Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance photosynthesis, water use efficiency, and growth of frankincense seedlings under pulsed water availability conditions

Under drought conditions, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi alter water relationships of plants and improve their resistance to drought. In a factorial greenhouse experiment, we tested the effects of the AM symbiosis and precipitation regime on the performance (growth, gas exchange, nutrient status and mycorrhizal responsiveness) of Boswellia papyrifera seedlings. A continuous precipitation regime was imitated by continuous watering of plants to field capacity every other day during 4 months, and irregular precipitation by pulsed watering of plants where watering was switched every 15 days during these 4 months, with 15 days of watering followed by 15 days without watering. There were significantly higher levels of AM colonization under irregular precipitation regime than under continuous precipitation. Mycorrhizal seedlings had higher biomass than control seedlings. Stomatal conductance and phosphorus mass fraction in shoot and root were also significantly higher for mycorrhizal seedlings. Mycorrhizal seedlings under irregular watering had the highest biomass. Both a larger leaf area and higher assimilation rates contributed to higher biomass. Under irregular watering, the water use efficiency increased in non-mycorrhizal seedlings through a reduction in transpiration, while in mycorrhizal seedlings irregular watering increased transpiration. Because assimilation rates increased even more, mycorrhizal seedlings achieved an even higher water use efficiency. Boswellia seedlings allocated almost all carbon to the storage root. Boswellia seedlings had higher mass fractions of N, P, and K in roots than in shoots. Irregular precipitation conditions apparently benefit Boswellia seedlings when they are mycorrhizal. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00442-012-2258-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗根系生长和水分利用的影响

采用营养液水培法,研究了NaCl胁迫对两个耐盐性不同的黄瓜品种幼苗根系生长、活力、质膜透性和叶片生长、蒸腾速率（T_r）、相对含水量（RWC）及水分利用率（WUE）的影响.结果表明,盐胁迫下黄瓜植株根系吸收面积下降,质膜透性升高,叶片数减少,叶片T_r和RWC在盐胁迫2 d后明显下降,根系活力和叶片WUE均先升后降,50、75和100 mmol·L^-1NaCl胁迫9 d时,耐盐性较弱的津春2号根系活力降低幅度分别比耐盐性较强的长春密刺高18.01%、12.17%和10.95%,胁迫8 d时WUE下降幅度分别比长春密刺高2.74%、5.27%和0.23%.短期盐胁迫下,黄瓜植株通过提高根系吸收能力来补偿根系吸收面积的下降,通过降低叶片T_r和提高WUE来减少水分散失,在一定程度上有利于缓解水分失衡,提高植株耐盐性;盐胁迫5 d后,根系活力和WUE的下降导致水分失衡加剧,表明根系吸收能力的下降是导致水分失衡的重要原因,叶片WUE的下降是水分失衡的反应,两者均与品种的耐盐性关系密切.     

CO2浓度、氮和水分对春小麦光合、蒸散及水分利用效率的影响

研究了不同土壤氮和土壤水分条件下,大气CO2浓度升高对春小麦光合作用、气孔导度、蒸散和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,CO2浓度升高,干旱处理的春小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）叶片光合作用速率幅度增加大于湿润处理,随着氮肥用量增加光合速率相应增加,而不施氮脂增加有限;干旱处理气孔导度幅度减少大于湿润处理,不施氮肥的大于氮肥充足的CO2浓度升高,干旱处理的蒸散量减少比湿润处理多,不施氮肥的蒸散量减少较为明显;但干旱处理单叶WUE增加大于湿润处理;随着氮肥用量增加,冠层WUE提高,而不施氮肥的冠层WUE最低。因而CO2浓度升高、光合速率增加和蒸散量减少会减缓干旱的不利影响,增强作物对干旱胁迫的抵御能力。     

