Hsp70核苷酸结合域突变体影响酶活的分子动力学模拟研究

分子伴侣蛋白Hsp70氮端核苷酸结合域（NBD, nucleotide-binding domain）的ATP酶活性变化对其行使分子伴侣功能具有重要作用。本文采用分子动力学模拟方法研究酵母分子伴侣Hsp70氮端NBD内残基A17,R23,G32和R167点突变对其ATP酶活性区域构象影响及功能关系。结果表明,突变体A17V,T23H,G32S的ATP结合口袋袋口的loopl（第一个转角,连接p1与p2）结构柔性增强,活性残基T11侧链明显向内移动,从而更加接近ATP的γ-磷酸基团,更容易使ATP水解。这可能蕞终导致ATP酶活性增强,从而引起分子伴侣功能的变化。     

人副流感病毒3型HN糖蛋白N-糖链的功能研究

为了研究人副流感病毒3型(hPIV3)HN糖蛋白N-糖链的功能,采用基因定点突变技术构建糖基化位点突变体,然后检测各突变株的蛋白电泳速率、细胞表面表达量、受体结合活性、神经氨酸酶活性和促细胞融合活性。HN分子的G1、G2、G3和G4 4个糖基化位点分别和联合突变后发现G1、G2和G4及其联合突变株(G12、G14、G24和G124)电泳速率加快,而G3突变株电泳速率没有变化。各突变株的表达效率,神经氨酸酶活性与野毒株相比差别无统计学意义(P>0.05),但受体结合活性和促细胞融合活性均有不同程度的降低(P<0.05)。G1、G2和G4位点突变后受体结合活性分别为突变前的83.94%、76.45%和55.32%,而促细胞融合活性降为突变前的80.84%、77.83%和64.16%。联合突变株G12、G14、G24和G124血吸附活性进一步降低,为突变前的33.07%、20.67%、19.96%和15.11%,促细胞融合活性进一步降低为突变前的46.36%、12.04%、13.43%和4.05%。结果表明:hPIV3HN糖蛋白的糖链对HN糖蛋白的受体结合活性和促细胞融合活性有重要影响,推断糖链的丢失可能会引起HN糖蛋白头部结构(受体结合活性位点所在区域)或者方向的改变或者无法与宿主细胞膜表面的凝集素受体(一种与N-糖链结合的受体)结合,进而导致受体结合活性和促细胞融合活性的降低。     

人巨细胞病毒M抗原表位保守氨基酸突变的分析

为确定人巨细胞病毒M抗原表位MAD的关键氨基酸残基, 以MAD多肽序列为基础, 分别将保守氨基酸残基单一突变为甘氨酸残基, 构建各自突变体, 然后与人源Fc的N端融合, 通过原核表达载体pET32-Fc表达融合蛋白MAD-Fc, 经protein A柱亲和纯化得到各突变体纯品。通过ELISA及Western blotting方法验证各突变体特异结合羊抗HCMV多抗间的差异, 从而确定表位关键氨基酸残基。结果显示, 将MAD中的谷氨酰胺残基单突变为甘氨酸残基后, MADQ-G结合羊抗HCMV多抗活性大大降低, 差异显著; 而其他氨基酸残基单突变时, 对MAD活性影响程度很小。由此得出结论: MAD结合羊抗HCMV多抗的活性与谷氨酰胺残基有关。     

血红素氧合酶HugZ组氨酸-249对组氨酸-245侧链缺失补偿的结构基础

血红素氧合酶HugZ是幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)利用宿主血红素作为铁源的关键蛋白．HugZ的His245残基侧链咪唑基与血红素中心铁配位结合,是酶活中心的重要组成部分．用定点突变的方法构建HugZ突变体H245A、H249A和H245A/H249A基因,并将突变体蛋白表达纯化．通过X射线晶体学途径解析了突变体H245A与血红素复合物的2.55Å分辨率晶体结构．结构解析表明,HugZ的His249残基侧链咪唑基团与血红素的铁原子结合,从而补偿了His245侧链缺失．这种结构特征在已知血红素氧合酶中未曾发现．Val238 ψ平面的可翻转和Gly239的柔性是His249能与血红素配位结合的关键原因,二者的共同作用改变了C端肽链的走向,使Val238与His249之间的柔性回折与α1螺旋的相互作用发生解离,并向远离血红素的方向伸展．HugZ蛋白与血红素结合的光谱实验证明HugZ柔性C端上的组氨酸残基有利于HugZ与血红素的结合．研究结果表明,含多个组氨酸残基柔性C端的存在有利于血红素氧合酶HugZ结合和分解血红素．     

