一种特殊的晚二叠世茎化石——Guizhouoxylon dahebianense gen. et sp. nov.

描述了贵州水城大河边煤矿晚二叠世龙潭组的植物茎干化石Guizhouoxylon dahebianense gen. et sp. nov., 茎具清楚生长轮,髓部较大,初生木质部内始式,原生木质部由环纹管胞、稀螺纹管胞组成,后生木质部包括有密螺纹管胞和密螺纹至梯纹增厚的导管组成,导管近端部的穿孔板椭圆形,梯纹至网纹增厚。次生木质部密材型,射线单列,一般低矮,管胞自内向外由梯状纹孔变为不规则拥挤分布的具缘纹孔,偶而可见木薄壁细胞。根据后生木质部中导管的穿孔板类型与低等被子植物Platanus acerifolia Willd相似,也讨论了被子植物的起源问题。     

一种特殊的晚二叠世茎化石——Guizhouoxylon dahebianense gen. et sp. nov.

描述了贵州水城大河边煤矿晚二叠世龙潭组的植物茎干化石Guizhouoxylon dahebianense gen. et sp. nov., 茎具清楚生长轮,髓部较大,初生木质部内始式,原生木质部由环纹管胞、稀螺纹管胞组成,后生木质部包括有密螺纹管胞和密螺纹至梯纹增厚的导管组成,导管近端部的穿孔板椭圆形,梯纹至网纹增厚。次生木质部密材型,射线单列,一般低矮,管胞自内向外由梯状纹孔变为不规则拥挤分布的具缘纹孔,偶而可见木薄壁细胞。根据后生木质部中导管的穿孔板类型与低等被子植物Platanus acerifolia Willd相似,也讨论了被子植物的起源问题。     

6种沙拐枣属植物茎次生木质部的解剖及其对沙生环境的适应

生长在甘肃民勤的６种沙拐枣属植物茎的导管有宽,窄两种类型,它们常聚集在一起,复孔率高,导管分子平均直径小,极短,具螺纹加厚和附和的纹孔;纹孔口明显外展,形成许多不规则突起,尤以乔木状沙拐枣突出,在五年生的茎中,除新疆沙拐枣外,其余５种均不同程度地含有侵填体,在甘肃沙拐枣和泡拐枣的部分导管中,还含有质地均匀的胶状物质,均为韧型纤维,部分韧型纤维中含有由多糖物质组成的粘液质。射线同型、单列和多列;射线     

水青树特殊管胞的分布位置及其形态特征的研究

针对水青树（Tetracentron sinense）中一类特殊管胞进行较为全面的观察研究,判断细胞种类并分析维管组织输导机理及树木进化过程中的细胞演化规律。通过切片和解离技术,借助光学显微镜和电子显微镜对34年生水青树特殊管胞的分布位置和形态特征进行观察。结果表明：①特殊管胞在树木水平方向自内向外径向呈串排列,并贯穿年轮界限,多为一列,少数两列,且较为稀见。每个特殊管胞弦向左右两侧或单侧均与木射线细胞相连通。纵向上,特殊管胞单独或数个上下端接相连。②特殊管胞主要有以下3种类型：无端壁的纺锤形,有一个倾斜端壁,以及有两个倾斜端壁。特殊管胞的平均长度为286.44 μm;横切面为四边形,平均弦向宽度为55.22 μm,其平均壁厚为1.53 μm。③特殊管胞两端封闭,无穿孔。④特殊管胞侧面壁上的纹孔数量较多且纹孔膜明显可见,具体表现为：弦面壁上布满特殊管胞之间的具缘纹孔,呈对列、互列偶见梯状排列;径面壁上存在与射线细胞间的具狭缘单纹孔,呈大圆形至椭圆形,每区域多为2~10个纹孔,呈1~4排横列;径面壁上与正常管胞间几无纹孔。水青树特殊管胞分布有一定规律,其长度远小于水青树正常管胞,弦向宽度略大于正常管胞。其纹孔类型和排布规律与一般阔叶材树种的导管壁上纹孔的类型和排布规律有一定相似之处。特殊管胞形状不同于一般导管,处于由管胞向导管进化的一种中间状态,表明该类细胞达到一定演化水平。     