灌水模式对冬小麦光合特性、水分利用效率和产量的影响

试验于2013—2014和2014—2015年连续2个生长季在自动控制干旱棚内的隔离池中进行,拔节期设3个灌水梯度,灌水量分别为0(J_0)、37.5(J_1)、75 mm(J_2),扬花期设3个灌水梯度,灌水量分别为0(F_0)、37.5(F_1)、75 mm(F_2),灌浆期所有处理均按75 mm灌溉,共9个处理,研究不同灌溉模式对小麦中后期不同生育阶段植株生长、耗水量、水分利用效率、光合特性和产量构成因素的影响.结果表明:拔节期干旱(0和37.5 mm)显著降低了小麦扬花期的净光合速率和拔节后的叶面积,扬花期的灌水量直接影响扬花期后的旗叶净光合速率;拔节期干旱扬花期补水和扬花期干旱灌浆期补水都可以有效提高植株的干物质量;拔节期灌水量越多,全生育期耗水量越大;除J_1F_2外,全生育期灌水量越大,耗水量越大,产量也越高;J_1F_2处理产量和水分利用效率最高.扬花期充足的灌水量使J_1F_2处理具有较高的花后旗叶净光合速率,此期补偿性灌溉加快了干物质积累,也保证了较高的穗粒数,使其最终产量高于J_2F_2处理或与之持平,同时J_1F_2拔节期较低的灌水量降低了小麦生育中后期的耗水量,其水分利用效率也显著高于其他处理.综上,J_1F_2是小麦生育中期理想的水分处理组合.     

氮、磷、钾营养对冬小麦光合作用及水分利用的影响

在中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站长期肥料实验的基础上,选择氮磷(T1)、氮钾(T2)、磷钾(T3)和氮磷钾(T4)4个肥料处理,以不施肥为对照(CK),研究了长期施用氮、磷、钾肥对小麦抽穗期和灌浆期净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE)日变化的影响.结果表明:小麦抽穗期和灌浆期T4处理的Pn日变化值显著高于CK,其他处理与CK未达到显著性差异,各处理Pn日积累量大小为T4＞T1＞T2＞T3＞CK;缺氮、缺磷和缺钾均降低了叶片Pn,影响大小依次为缺氮＞缺磷＞缺钾;小麦抽穗期和灌浆期Tr日变化曲线呈单峰型,处理间日变化值差异不显著;缺氮、缺磷和缺钾均降低了叶片WUE,抽穗期,T1、T4处理的WUE日变化值显著高于CK,而T3、T2与CK差异不显著,说明缺氮、缺磷对WUE的影响最大,灌浆期,T4处理的WUE日变化值显著高于CK;不同肥料处理仅改变了小麦光合日变化的幅度,而未改变其变化规律,氮、磷、钾复合施肥有效地提高了小麦的光合生产和水分利用效率.     

Water use efficiency,photosynthesis, extreme temperature and drought tolerance of desert plant seedlings

The seedlings of twenty eight annual and perennial desert plants belonging to fifteen families were raised under controlled growth conditions and subjected to a range of tests. The water use efficiency, photosynthesis, extreme temperatures and drought tolerance were monitored. The results were discussed for their ecological significance as a basic information to applied research. Seedlings which were more tolerant to extreme high and low temperatures and drought were more capable of controlling water loss through better water use efficiency. At temperatures below 25°C, the annual plants had higher photosynthetic rate than perennials, whereas at higher temperatures, the perennials were advantaged.     

Comparative field water relations of four co-occurring chaparral shrub species

Summary The seasonal course of water relations was measured in the field in Adenostoma fasciculatum, Quercus dumosa, Ceanothus greggii, and Arctostaphylos glauca, four prominent members of the southern California chaparral vegetation. Ceanothus greggii and A. glauca developed similar seasonal patterns of minimum leaf water potentials, as estimated by xylem pressure measurements, which were much less negative than A. fasciculatum and Q. dumosa growing in close proximity on the same pole-facing slope site. Adenostoma fasciculatum on an adjacent equator-facing slope developed more negative water potentials than did A. fasciculatum on the pole-facing slope.Leaf conductance differed between species, and by leaf age class and slope exposure within a species. The greatest differences were measured between leaf age classes in A. fasciculatum on the pole-facing slope, with new leaves showing the greatest conductances early in the season. The same trend was measured in A. fasciculatum on the equator-facing slope, but the differences were less between leaf age classes and diminished earlier in the season than in A. fasciculatum on the pole-facing slope. The analysis of daily hysteresis in the leaf conductance-water potential relation suggests that early in the season when water is available, stomatal behavior is simultaneously governed by a complex of environmental factors, while late in the season stomatal behavior becomes increasingly dominated by tissue water status.     

