver and the flesh quality traits of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after a 70‐day feeding period. Four iso‐nitrogenous (approx. 51% crude protein) and iso‐lipidic (approx. 14% crude lipid) experimental diets were formulated. The control diet contained only fish oil (FO) as the primary lipid source. In the other three dietary treatments, fish oil was replaced by 100% (LO30/SO35/SFO35) and 70% (FO30/LO35/SO35 or FO30/SO35/SFO35) sesame oil (SO), linseed oil (LO), or sunflower oil (SFO). Triplicate groups of 40 rainbow trout (~46 g) held under similar culture conditions were hand‐fed daily to apparent satiation for 70 days. At the end of the feeding trials, no difference in growth performance among experimental groups was noted (P > 0.05). There were some differences in the proximate composition of fish fillets (P < 0.05): the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels were highest in fish fed the control diet (P < 0.05); and EPA and DHA levels in fish fed the FO30/LO35/SO35 diet were closest to the control diet (P < 0.05). In contrast, fish fed the diet containing 100% plant oils (LO30/SO35/SFO35) had the highest level of total n‐6 fatty acids in the fillet and liver. In a 12‐day refrigerated storage at 1°C the thiobarbituric acid (TBA), trimethylamin nitrogen (TMA‐N) and pH values gradually increased in all dietary groups (P < 0.05). The chemical indicators of spoilage, TBA, TMA‐N, and pH values were within the limit of acceptability for human consumption.