Electromagnetic Field Exposure from Pervasive Computing

With the number of electromagnetic field sources in human environments increasing, it appears appropriate to discuss the future levels of radio frequency (RF) exposure. However, general quantitative assessment is impeded by a fundamental lack of current data. Nevertheless, major technological trends and innovation paths are presented and evaluated with respect to their effect on exposure levels. The most relevant wireless standards and their RF characteristics are briefly introduced. The factors influencing RF exposure are treated in a systematic fashion. A simple exposure-oriented classification of present and future RF sources is introduced to facilitate a structured discussion. The most relevant levers for limiting future exposure levels are presented and some general conclusions are drawn.     

Expected Environmental Impacts of Pervasive Computing

Pervasive Computing will bring about both additional loads on and benefits to the environment. The prevailing assessment of positive and negative effects will depend on how effectively energy and waste policy governs the development of ICT infrastructures and applications in the coming years. Although Pervasive Computing is not expected to change the impact of the technosphere on the environment radically, it may cause additional material and energy consumption due to the production and use of ICT as well as severe pollution risks that may come about as a result of the disposal of electronic waste. These first-order environmental impacts are to be set off against the second-order effects, such as higher eco-efficiency due to the possibility to optimize material and energy intensive processes or to replace them by pure signal processing (dematerialization). The potential environmental benefits from such second-order effects are considerable and can outweigh the first-order effects. But changes in demand for more efficient services (third-order effects) can counterbalance these savings. The experience gained thus far with ICT impacts has shown that such a rebound effect occurs in most cases of technological innovations.     

Lessons from yeast for clathrin-mediated endocytosis

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the major pathway for internalization of membrane proteins from the cell surface. Half a century of studies have uncovered tremendous insights into how a clathrin-coated vesicle is formed. More recently, the advent of live-cell imaging has provided a dynamic view of this process. As CME is highly conserved from yeast to humans, budding yeast provides an evolutionary template for this process and has been a valuable system for dissecting the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this review we trace the formation of a clathrin-coated vesicle from initiation to uncoating, focusing on key findings from the yeast system.     

Business Impact of Pervasive Technologies: Opportunities and Risks

Despite heavy investment in integrated information systems, many business problems still prevail due to a lack of integration between the real and virtual world. Low data granularity presently limits enterprise computing. In order to solve these problems, data granularity needs to be increased and the digital management control loop must to be closed. Pervasive Computing, including automatic identification, is the technological enabler. Once closed digital management control loops are in place and generating high data granularity, incremental process changes such as an automatic quality check, enhance the overall efficiency of controlling intensive processes. Object value logging and embedded services are examples of more radical changes, which not only affect processes, but also business models. However, although the pervasive technology-based development road map of future enterprise computing systems seems to be straightforward, various risks and challenges have the potential to strongly influence the technology adoption path.     

基于对数线性模型的酵母基因转录调控模体分析

识别真核基因的转录因子结合位点(或称模体)是后基因组时代的一项主要工作,对共表达或共调控的基因同时进行分析可以提高模体识别的准确性.本文基于2×2列联表的对数线性模型,以模体出现的基因条数计数,对酵母核糖体蛋白(RP)基因普遍使用的转录调控模体进行分析,然后用U-检验进一步筛选出相对于背景序列来说过表达的模体.这些模体为酵母RP基因潜在的转录调控元件,与实验获得的转录因子结合位点的符合率达90%.本方法的优点在于用严格的统计标准在一组基因启动子中搜索普遍使用的模体,克服了以往分析中对模体使用普遍性的模糊判断.本文的方法也可以有效地搜索共表达基因族的组合调控模体对.研究中还发现一个现象:2×2列联表中反映属性相关程度的Pearson相关系数与对数线性模型的交互效应之间存在着明显的相关性.这一结果提示,可以用对数线性模型的交互效应来评价两属性的关联情况.     

Isolation of transcription factors binding auxin response elements using a yeast one-hybrid system

Plant hormones play an important role during higher plant embryogenesis. Auxin is central to the development of vascular tissues, formation of lateral and adventitious roots, control of apical dominance, and tropic responses. Auxin response element (AuxRE), present in the promoters of many auxin-induced genes, can confer auxin responsiveness. Using carrot somatic embryo under specific developmental phase, a cDNA expression library was constructed. Several plasmids were recombined containing the tetramer of AuxRE as a bait. After screening by a yeast one-hy-brid system, one positive clone was confirmed and characterized. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that AxRF1 protein expressed in yeast cell could bind AuxRE in vitro. It suggests that AxRF1 participates in regulation of the expression of auxin responsive gene during carrot somatic embryogenesis.     

Isolation of transcription factors binding auxin response elements using a yeast one-hybrid system

Plant hormones play an important role during higher plant embryogenesis. Auxin is central to the development of vascular tissues, formation of lateral and adventitious roots, control of apical dominance, and tropic responses. Auxin response element (AuxRE), present in the promoters of many auxin-induced genes, can confer auxin responsiveness. Using carrot somatic embryo under specific developmental phase, a cDNA expression library was constructed. Several plasmids were recombined containing the tetramer of AuxRE as a bait. After screening by a yeast one-hybrid system, one positive clone was confirmed and characterized. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that AxRF1 protein expressed in yeast cell could bind AuxRE in vitro. It suggests that AxRF1 participates in regulation of the expression of auxin responsive gene during carrot somatic embryogenesis.     

酵母核糖体蛋白基因组合转录调控位点统计分析

真核基因的转录调控是后基因组时代研究的主要问题之一,其基础是认识DNA上转录因子结合位点(模体)及分布状况。基于马尔可夫链模型对酵母核糖体蛋白基因上游启动子序列中模体出现次数进行统计,利用Z-score统计量抽提出过表达和低表达的模体,其中95%的模体与实验得到的转录因子结合位点相符合。然后将抽提出的模体两两配对,通过与背景序列比较,找出酵母核糖体蛋白基因中出现概率及距离分布均具有统计显著性的模体对,这些非随机出现的模体对具有潜在的组合转录调控功能,其中一些模体对的组合调控作用已有实验支持。对提取出的模体对在序列中的位置分布进行分析,发现近94%的模体对位于转录起始位点上游,超过半数的模体对两模体之间的最短距离在0～100bp之间,距离小于30bp的模体对接近30%,这样的短距离间隔有利于两模体的相同作用。这些结果将有助于对酵母核糖体蛋白基因转录调控机制的深入认识。