遮荫对短梗大参苗木光合作用及生长的影响

以盆栽短梗大参为试验材料,探讨不同遮荫处理(全光日照、70%光日照及40%光日照)对短梗大参苗木叶绿素含量、光合作用和生长的影响,为耐阴植物引种栽培及在园林上的应用提供理论依据。结果表明:在遮荫处理下短梗大参生长良好,叶色浓绿,植株的冠幅和复叶数显著高于全光日照(P0.05);遮荫处理下叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素的含量显著高于全光日照(P0.05),且随着遮荫程度增强而增加,而叶绿素a/b则呈下降趋势。与全光日照相比,遮荫处理提高了短梗大参表观量子效率(AQY)和最大净光合速率(Pmax),同时明显降低了光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)。遮荫处理提高了PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)和潜在活性(F0/Fm),尤其是40%光日照下Fv/Fm和F0/Fm均显著高于全光日照(P0.05)。遮荫处理下非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)显著低于全光日照(P0.05),并随着遮荫程度的增加而进一步降低,以减少热耗散等途径来提高PSⅡ光能转化效率,但光化学猝灭系数(q P)受遮荫处理影响不大。因此,作为喜阴植物,短梗大参具有较强的弱光利用能力,适宜生长于适度荫蔽的环境。     

喷灌灌水量对冬小麦生长、耗水与水分利用效率的影响

于2006-2008年在中国科学院通州农田水循环与节水灌溉试验基地进行田间试验,研究灌水量对冬小麦生长、耗水、产量和水分利用效率的影响.试验设置了不同的灌水量处理,灌水量以布置在冬小麦冠层顶部20 cm标准蒸发皿蒸发量(E)的倍数表示.试验结果表明:2006-2007生长季节中0.75 E处理和2007-2008生长季节中0.625 E处理所对应的冬小麦产量最高.当灌水量小于0.25 E时,冬小麦生长受到水分胁迫,其产量下降25%以上.两个生长季节中冬小麦耗水量为219～486 mm,耗水量随灌水量的增加而增大.冬小麦产量和水分利用效率与耗水量之间呈二次函数关系.北京地区冬小麦返青后的生长季节内,其适宜喷灌水量为0.50～0.75 E.     

The effects of light and nitrogen on photosynthesis,leaf characteristics,and dry matter allocation in the chaparral shrub,Diplacus aurantiacus

Summary Plants of Diplacus aurantiacus, a successional shrub common in California chaparral, were grown under controlled conditions in which either quantum flux density or nitrogen availability was varied. Photosynthesis and leaf nitrogen content were determined on a leaf area and a leaf weight basis, and whole plant growth was monitored.There was a direct relationship between photosynthesis and leaf nitrogen content on both area and weight bases. Reduced light intensity of the growth environment resulted in reductions in light-saturated photosynthesis and nitrogen content on an area basis, but not on a weight basis. With reduced nitrogen availability, photosynthesis and leaf nitrogen content per unit leaf weight decreased.Resource use efficiency increased as the resource became more limiting. The results are consistent with a model of plant growth in which net carbon gain of the leaf is maximized. Abbreviations. For brevity, the following set of abbreviations is used in presenting and discussing the results. P/area and N/area are, respectively, photosynthesis and leaf nitrogen content per unit leaf area. P/wt and N/wt are the same quantities per unit leaf dry weight. SLW (specific leaf weight) is dry weight per unit leaf area. RGR (relative growth rate) is the relative rate of increase in shoot dry matter per day     