W86F/W86A突变对细菌视紫红质光循环影响的差异性分析

细菌视紫红质(bacteriorhodopsin,bR)是一种光驱受体蛋白,每个活性单元由3个单体组成,每个单体由一分子视蛋白和一分子的视黄醛发色团共价结合而成,其功能为从胞内向胞外定向传输质子,利用形成的质子浓度梯度将光能转化为化学能.光照后视黄醛发色团构型发生all-trans向13-cis转变,蛋白的构象也随之发生了一系列具有稳定中间态的变化并驱动质子的定向传递.为探讨bR视黄醛键合区保守性氨基酸色氨酸86 (Tryptop-han86,w86)对其光循环中间态和质子泵功能的影响,本研究采用定点突变技术将W86突变为侧链大小不同的F86和A86,通过原位紫外-可见光吸收光谱、闪光光解光谱、pH滴定、固体核磁共振等技术手段,探究W86F和W86A突变对bR光循环及质子泵功能影响差异性的分子机制.结果 表明,W86F和W86A突变均造成了bR暗适应状态下视黄醛顺反异构平衡向顺式构型占优的方向移动,且W86F突变可造成反式构型的完全消失.此外,无论是W86F还是W86A突变都造成了蛋白光循环中间态的减弱且衰减延长,以及质子泵功能减弱,但影响机制各有所不同,这可能与这两个突变对视黄醛多烯链上电子云的分布以及周围残基造成的扰动程度不同有关.     

根癌农杆菌Ⅵ型分泌系统关键组分ClpⅤ型ATPase基因表达及活性位点分析

细菌Ⅵ型分泌系统(type Ⅵ secretion system,T6SS)是近年发现的一种分布广泛且与细菌致病性密切相关的新型分泌系统,ClpⅤ型ATPase是不同细菌T6SS中均含有的关键保守组分,据推测可能为底物蛋白的分泌提供动力,但对其生化功能尚未进行深入鉴定.在本研究中,我们克隆了根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens) C58中的ClpⅤ型ATPase基因atu4344并在大肠杆菌中表达,酶学检测证实了其ATPase活性,定点突变分析发现K232/608和E299/675突变体均丧失ATPase活性,表明Walker A模体和Walker B模体与其活性密切相关.这是首次对植物病原细菌T6SS中的ClpⅤ型ATPase进行生化鉴定和突变分析研究.     

肠毒素C2中Met24对其超抗原活性无重要作用

目的:分析金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C2的T细胞受体结合区域α3结构中,第24位甲硫氨酸对其超抗原活性的影响作用.方法:应用定点突变技术对金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C2的Met24进行无意义突变,获得突变蛋白SEC2(M24A),对突变蛋白和野生型蛋白的体内、体外超抗原活性进行比较.结果:分别对野生型蛋白及突变蛋白的免疫刺激活性、肿瘤抑制活性、体内致热毒性进行了比较,发现突变蛋白的增值指数(PI)、抑瘤率、热源效应与野生型相比无显著差异(P＞0.05),这表明对第24位甲硫氨酸的替换没有对金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C2的超抗原活性造成明显影响.结论:在金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素C2的α3结构中,Met24并不是决定其超抗原活性的重要氨基酸残基.     

DNA脱氨基:新发现的人类抗HIV机制

最近的研究进展表明,人体细抱内的载脂蛋白BmRNA编辑酶催化多肽样蛋白3G (APOBEC3G,也称为CEM15),可以将人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)逆转录产生的负链CDNA中的胞嘧啶脱氨基,转变为尿嘧啶,进而被人体细胞内相关酶类降解,或在正链CDNA上产生乌嘌呤到腺嘌呤的超突变,使病毒丧失活性,具有抗病毒作用。而HIVVif蛋白可以与APOBEC3G结合,激活遍在蛋白一蛋白酶体途径,降解APOBEC3G,对抗人体这一抗病毒活性。Vif蛋白与APOBEC3G的相互作用,将为人们研究抗HIV的药物提供新的思路。     

蛋白质变体活性预测模型及其在肿瘤坏死因子分子设计中的应用

提出了一种预测蛋白质变体活性的简单模型.这种模型不涉及复杂的理论运算,而是试图通过分析蛋白质疏水核心和疏水表面区域的氨基酸定点突变后分子结构的变化,来预测变体的活性变化,以肿瘤坏死因子的两处亮氨酸残基(L29,L157)突变后的活性变化为例,验证了该模型的可靠性.在此基础上,提出了提高肿瘤坏死因子活性的分子设计方案并进行了实验验证.     

假单胞菌YZ-26来源环酰亚胺水解酶中半胱氨酸残基的反应性能

【目的】研究环酰亚胺水解酶(Imidase,CIH)中的两个半胱氨酸残基的反应性及功能。【方法】设计了3个半胱氨酸突变酶:CIH7,108、CIH7、CIH108。将天然酶以及突变酶基因分别与麦芽糖结合蛋白(MBP)基因在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中进行融合表达,融合蛋白经纯化后得到了电泳纯的样品。使用5,5’-二硫代双(2-硝基苯甲酸)(DTNB)对天然酶CIH的巯基基团进行修饰,并分析了DTT对分子状态的影响。进一步研究了经H2O2处理后CIH及其突变酶的锌离子结合能力及分子状态。【结果】酶活测定表明CIH7,108和CIH7的活力基本丧失,而CIH108仍保持了72%的酶活性。CIH中的两个半胱氨酸残基以游离形式存在,不形成链内或链间二硫键。CIH与CIH108为四聚体结构且具有一定的锌离子结合能力,CIH7,108为多聚体,CIH7为单体及多体的混合物且都不具备锌离子结合能力,随着H2O2浓度的增加,CIH中的链内二硫键及CIH108中的链间二硫键逐渐增加。【结论】说明Cys7是结合锌离子和稳定CIH分子结构的必要残基。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418