增强UV-B辐射对小麦体细胞分裂的影响

采用增强紫外线B(UV B)辐射处理 ,对冬小麦细胞染色体畸变及分裂的影响进行了研究。结果表明 :10 0 8kJ·m-2 ·d-1增强的UV B能抑制小麦细胞的有丝分裂频率 ,产生落后染色体、染色体桥、游离染色体、核变形等畸变。其中落后染色体和游离染色体较普遍 ,分别占总畸变率的 32 8%和 2 6 6 %。并在UV B诱导的小麦根尖细胞中发现染色体在有丝分裂的后期到末期分成 3束、4束和 6束等异常分裂现象 ,将之称为体细胞染色体的“多束分裂”(Multi bundledivision)或“分束分裂”(Partition bundledivision)。它们大体分布在两极 ,但两极上染色体“束”数有可能不同 ,同一“束”上染色体的数量也不完全相等。“束”之间未见有细胞壁的形成 ,因而导致产生“多束体”。     

盐胁迫浓度与大麦幼苗生长分裂和遗传损伤的相关性研究

研究盐胁迫浓度与大麦幼苗生长分裂的关系, 实验结果表明:大麦幼苗生长在一定浓度的NaCl 溶液中时, 幼苗生长抑制、叶绿素含量降低, 有丝分裂指数下降, 根尖分生区细胞中具有微核和染色体畸变的细胞明显增多。统计分析结果显示:幼苗的分裂指数、遗传损伤与盐浓度间有很好的线性关系, 有丝分裂指数与处理浓度间呈负相关(p < 0.01), 微核率、染色体畸变率两项指标与处理浓度间呈正相关(p < 0.01)。研究结果表明:大麦幼根有丝分裂指数、微核率及染色体畸变率可以作为监测环境NaCl 的定量指标。     

NaCl诱导大麦细胞微核及异常有丝分裂的研究

大麦幼苗生长在含NaCl的介质中[c(NaCl)=0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25mol/L],其根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降,各NaCl处理组的微核率均有不同程度地增加,并诱发产生了如染色体断片、后期染色体桥及"不均等分裂"等异常分裂。诱发微核及异常分裂细胞的比率与NaCl浓度和作用时间呈正相关,浓度提高或作用时间延长则微核千分率与异常分裂细胞的比率增高。     

从染色质到染色体的结构模型及今后研究展望

染色质是细胞形态学名词，指真核细胞有 丝分裂间期核内被碱性染料染色的物质。它相 当于生物化学上的核内DNA和蛋白质的复合 体。间期的染色质在有丝分裂时形成染色体。 染色体到有丝分裂间期又变为染色质。因此染 色质和染色体是有丝分裂周期中不同阶段的运 动形态。     

除草剂氟乐灵对小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响

用氟乐灵（Trifluralin）处理小麦种子,研究其对小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响。在光学显微镜下可检测到加倍染色体、多极化、滞后染色体、不均等分裂、环状染色体和微核等现象。结果显示,不同处理浓度及时间均能导致细胞分裂异常,其中100 μmol·L^-1,12 h的条件下,异常细胞分裂指数达到最高,为11.05%。浓度与时间相比较,时间的影响较为显著。在异常分裂的细胞中,最高频率的畸变现象是染色体加倍,可达6.25%（100 μmol·L^-1,12 h）。     

NaCl诱导大麦细胞微核及异常有丝分裂的研究

大麦幼苗生长在含ＮａＣｌ的介质中「ｃ（ＮａＣｌ）＝０,０．０５,０．１０,０．１５,０．２０,０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ」,其根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降,各ＮａＣｌ处理组的微核率均有不同程度地增加,并诱发产生了如染色体断片、后期染色体桥及“不均等分裂”等异常分裂。诱发微核及异常分裂细胞的比率与ＮａＣｌ浓度和作用时间呈正相关,浓度提高或作用时间延长则微核千分率与异常分裂细胞比率增高。     

三种有丝分裂抑制剂诱发小鼠骨髓细胞非整倍体的比较研究

以秋水仙素有丝分裂(CM)效应、微核(MN)及染色体畸变(CA)三种体内细胞遗传学指标综合评估了有丝分裂抑制剂(秋水仙素、益康唑及对苯二酚)诱发小鼠骨髓细胞非整倍体的效应。结果表明:秋水仙素是典型的多倍体及非整倍体诱发剂。益康唑对细胞有丝分裂有与秋水仙素相类似的效应,进一步分析表明其在哺乳动物体细胞内无非整倍体诱发效应。对苯二酚在哺乳动物活体实验系统中,可能具有诱发非整倍体及染色体结构畸变的多种遗传毒性。结果提示三种细胞遗传学指标能为非整倍体诱发剂的检出提供依据。     

