Effects of lipoic acid on lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Lipoic acid (LA) is a naturally occurring compound with beneficial effects on obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate its effects on lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and the mechanisms involved. Our results revealed that LA induced a dose- and time-dependent lipolytic action, which was reversed by pretreatment with the c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125, the PKA inhibitor H89, and the AMP-activated protein kinase activator AICAR. In contrast, the PI3K/Akt inhibitor {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002 and the PDE3B antagonist cilostamide enhanced LA-induced lipolysis. LA treatment for 1 h did not modify total protein content of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) but significantly increased the phosphorylation of HSL at Ser⁵⁶³ and at Ser⁶⁶⁰, which was reversed by H89. LA treatment also induced a marked increase in PKA-mediated perilipin phosphorylation. LA did not significantly modify the protein levels of adipose triglyceride lipase or its activator comparative gene identification 58 (CGI-58) and inhibitor G(0)/G(1) switch gene 2 (G0S2). Furthermore, LA caused a significant inhibition of adipose-specific phospholipase A2 (AdPLA) protein and mRNA levels in parallel with a decrease in the amount of prostaglandin E₂ released and an increase in cAMP content. Together, these data suggest that the lipolytic actions of LA are mainly mediated by phosphorylation of HSL through cAMP-mediated activation of protein kinase A probably through the inhibition of AdPLA and prostaglandin E₂.     

Leptin regulates insulin sensitivity via phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase signaling in mediobasal hypothalamic neurons

To investigate whether phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) signaling mediates the metabolic effects of hypothalamic leptin action, adenoviral gene therapy was used to direct expression of leptin receptors to the area of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). This intervention markedly improved insulin sensitivity in genetically obese, leptin-receptor-deficient Koletsky (fa^k/fa^k) rats via a mechanism that was not dependent on reduced food intake but was attenuated by 44% by third-ventricular infusion of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Conversely, ARC-directed expression of a constitutively active mutant of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt, an enzyme activated by PI3K) mimicked the insulin-sensitizing effect of restored hypothalamic leptin signaling in these animals, despite having no effect on food intake or body weight. These findings suggest that hypothalamic leptin signaling is an important determinant of glucose metabolism and that the underlying neuronal mechanism involves PI3K.     

Acylated and unacylated ghrelin attenuate isoproterenol-induced lipolysis in isolated rat visceral adipocytes through activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ and phosphodiesterase 3B

The acylated peptide ghrelin (AG) and its endogenous non-acylated isoform (UAG) protect cardiomyocytes, pancreatic β-cells, and preadipocytes from apoptosis, and induce preadipocytes differentiation into adipocytes. These events are mediated by AG and UAG binding to a still unidentified receptor, which determines the activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ERK1/2. AG and UAG also possess antilipolytic activity in vitro, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Thus, the objective of the current study was to characterize the molecular events involved in AG/UAG receptor signaling cascade. We treated rat primary visceral adipocytes with isoproterenol (ISO) and forskolin (FSK) to stimulate lipolysis, simultaneously incubating them with or without AG or UAG. Both peptides blocked ISO- and FSK-induced lipolysis. By direct measurement of cAMP intracellular content, we demonstrated that AG/UAG effect was associated to a reduction of ISO-induced cAMP accumulation. Moreover, the cAMP analog 8Br-cAMP abolished AG/UAG effect. As AG and UAG were ineffective against lipolysis induced by db-cAMP, another poorly hydrolyzable cAMP analog, phosphodiesterase (PDE) involvement was hypothesized. Indeed, cilostamide, a specific PDE3B inhibitor, blocked AG/UAG effect on ISO-induced lipolysis. Furthermore, the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin and AKT inhibitor 1,3-dihydro-1-(1-((4-(6-phenyl-1H-imidazo(4,5-g)quinoxalin-7-yl)phenyl)methyl)-4piperidinyl)-2H-benzimidazol-2-one trifluoroacetate also blocked AG/UAG action, suggesting a role in PDE3B activation. In particular, PI3K isoenzyme gamma (PI3Kγ) selective inhibition through the compound AS605240 prevented AG/UAG effect on ISO-stimulated lipolysis, hampering AKT phosphorylation on Ser(473). Taken together, these data demonstrate for the first time that AG/UAG attenuation of ISO-induced lipolysis involves PI3Kγ/AKT and PDE3B.     