木材的立体结构与花纹

在木本双子叶植物与裸子植物的茎中,形成层环绕在木质部外方,不断产生新的木质部,包围在原有木质部外面,逐年增多,形成了有用的木材。双子叶植物木材由导管分子、管胞、木纤维及木薄壁细胞等组成,松柏类等裸子植物的木材不具有导管与木纤维。这些木材分子的细胞壁有不同程度的木质化,即细胞壁纤维素间隙     

盐肤木茎的木材解剖学研究

对盐肤木茎进行木材解剖学研究,发现其导管分子穿孔板为单穿孔板。根据穿孔板在导管分子上的位置和数量,导管分子可分为4种类型,即只有一个单穿孔板,位于导管中央,且具有螺纹增厚;两端均为单穿孔板,且具螺纹增厚;两端均为单穿孔板,且具有孔纹增厚;具三个单穿孔板,一端有2个,另一端有1个,且具螺纹增厚。组成细胞中还有分隔木纤维、螺纹管胞。盐肤木为环孔材,射线为异形射线。     

余甘子次生木质部导管分子观察研究

运用细胞图象分析系统及显微照相的方法,对余甘子次生木质部导管分子进行观察研究.结果发现,余甘子次生木质部导管分子中存在着许多不同的样式,导管分子大多数具尾;其穿孔板存在着两种类型:(1)两端均为1个单穿孔板;(2)一端为1个单穿孔板另一端为2个单穿孔板;(3)极少数的导管分子具有特殊的内含物;(4)管间纹孔式为互列纹孔式;(5)导管射线间纹孔式为混合型纹孔与横列刻痕状纹孔以及梯状穿孔.     

我国南部5种冷杉植物木材的比较解剖学研究

应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对分布于我国南部的5种冷杉属(Abies)植物,即资源冷杉(A．ziyuanensis)、大院冷杉(A.dayuanensis)、梵净山冷杉(A.fanjingshanensis)、元宝山冷杉(A.yuanbaoshanensis)和台湾冷杉(Akawakamii)的木材结构进行了研究。从管胞分子长度、管胞分子直径、射线高度、射线频率、纹孔类型、交叉场纹孔类型、交又场纹孔数目等方面,比较了它们木材解剖特征的差异。结果表明：大院冷杉和资源冷杉在射线频率、管胞直径、管胞长度、交叉场纹孔数目方面都很类似;元宝山冷杉在管胞直径与射线长度方面与其它冷杉有显著差异。在纹孔类型、交叉场纹孔类型方面,几种冷杉都是一致的。在交叉场纹孔数目方面,大院冷杉、资源冷杉较少,而梵净山冷杉、元宝山冷杉和台湾冷杉较多。我国南部这5种冷杉的木材解剖特征与分布在华北、东北及青藏高原上冷杉的木材非常类似。为了便于区别这5种木材,根据木材解剖特征编制了检索表。     

阳桃次生木质部导管分子及侵填体的研究

运用细胞图象分析系统和显微照相的方法对阳桃次生木质部导管分子进行了观察研究。次生木质部导管分子类型有两端具尾导管、一端具尾导管和无尾导管。导管分子穿孔板存在着2种类型:两端均为一个单穿孔板;一端为一个单穿孔板,另一端为具两个单穿孔的复穿孔板。48%的导管分子具有囊状侵填体;管间纹孔式为互列纹孔式。     

木质部管状分子的结构及发生

高等植物输导组织由木质部和韧皮部组成,它们都是由几种不同类型的细胞群构成的复合组织。植物体中有机液流的运输主要是韧皮部中的筛分子（筛管和筛胞）,而无机液流的运输则是木质部中的管状分子（导管和管胞）。1管状分子的形态结构管胞是一种原始的输导组织,存在于所有维管植物中,在裸子植物中兼有机械组织的功能。大多数蕨类植物和裸子植物木质部中的输水分子只由管胞组成,管胞是纺锤形的单细胞,成熟时原生质消失,次生壁形成各种纹饰的木质化增厚（见图1）。其长度约为1～2mm,直径约为15～80um。每个管胞以两端斜面连接在一起,…     