多头绒泡菌细胞核周期的电镜研究

多头绒泡菌PhysarumpolycophalumSchw的营养生长阶段为没有细胞壁的原生质团（合胞体）,内部众多的细胞核进行着同步的核内有丝分裂,本文电镜下研究了细胞核在有丝分裂周期中的结构变化。有丝分裂前期,染色质经松散改组和集缩形成染色体,核仁由中央移向边缘,并在近核膜处解体;中期核膜不消失,在核内形成纺锤体,核仁解体后的物质是不规则状散在于核内;有丝分裂后核膜的破裂处重新愈合,染色体解集缩成染色质,分散的核仁物质逐渐合并形成新的核仁。     

中国仓鼠细胞和人胃腺癌细胞间期染色质凝聚的变化

染色体组在整个细胞周期中是连续存在的。但在光镜下观察,绝大多数真核细胞的间期核仅能见到网状的结构——染色质,只有当细胞进入有丝分裂期才出现凝聚和盘绕成棒状的染色体。然而,运用体细胞融合技术使有丝分裂的细胞和问期细胞相融合,将会导致间期核的染色质凝聚为染色体样的结构。1970年     

增强UV—B辐射对小麦细胞有丝分裂影响机制的探讨

采用10.08 kJ/m2.d辐射剂量的UV-B辐照处理＂晋麦8号＂冬小麦种子,待根尖生长至1 cm～2cm长时,对小麦根尖细胞的有丝分裂率以及各类异常分裂现象进行了研究,并进一步探讨了产生异常分裂的细胞生物学机理.结果表明：增强的UV-B辐照能抑制小麦细胞有丝分裂的发生频率,并可诱导小麦根尖细胞产生游离染色体、落后染色体、染色体桥（包括单桥、双桥和三桥染色体）、不均等分裂以及微核染色体等畸变现象.另外,在增强UV-B辐射处理后的细胞中还深入研究了新型的异常分裂现象-分束分裂,表现为染色体在细胞有丝分裂后期产生三束、四束、六束和七束等染色体束,且均具有一定的发生频率,分别为0.073%、0.153%、0.053%和0.060%.而在对照组小麦细胞中没有发现分束分裂现象的发生.同时,通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察发现,与CK组相比,分束分裂细胞中.微管蛋白的组成和微管骨架的形态结构均发生了变化.因此,推测分束分裂现象的发生可能与增强UV-B辐射导致细胞骨架微管系统损伤有关.     

The differentiation of monocytes into macrophages,epithelioid cells,and multinucleated giant cells in subcutaneous granulomas

The morphological changes occurring in monocytes during their differentiation into macrophages, epithelioid cells, Langhans-type giant cells, and foreign-body-type giant cells were investigated in foreign-body granulomas induced by subcutaneous implantation of pieces of Melinex plastic. Analysis based on Adams's (1974) criteria for discrimination between the several types of cell of the monocyte line, showed that each type has a characteristic type of granule. Primary and secondary granules, numerous in the Golgi area of monocytes were generally found close to the cell membrane and decreased in number in maturing macrophages. This was accompanied by an increase in the number of microtubules. Mature macrophages show numerous characteristic macrophage granules, which are round (average diameter: 280 nm) and have a halo between the limiting membrane and granular matrix. Mature epithelioid cells have characteristic epithelioid cell granules, and multinucleated giant cells a heterogenous population of granules. Fusing macrophages generally have their Golgi areas facing each other, and also show a reduced thickness of the cell coat. The morphology of the multinucleated giant cell is closely related to the number of nuclei present. In Langhans-type giant cells, which generally have two to ten nuclei, a giant centrosphere with numerous aggregated centrioles is found. In transition forms between Langhans-type and foreign-body-type giant cells, which generally contain 10--30 nuclei, the centrioles show less aggregation. In the foreign-body-type giant cells, which generally have more than 30 nuclei, centrioles are virtually absent and never aggregated. These differences between the Langhans-type giant cells, the foreign-body-type giant cells, and the transition forms, support our previous finding that Langhans-type giant cells are the precursors of foreign-body-type giant cells.     