光环境对胡桃楸幼苗生长与光合作用的影响

为了解胡桃楸幼苗对光的需求及适应规律,采用Li-6400便携式光合测定系统研究了不同光环境处理（100%、60%、30％和15%自然光）条件下3年生胡桃楸幼苗（适应1年后）叶片光合能力的季节变化及其对光强的响应.结果表明：在春季,胡桃楸幼苗对光反应不敏感,夏季和秋季随着光强的增加,叶片的最大光合速率、最大羧化速率和最大电子传递速率均显著增加（P<0.05）.光饱和点随光强的下降而降低（P<0.05）,表观量子效率、暗呼吸速率和光补偿点在不同光环境下未发现显著差异.100%和60%自然光处理的幼苗相对生长率差异不显著,但是随着光强下降,相对生长率显著下降（P<0.05）,为60%>30％>15%自然光处理.胡桃楸幼苗对不同的光环境表现出较强的适应性和可塑性;同时,通过降低光饱和点和减少碳积累,也能适应15%～30％自然光环境.     

二氧化氮对樟树幼苗生长及光合作用的影响

采用开顶式人工熏气装置,对1年生樟树幼苗进行了为期2个月不同体积分数NO₂(0.1、0.5和4.0 μl·L^-1)熏气试验,研究其对幼苗生长及光合作用的影响.结果表明:0.5和0.1 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理促进了樟树幼苗生长,而4.0 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理则抑制其生长.各处理樟树幼苗叶片净光合速率(P_n)日变化呈不对称的双峰型曲线,存在光合“午休”现象;在光合日进程中,0.5 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理使叶片P_n提高,最大值达8.542 μmol CO₂·m^-2s^-1,4.0 μl·L^-1NO₂处理的大多数时段使P_n降低,而0.1 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理对P_n的影响则依时段而不同;0.5和4.0 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理提高了叶片气孔导度(G_s)和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)的最大值和最小值,0.1 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理提高了C_i的最大值和最小值,降低了G_s的最大值和最小值.熏气处理中、后期,0.5μl·L^-1 NO₂处理叶片的日均净光合速率显著高于其他处理.在熏气处理前期,0.5和4.0 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理使叶片最大PSⅡ的光能转换效率(F_v/F_m)显著下降;在熏气处理后期,4.0 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理的叶片F_v/F_m仍显著低于对照.     

CO2浓度、氮和水分对春小麦光合、蒸散及水分利用效率的影响

研究了不同土壤氮和土壤水分条件下,大气CO₂浓度升高对春小麦光合作用、气孔导度、蒸散和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,CO₂浓度升高,干旱处理的春小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)叶片光合作用速率幅度增加大于湿润处理,随着氮肥用量增加光合速率相应增加,而不施氮肥增加有限;干旱处理气孔导度幅度减少大于湿润处理,不施氮肥的大于氮肥充足的.CO₂浓度升高,干旱处理的蒸散量减少比湿润处理多,不施氮肥的蒸散量减少较为明显;但干旱处理单叶WUE增加大于湿润处理;随着氮肥用量增加,冠层WUE提高,而不施氮肥的冠层WUE最低.因而CO₂浓度升高、光合速率增加和蒸散量减少会减缓干旱的不利影响,增强作物对干旱胁迫的抵御能力.     

不同盐度对鱼藤幼苗生长及光合作用的影响

鱼藤(Derris trifoliata)是红树林常见伴生藤本植物。为了解其对潮间带高盐生境的响应和适应,研究了0～40的盐度对鱼藤幼苗生长、光合和叶绿素荧光的影响。结果表明:1)盐度低于20处理,幼苗生长相对较快;2)随盐度升高,根冠比下降、地下部分生物量受到影响大于地上;3)随盐度升高,净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)呈显著下降趋势;胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)先降低后升高,盐度为20时达到最小值;Tr和气孔限制值(Ls)与Ci趋势相反;PSⅡ实际光化学量子产量显著下降,非光化学淬灭系数趋势与之相反。综上表明,盐胁迫对鱼藤幼苗生长、光合和叶绿素荧光均有影响,盐度越高,抑制越明显;低盐(盐度低于20)利于鱼藤幼苗生长。     