Effects of Isoform-selective Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Inhibitors on Osteoclasts: ACTIONS ON CYTOSKELETAL ORGANIZATION,SURVIVAL, AND RESORPTION*

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K) participate in numerous signaling pathways, and control distinct biological functions. Studies using pan-PI3K inhibitors suggest roles for PI3K in osteoclasts, but little is known about specific PI3K isoforms in these cells. Our objective was to determine effects of isoform-selective PI3K inhibitors on osteoclasts. The following inhibitors were investigated (targets in parentheses): wortmannin and {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002 (pan-p110), PIK75 (α), GDC0941 (α, δ), TGX221 (β), AS252424 (γ), and IC87114 (δ). In addition, we characterized a new potent and selective PI3Kδ inhibitor, GS-9820, and explored roles of PI3K isoforms in regulating osteoclast function. Osteoclasts were isolated from long bones of neonatal rats and rabbits. Wortmannin, {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002, GDC0941, IC87114, and GS-9820 induced a dramatic retraction of osteoclasts within 15–20 min to 65–75% of the initial area. In contrast, there was no significant retraction in response to vehicle, PIK75, TGX221, or AS252424. Moreover, wortmannin and GS-9820, but not PIK75 or TGX221, disrupted actin belts. We examined effects of PI3K inhibitors on osteoclast survival. Whereas PIK75, TGX221, and GS-9820 had no significant effect on basal survival, all blocked RANKL-stimulated survival. When studied on resorbable substrates, osteoclastic resorption was suppressed by wortmannin and inhibitors of PI3Kβ and PI3Kδ, but not other isoforms. These data are consistent with a critical role for PI3Kδ in regulating osteoclast cytoskeleton and resorptive activity. In contrast, multiple PI3K isoforms contribute to the control of osteoclast survival. Thus, the PI3Kδ isoform, which is predominantly expressed in cells of hematopoietic origin, is an attractive target for anti-resorptive therapeutics.     

PAK4 confers cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer cells via PI3K/Akt- and MEK/ERK-dependent pathways

CDDP [cisplatin or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II)] and CDDP-based combination chemotherapy have been confirmed effective against gastric cancer. However, CDDP efficiency is limited because of development of drug resistance. In this study, we found that PAK4 (p21-activated kinase 4) expression and activity were elevated in gastric cancer cells with acquired CDDP resistance (AGS/CDDP and MKN-45/CDDP) compared with their parental cells. Inhibition of PAK4 or knockdown of PAK4 expression by specific siRNA (small interfering RNA)-sensitized CDDP-resistant cells to CDDP and overcome CDDP resistance. Combination treatment of {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002 [the inhibitor of PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt (protein kinase B or PKB) pathway] or PD98509 {the inhibitor of MEK [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase] pathway} with PF-3758309 (the PAK4 inhibitor) resulted in increased CDDP efficacy compared with {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002 or PD98509 alone. However, after the concomitant treatment of {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"LY294002","term_id":"1257998346","term_text":"LY294002"}}LY294002 and PD98509, PF-3758309 administration exerted no additional enhancement of CDDP cytotoxicity in CDDP-resistant cells. Inhibition of PAK4 by PF-3758309 could significantly suppress MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt signalling in CDDP-resistant cells. Furthermore, inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway while not MEK/ERK pathway could inhibit PAK4 activity in these cells. The in vivo results were similar with those of in vitro. In conclusion, these results indicate that PAK4 confers CDDP resistance via the activation of MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. PAK4 and PI3K/Akt pathways can reciprocally activate each other. Therefore, PAK4 may be a potential target for overcoming CDDP resistance in gastric cancer.     

Regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase by cAMP in adipocytes: Roles for phosphodiesterases,protein kinase B,protein kinase A,Epac and lipolysis