Localization of fibrillarin, 53 kDa protein and Ag-NOR proteins in the nuclei of giant antipodal cells of the wheat Triticum aestivum

Distribution of nucleolar argentophylic proteins, fibrillarin and 53 kDa protein, in highly polyploid nuclei of antipodal cells of Triticum aestivum L. was studied at different stages of the embryo sac development. The main results are as follows. 1. Ag-NOR proteins and fibrillarin form clusters are distributed in the giant nucleoli, whereas 53 kDa protein is mainly localized on the nucleolar periphery. Ag-NOR proteins and fibrillarin are accumulated as globular nucleolar-like particles--micronucleoli. 2. Dynamics of Ag-NOR proteins, fibrillarin and 53 kDa protein depends on the proliferative activity of endosperm cells. In embryo sacs with non-dividing endosperm cells at interphase stages, Ag-NOR proteins and fibrillarin were observed only within nucleoli and micronucleoli. In embryo sacs with dividing endosperm cells, fibrillarin and 53 kDa protein formed heterogeneous globular bodies varying in size. Simultaneously, some argentophylic material was observed in giant chromosomes. This may be due, presumably, to a partial or complete disappearance of the nucleoli of antipods and transition of some nucleolar components into the peripheral material of giant polytene chromosomes. We suggest that giant nuclei of antipodal cells may undergo cyclic transformation similar to those in the nuclei of dividing cells.     

Dynamics of the Nuclear Complement of Giant Cells Induced by Meloidogyne incognita

The total numbers of nuclei in giant cells induced by Meloidogyne incognita in pea, lettuce, tomato, and broad bean were determined. Mature giant cells from pea had the most nuclei per giant cell with a mean of 59 ± 23, lettuce had the fewest with 26 ± 16, and tomato and broad bean were intermediate. The rate of increase in numbers of nuclei for all plant species was greatest during the first 7 days after inoculation. No mitotic activity was observed in giant cells associated with adult nematodes. Number of nuclei per giant cell doubled each day during the period of greatest mitotic activity, but number of total chromosomes per giant cell increased 20-fold per day at the same time. The hypothesis is presented that factor(s) responsible for the polyploid, mulfinucleate condition characteristic of giant cells may be different from factor(s) responsible for aneuploid numbers of chromosome per nucleus or for nuclear aberrations such as the presence of linked nuclei.     

Use of enlarged cells and nuclei for studying mitosis inNeurospora

Summary Mitotic division stages studied by light microscopy in differentNeurospora crassa cell types clearly resemble prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase stages of higher eukaryotes. 1. When conidia are cultured in liquid medium containing 3.22 M ethylene glycol, they grow without cell division, forming giant spheres with multiple nuclei. In a few giant cells, nuclear numbers remain small (1 to 3) but the nuclei become very large. Seven large chromosomes are seen in some nuclei suggesting polyteny, 14 or more chromosomes are seen in other, very large nuclei, indicating polyploidy. Cell volume and nuclear volume are positively correlated in giant cells. Nuclear divisions are not synchronous within individual multinucleate giant cells. 2. Nuclear division stages were also observed in crosses heterozygous for the dominant mutant banana where haploid prefusion nuclei in late-forming croziers revert to mitosis. Swollen ascogenous hyphae become highly multinucleate after several rounds of mitosis. Mitosis is completely synchronous in nuclei of the same crozier cyst, providing replicate information for unambiguous identification of division stage. 3. Observations are also reported of mitosis in a cell-wall deficient slime strain. Previous observations on mitosis in large nuclei of the ascus are summarized for comparison. The nucleolus persists throughout mitosis in the giant cells, multinucleate reverted croziers, and in the cell-wall deficient slime strain. It is expelled from the dividing nuclei in the ascus. Spindles and spindle pole bodies, which are normally conspicuous in asci, are also seen in normal and reverted croziers, but they have not been clearly identified in the ethylene glycol-induced giant cells.     

Polyploidization dynamics of tertiary trophoblast giant cells in the rat placenta

Polyploidization peculiarities of tertiary giant trophoblast cells during their active detaching from the ectoplacental cone and migrating into decidua basalis are investigated. On the 12th day of gestation, the ploidy of the majority of cell nuclei varies within 4-8c, although there are a few 16c and 32c nuclei. On the 13th and 14th days of gestation, the ploidy level of tertiary giant trophoblast cells enhances; 8c and 16c nuclei prevail, the percentage of 32c nuclei increases, 64c nuclei arising. The ploidy level of tertiary giant cell coincides with the average and/or maximum ploidy degree of precursor cell populations. The significance of polyploidy as indispensable condition of differentiation of the trophoblast cells that actively invade into maternal tissues is discussed.     