慈姑不定根中导管分子的观察

慈姑导管仅在根中出现。根的后生木质部中央导管由顶端平截、单穿孔的网纹导管分子连接组成;周围较小的导管分子和管胞有从梯纹管胞向导管分子演化的各种过渡类型;有一至多个梯形穿孔或单穿孔发生在导管分子的端壁或侧壁,并有分枝型导管分子存在,特别在根与主茎连接处尤为明显。管胞亦有分枝与不分枝的类型。     

Myosin,microtubules, and microfilaments: co-operation between cytoskeletal components during cambial cell division and secondary vascular differentiation in trees

The immunolocalisation of unconventional myosin VIII ('myosin') in the cells of the secondary vascular tissues of angiosperm (Populus tremula L. x P. tremuloides Michx. and Aesculus hippocastanum L.) and gymnosperm (Pinus pinea L.) trees is described for the first time and related to other cytoskeletal elements, as well as to callose. Both myosin and callose are located at the cell plate in dividing cambial cells, whereas actin microfilaments are found alongside the cell plate; actin and tubulin are both associated with the phragmoplast. Myosin and callose also localise to the plasmodesmata-rich pit fields in the walls of living cells, which are particularly abundant within the common walls between ray cells and between ray cells and axial parenchyma cells in the phloem and xylem. In those xylem ray cells that contact developing vessel elements and tracheids, myosin, tubulin, actin and callose are localised at the periphery of developing contact and cross-field pits; the respective antibodies also highlight the bordered pits between vessels and between tracheids. The aperture of the bordered pits, whose diameter diminishes as the over-arching border of these pits develops, also houses myosin, actin and tubulin. Myosin, actin and callose are also found together around the sieve pores of sieve elements and sieve cells. We suggest that an acto-myosin contractile system (a 'plant muscle') is present at the cell plate, the sieve pores, the plasmodesmata within the walls of long-lived parenchyma cells, and at the apertures of bordered pits during their development.     

Discovery of vessels in Tetracentron (Trochodendraceae) and its systematic significance

Through SEM observation, we found that there are vessels as well as tracheids in the secondary wood of Tetracentron sinense Oliv. The vessel elements are as narrow and as long as or slightly shorter than the tracheids and generally have 1 to 3 very long, or sometimes relatively short and oblique end-wall perforation plates; such perforation plates are also present on the lateralwalls. The perforation plates of the vessels include scalariform and reticulate-scalariform types, with various degrees of membrane remnants present in the end walls.     

壳斗科次生木质部水分输导分子间连接通道结构的研究

壳斗科次生木质部水分运输聚合体及其连接通道结构,根据水分运输方向可分纵向和横向两大系统。水分纵向运输通道有导管分子间的穿孔,导管分子侧壁间的管间纹孔,导管分子与无穿孔管状分子间的侧壁纹孔,无穿孔管状分子与无穿孔管状分子间的侧壁纹孔。     