Effects of temperature, salinity, irradiance and diurnal periodicity on growth and photosynthesis in the diatom Nitzschia americana: light-limited growth

The effects of variations in temperature (10, 15, 20, 25, 30C)and salinity (8, 15, 20, 26, 32 p.p.t.) on cell size and ratesof photosynthesis and population growth were evaluated in axenic,light-limited (30 µE m^–2 s^–1) cultures ofan estuarine clone of the diatom ^{Nitzschia americana}. Experimentalconditions were chosen to reflect the range of natural conditionswhich occur in the clone's native environment, the Cape FearRiver Estuary, Nqrth Carolina. Rates of light-limited grossphotosynthesis; or photosynthetic efficiency (PSE), were determinedfrom short-term (1 h) ¹⁴C incubations. Diurnal variation inPSE was analyzed using ¹⁴C samples taken during times of estimatedmaximum and minimum rates of diurnal photosynthesis. The salinity-dependenttemperature response of PSE is characterized by a gradual increasein rates up to a temperature optimum at –25C, beyondwhich rates rapidly decline to zero at an upper lethal limit(30–40C). A similar pattern was observed in populationgrowth rates as a function of salinity and temperature. Independentof temperature, optimum salinity for growth was 26 p.p.t. Amaximum growth rate of 2.4 div d^–1 was measured at 25Cand 26 p.p.t. The effect of non-optimum salinity is a reductionin growth rates relative to a predicted temperature-dependentmaximum. Salinity-dependent patterns of variation in cell volume,in general, mirrored the response of population growth suchthat cultures with relatively high growth rates were dominatedby small cells. Significant diurnal variation was observed inPSE; maximum diurnal rates were generally 1.5–3.5 timesgreater than minimum diurnal rates.     

CO2浓度倍增对8种作物叶片光合作用、蒸腾作用和水分利用效率的影响

揭示作物光合作用、蒸腾作用和水分利用效率(WUE)对大气CO₂浓度变化的响应, 对预测未来大气CO₂浓度升高条件下作物生产力与需水规律的变化具有重要意义。在自然CO₂浓度、CO₂倍增和倍增后恢复到自然CO₂浓度3种情况下, 对大豆(Glycine max)、甘薯(Ipomoea batatas)、花生(Arachis hypogaea)、水稻(Oryza sativa)、棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)、玉米(Zea mays)、高粱(Sorghum vulgare)和谷子(Setaria italica) 8种作物的气体交换参数进行了研究。结果表明: CO₂浓度倍增可以提高光合速率, 降低蒸腾速率, 从而提高WUE, 其中光合速率提高的贡献更大; C₃比C₄作物的光合速率、WUE增幅大, C₃作物光合速率提高对WUE的贡献大于C₄作物; 通过对比倍增后恢复到自然CO₂浓度时气体交换参数随环境条件变化的响应确定了其内在调控机制; 倍增后恢复到自然CO₂浓度时作物光合速率低于自然CO₂浓度下的光合速率, 而蒸腾速率无明显差异。由此判断: CO₂浓度倍增下存在光合下调现象, 这可能是由于Rubisco酶蛋白含量、活化水平和比活性降低等“非气孔因素”造成的, 并非由气孔导度的降低引起的。     