Release of mitotic descendants by giant cells from irradiated Burkitt's lymphoma cell line.

Polyploid giant cells are produced as part of the response of p53 mutant Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines to high doses of irradiation. Polyploid giant cells arise by endo-reduplication in the first week after a single 10 Gray dose of irradiation. Within the giant cells a sub-nuclear structure is apparent and within this, sub-nuclear autonomy is evident, as displayed by independent nuclear structure and DNA replication in different parts of the nucleus. The majority of these cells soon die as apoptotic polykaryons. However, approximately 10-20% of giant cells remain viable into the second week after irradiation and begin vigorous extrusion of large degraded chromatin masses. During the second week, the giant cells begin to reconstruct their nuclei into polyploid 'bouquets', where chromosome double-loops are formed. Subsequently, the bouquets return to an interphase state and separate into several secondary nuclei. The individual sub-nuclei then resume DNA synthesis with mitotic divisions and sequester cytoplasmic territories around themselves, giving rise to the secondary cells, which continue mitotic propagation. This process of giant cell formation, reorganization and breakdown appears to provide an additional mechanism for repairing double-strand DNA breaks within tumour cells.     

Effects of Hydroxyurea on the Ultrastructure of Giant Cells in Galls Induced by Meloidogyne javanica

Hydroxyurea (HU) at concentrations of 10 or 20 mg/liter was included in a medium on which excised tomato roots infected with the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica were grown. In the HU, treated roots, giant cells were small and contained large vacuoles. Giant cell nuclei were amoeboidal with relatively small nucleoli in treated roots, compared with giant cells of nontreated galls. In treated-root giant cells, the cytoplasm was diffuse and few organelles such as mitochondria, dictyosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum were detected; also, walls of giant cells were thin with less extensive ingrowths than in nontreated roots. We conclude that HU suppressed normal giant cell formation interfering with its function as a feeding cell.     

Transthoracic needle aspiration biopsy in Wegener's granulomatosis. Morphologic findings in five cases

Percutaneous needle aspiration biopsies of the lung from five patients with Wegener's granulomatosis were reviewed. Three of the patients presented with the generalized form of the disease while two presented with the limited pulmonary form; one of the latter subsequently developed disseminated disease. The morphologic findings in the pulmonary aspirates were similar in all cases. The cytologic preparations contained neutrophils entrapped within necrotic debris plus scattered but prominent histiocytic giant cells, which often had nuclei arranged in rings or horseshoes, in a background of lymphocytes, epithelioid histiocytes and reactive pneumocytes. Cell block preparations showed discrete areas of necrosis containing a neutrophilic infiltrate and focally palisaded by epithelioid histiocytes. The intervening viable tissue contained prominent histiocytic giant cells and chronic inflammatory cells enmeshed in a fibrous matrix. One cell block contained a small artery with a small focus of possible granulomatous arteritis. While an open lung biopsy is generally required for a definitive diagnosis, the pathologist may encounter unsuspected Wegener's granulomatosis in a needle aspirate. Recognition of the findings observed in these cases should alert the pathologist to the possibility of Wegener's granulomatosis so that an open lung biopsy can be performed if clinically indicated and cytotoxic therapy can be promptly instituted if the diagnosis of this entity is confirmed.     

Testis structure and symplastic spermatid formation during spermatogenesis of pipefishes

The pipefishes Syngnathus abaster and S. acus have paired testes of atypical organization. Each testis is a hollow tube consisting of a single germinal compartment of the tubular type. During the reproductive period, the germinal epithelium consists of small spermatocysts containing spermatogonia or primary spermatocytes. Cysts of older germ cells, such as secondary spermatocytes and spermatids were never observed. Developing symplastic spermatids were found in the lumen of the tubule together with mature sperm and large droplet-containing cells. Most of the spermatids were giant cells with four nuclei at the same developmental stage. Symplastic spermatids, which presumably form by nuclear division not followed by cytokinesis, are a stage of spermatogenesis in pipefishes.     

Induction of Multinuclear Cells in the Apical Meristems of Allium cepa by Geomagnetic Field Outrages

This paper is a result of a long-term study of the apical meristems of the Allium cepa L. seedlings against a background of naturally changing geomagnetic field. Multinuclear cells, large cells with large nuclei, and giant cells with giant nuclei were detected. Changes in cellular structures were revealed, and the time-course of this process was followed. Changes in the cellular structure of meristems were correlated with the fluctuations of magnetic field of the Earth. The experiments conducted with in vitro culture of apical meristems showed that the observed changes were regulated on the local level.