Unusual metaxylem tracheids in petioles of Amorphophallus (Araceae) giant leaves

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Petioles of huge solitary leaves of mature plants of Amorphophallus resemble tree trunks supporting an umbrella-like crown. Since they may be 4 m tall, adaptations to water transport in the petioles are as important as adaptations to mechanical support of lamina. The petiole is a cylindrical shell composed of compact unlignified tissue with a honeycomb aerenchymatous core. In both parts numerous vascular bundles occur, which are unique because of the scarcity of lignified elements. In the xylemic part of each bundle there is a characteristic canal with unlignified walls. The xylem pecularities are described and interpreted. MATERIAL: Vascular bundles in mature petioles of Amorphophallus titanum and A. gigas plants were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. KEY RESULTS: The xylemic canal represents a file of huge metaxylem tracheids (diameter 55-200 microm, length >30 mm) with unlignified lateral walls surrounded by turgid parenchyma cells. Only their end walls, orientated steeply, have lignified secondary thickenings. The file is accompanied by a strand of narrow tracheids with lignified bar-type secondary walls, which come into direct contact with the wide tracheid in many places along its length. CONCLUSIONS: The metaxylem tracheids in A. petioles are probably the longest and widest tracheids known. Only their end walls have lignified secondary thickenings. Tracheids are long due to enormous intercalary elongation and wide due to a transverse growth mechanism similar to that underlying formation of aerenchyma cavities. The lack of lignin in lateral walls shifts the function of 'pipe walls' to the turgid parenchyma paving the tracheid. The analogy to carinal canals of Equisetum, as well as other protoxylem lacunas is discussed. The stiff partitions between the long and wide tracheids are interpreted as structures similar to the end walls in vessels.     

Analysis of circular bordered pit function II. Gymnosperm tracheids with torus-margo pit membranes

A model of xylem conduit function was applied to gymnosperm tracheids with torus-margo pit membranes for comparison with angiosperm vessels. Tracheids from 17 gymnosperm tree species with circular bordered pits and air-seed pressures from 0.8 to 11.8 MPa were analyzed. Tracheids were more reinforced against implosion than vessels, consistent with their double function in transport and support. Tracheid pits were 3.3 to 44 times higher in hydraulic conductivity than vessel pits because of greater membrane conductivity of the torus-margo configuration. Tight scaling between torus and pit size maximized pit conductivity. Higher pit conductivity allowed tracheids to be 1.7-3.4 times shorter than vessels and still achieve 95% of their lumen-limited maximum conductivity. Predicted tracheid lengths were consistent with measured lengths. The torus-margo structure is important for maximizing the conductivity of the inherently length-limited tracheid: replacing the torus-margo membrane with a vessel membrane caused stem tracheid conductivity to drop by 41%. Tracheids were no less hydraulically efficient than vessels if they were long enough to reach their lumen-limiting conductivity. However, this may only be possible for lumen diameters below approximately 60-70 μm.     

国产对囊蕨亚科(蹄盖蕨科)植物的管状分子

利用扫描电镜观察了国产蹄盖蕨科(Athyriaceae)对囊蕨亚科(Deparioideae)10种植物及双盖蕨属(Diplazium Sw.)3种植物根状茎的管状分子。结果显示, 这些管状分子端壁和侧壁的形态及结构分别相同且侧壁具有穿孔板(多穿孔板)。根据穿孔板的形态特征, 将该亚科的管状分子分为5种类型: (1)梯状穿孔板, 无穿孔的二型性现象; (2)梯状穿孔板, 有穿孔的二型性现象; (3)网状穿孔板; (4)梯状-网状混合的穿孔板; (5)大孔状穿孔板。按照纹孔膜残留的程度又可分为3种: 部分区域有完整的纹孔膜、残留呈网状或线状以及很少或无纹孔膜残留。结合前人的研究资料, 发现蕨类植物的管状分子与被子植物的导管分子在形态和输导机理上存在明显差异, 管胞和导管分子不能仅仅根据纹孔膜的存在与否来确定, 而应根据穿孔板存在于端壁还是侧壁进行判断, 即穿孔板仅存在于端壁的管状分子为导管分子; 端壁和侧壁形态及结构分别相同, 有或无穿孔板的管状分子为管胞。由此可以推测蕨类植物和裸子植物中输导水分和矿物质的管状分子主要为管胞。单叶双盖蕨属(Triblemma(J. Sm.) Ching)与双盖蕨属管状分子的特征并不相似, 显示了将单叶双盖蕨属从双盖蕨属独立出来归入对囊蕨亚科的合理性。根据管状分子的特征, 推测假蹄盖蕨属(Athyriopsis Ching)和蛾眉蕨属(Lunathyrium Koidz.)可能是比较进化的属, 而介蕨属 (Dryoathyrium Ching)相对比较原始, 单叶双盖蕨属的系统位置应介于假蹄盖蕨属与介蕨属之间。     