高温和干旱胁迫对西红柿幼苗生长、养分含量及元素利用效率的影响

全球气候变化将增加未来高温与干旱的发生频率和强度,然而高温与干旱的交互作用对农作物生长、养分含量及其利用效率的影响还不甚清楚。因此,研究高温与干旱交互作用对农作物生理生态的影响将为准确评价农作物对未来极端气候条件的响应提供科学依据。选取全球第四大经济作物——西红柿为研究对象,在人工智能气候箱中模拟高温和干旱环境。共设置两个水分处理(正常浇水;干旱)与两个温度处理(常温-26℃/19℃(白天/夜间);高温-42℃/35℃(白天/夜间)(7d))。主要测定指标包括生物量以及生物量分配、比叶面积、养分含量(全氮、全磷)、光合元素利用效率(光合氮素利用效率、光合磷素利用效率)。研究表明,高温、干旱单独作用以及交互作用均显著降低了根、茎、叶生物量以及总生物量,并且高温干旱交互作用使总生物量降低最多。在生物量分配方面,高温单独作用显著降低了根质量分数以及根冠比,而干旱单独作用增加了根质量分数、茎质量分数以及根冠比,但降低了叶质量分数。在养分含量方面,高温单独作用导致叶片全氮、全磷含量显著降低、茎全磷含量显著增加、根全磷含量显著降低。干旱单独作用导致叶片、茎全磷含量显著降低、根全氮含量显著升高。高温与干旱交互作用对生物量分配及养分含量的影响与干旱胁迫单独作用类似。在光合元素利用效率方面,高温、干旱单独作用均降低了幼苗光合氮素利用效率、光合磷素利用效率,并且高温加剧了干旱对光合磷素利用效率的影响。因此,在未来气候变化情况下,高温与干旱交互作用可能会对农作物产生更大威胁。     

Effects of root pruning on the growth and water use efficiency of winter wheat

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of root pruning at the stem elongation stage on the growth and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). The results showed that stomatal conductance (g) and transpiration (E) of wheat were very sensitive to root pruning. After root pruning, they declined rapidly and but returned to pre-pruning values 15 days after treatment. Under well-watered conditions, there was no significant difference in leaf water potential (ψ_leaf) between root pruned and control plants after root pruning. Under moderate drought stress, ψ_leaf of root pruned plants declined significantly compared to the control 3 days after root pruning. After 15 days, ψ_leaf of root pruned plants was similar to the controls. Under different soil moisture levels, net assimilation rate (A) of root pruned plants was lower than controls 3–7 days after root pruning, but was similar to the controls 15 days after pruning. At anthesis (50 days after root pruning), root pruned plants showed significantly higher A compared with the control. Leaf area per tiller and tiller number of root pruning plants was significant lower than the control at booting stage, which showed that root pruning restrained the growth of plants in the early growing stage, but leaf area per stem, of root pruned plants, was similar to the control at anthesis. Under both soil moisture levels, there was no significant difference in grain yield between root pruned and the control plants in the monoculture. In mixture with the control plants, the root pruned plants was less productive and had a lower relative yield (0.92 and 0.78, respectively) compared with the control (1.13 and 1.19, respectively), which suggested that the pruned plants lost some of its competing ability and showed a lower ability to acquire and use the same resources in the mixture compared with the control plant. Over the whole growing cycle, root pruning reduced water consumption (by 10% under well-watered conditions and 16% under moderate drought stress) of wheat significantly compared to the control (P < 0.05), and but there was no significant difference in grain yield between root pruned and control plants. Therefore root pruned wheat had a higher WUE with respect to grain yield compared with the controls. In conclusion, lowering water consumption by root pruning in the early growing stage is an effective way to improve water use efficiency in arid and semi arid areas.     

Effects of phosphorus and chilling under low irradiance on photosynthesis and growth of tomato plants

To determine the effects of phosphorus nutrition on chilling tolerance of photosynthetic apparatus, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Kenfengxin 2002) plants were raised under different P contents and subjected to 7 d of chilling at 9/7 °C. After chilling (2 h or 7 d) plant growth, P content in tissue, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured. Decreasing P concentration [P] in the nutrient solution markedly reduced plant growth and the chilled plants exhibiting higher optimum [P] than the unchilled plants. Decreasing [P] significantly decreased light saturated net photosynthetic rate (P_Nsat), maximum carboxylation velocity of Rubisco (V_cmax), maximum potential rate of electron transport contributed to Rubisco regeneration (J_max), quantum efficiency of photosystem (PS) 2 (ΠPS2) and O₂ sensitivity of P_Nsat (PS_O2) and this trend was especially apparent in chilled plants.