Size and function in conifer tracheids and angiosperm vessels

The wide size range of conifer tracheids and angiosperm vessels has important consequences for function. In both conduit types, bigger is better for conducting efficiency. The gain in efficiency with size is maximized by the control of conduit shape, which balances end-wall and lumen resistances. Although vessels are an order of magnitude longer than tracheids of the same diameter, they are not necessarily more efficient because they lack the low end-wall resistance of tracheids with torus-margo pits. Instead, vessels gain conducting efficiency over tracheids by achieving wider maximum diameters. End-walls contributed 56-64% to total xylem resistance in both conduit types, indicating that length limits conducting efficiency. Tracheid dimensions may be more limited by unicellularity and the need to supply strength to homoxylous wood than by the need to protect against cavitation. In contrast, the greater size of the multicellular vessel is facilitated by fibers that strengthen heteroxylous wood. Vessel dimensions may be most limited by the need to restrict intervessel pitting and cavitation by air-seeding. Stressful habitats that promote narrow vessels should favor coexistence of conifers and angiosperms. The evolution of vessels in angiosperm wood may have required early angiosperms to survive a phase of mechanic and hydraulic instability.     

国产对囊蕨亚科（蹄盖蕨科）植物的管状分子

利用扫描电镜观察了国产蹄盖蕨科（Athyriaceae）对囊蕨亚科（Deparioideae）10种植物及双盖蕨属（Diplazium Sw．）3种植物根状茎的管状分子。结果显示,这些管状分子端壁和侧壁的形态及结构分别相同且侧壁具有穿孔板（多穿孔板）。根据穿孔板的形态特征,将该亚科的管状分子分为5种类型：（1）梯状穿孔板,无穿孔的二型性现象：（2）梯状穿孔板,有穿孔的二型性现象：（3）网状穿孔板：（4）梯状-网状混合的穿孔板：（5）大孔状穿孔板。按照纹孔膜残留的程度又可分为3种：部分区域有完整的纹孔膜、残留呈网状或线状以及很少或无纹孔膜残留。结合前人的研究资料,发现蕨类植物的管状分子与被子植物的导管分子在形态和输导机理上存在明显差异,管胞和导管分子不能仅仅根据纹孔膜的存在与否来确定,而应根据穿孔板存在于端壁还是侧壁进行判断,即穿孔板仅存在于端壁的管状分子为导管分子：端壁和侧壁形态及结构分别相同,有或无穿孔板的管状分子为管胞。由此可以推测蕨类植物和裸子植物中输导水分和矿物质的管状分子主要为管胞。单叶双盖蕨属（Triblemma（J．Sm．）Ching）与双盖蕨属管状分子的特征并不相似,显示了将单叶双盖蕨属从双盖蕨属独立出来归人对囊蕨亚科的合理性。根据管状分子的特征,推测假蹄盖蕨属（Athyriopsis Ching）和蛾眉蕨属（Lunathyrium Koidz．）可能是比较进化的属,而介蕨属（Dryoathyrium Ching）相对比较原始,单叶双盖蕨属的系统位置应介于假蹄盖蕨属与介蕨属之间。     

Study on the Convergent Passages of Water Conducting Elements in Secondary Xylem of Fagaceae

Structural variations in the convergent passages of water conducting elements were described in secondary xylem of 70 species of Fagaceae. Two types of water conducting systems were recognized on the ground of water-flow directions. The convergent passages of the longitudinal system mainly exhibited in the forms as perforations between the ends of Vessel elements, lateral wall pitting between the lateral walls of vessel elements, pitting be-tween vessel elements and imperforate tracheary elements, and pitting between imperforate tracheary elements. The convergent passages in the transverse system consisted of pitting between vessel elements and ray cells, pitting between imperforated tracheary elements and ray cells and simple pitting between ray cells. In addition, the roles of vasicentric tracheids and broad rays played in terms of conducting effectiveness and efficiency as proposed by Zimmermann were discussed.