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important regulator of cellular energy status. In adipocytes, stimuli that increase intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) have also been shown to increase the activity of AMPK. The precise molecular mechanisms responsible for cAMP-induced AMPK activation are not clear. Phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B) is a critical regulator of cAMP signaling in adipocytes. Here we investigated the roles of PDE3B, PDE4, protein kinase B (PKB) and the exchange protein activated by cAMP 1 (Epac1), as well as lipolysis, in the regulation of AMPK in primary rat adipocytes. We demonstrate that the increase in phosphorylation of AMPK at T172 induced by the adrenergic agonist isoproterenol can be diminished by co-incubation with insulin. The diminishing effect of insulin on AMPK activation was reversed upon treatment with the PDE3B specific inhibitor OPC3911 but not with the PDE4 inhibitor Rolipram. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of PDE3B and constitutively active PKB both resulted in greatly reduced isoproterenol-induced phosphorylation of AMPK at T172. Co-incubation of adipocytes with isoproterenol and the PKA inhibitor H89 resulted in a total ablation of lipolysis and a reduction in AMPK phosphorylation/activation. Stimulation of adipocytes with the Epac1 agonist 8-pCPT-2′O-Me-cAMP led to increased phosphorylation of AMPK at T172. The general lipase inhibitor Orlistat decreased isoproterenol-induced phosphorylation of AMPK at T172. This decrease corresponded to a reduction of lipolysis from adipocytes. Taken together, these data suggest that PDE3B and PDE4 regulate cAMP pools that affect the activation/phosphorylation state of AMPK and that the effects of cyclic AMP on AMPK involve Epac1, PKA and lipolysis.     

Regulation of leukocyte degranulation by cGMP-dependent protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase: potential roles in phosphorylation of target membrane SNARE complex proteins in rat mast cells

We examined the roles of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) and PI3K in degranulation induced by fMLF and by FcepsilonRI cross-linking. In rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cells expressing formyl peptide receptor, the PKG inhibitors KT5823 and Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMP, as well as the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, reduced agonist-stimulated beta-hexosaminidase release in a dose-dependent manner. These inhibitors also abolished vesicular fusion with the plasma membrane, as evidenced by diminished annexin V staining. Agonist-induced degranulation was completely blocked when LY294002 was applied together with one of the PKG inhibitors, suggesting an additive and possibly synergistic effect. In contrast, the PKG inhibitors did not affect fMLF-induced intracellular calcium mobilization and Akt phosphorylation. Likewise, LY294002 did not alter fMLF-induced elevation of intracellular cGMP concentration, and the inhibitory effect of LY294002 was not reversed by a cell-permeable analog of cGMP. Treatment with fMLF induced phosphorylation of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor-attachment protein (SNAP)-23, syntaxins 2, 4, and 6, and Monc18-3. The induced phosphorylation of SNAP-23 and syntaxins 2 and 4 was blocked by Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMP and LY294002. However, LY294002 was less effective in inhibiting Munc18-3 phosphorylation. The induced phosphorylation of syntaxin 6 was not effectively blocked by either Rp-8-Br-PET-cGMP or LY294002. Treatment of human neutrophils with the PKG inhibitors and LY294002 reduced enzyme release from primary, secondary, and tertiary granules. These results suggest that PKG and PI3K are involved in degranulation, possibly through phosphorylation of target membrane SNAP receptor proteins and their binding proteins.     

PI3K/Akt信号通路在白藜芦醇抗大鼠缺血/再灌注性心律失常中的作用及机制

目的：探讨磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B（PI3K/Akt）信号通路在白藜芦醇抗缺血/再灌注性心律失常中的作用及机制。方法：48只健康雄性SD大鼠,取心电图正常者随机分为4组（n=10）：假手术（SC组）组、缺血/再灌注（I/R组）组、白藜芦醇处理（Res处理组）组、PI3K抑制剂LY294002（LY294002组）组。建立大鼠在体心肌缺血/再灌注模型,观察各组心律失常的发生情况及左室血流动力学变化,Western blot法测定心肌组织中蛋白激酶B（Akt）、磷酸化蛋白激酶B（p-Akt）、缝隙连接蛋白43（Cx43）蛋白表达水平,以RT-PCR法从转录水平检测Cx43的表达水平。结果：与I/R组相比,Res处理组心律失常的发生率（心律失常评分）明显降低、左室舒缩功能明显升高,同时心肌Akt、Cx43蛋白表达及Cx43mRNA水平也明显升高;使用PI3K抑制剂LY294002后,心肌Akt、Cx43蛋白表达及Cx43mRNA水平下降的同时心律失常的发生率明显升高、左室舒缩功能明显降低。结论：白藜芦醇的抗再灌注性心律失常作用可能是通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路,改变Cx43活性及分布实现的。     

Embryonic testis cord formation and mesonephric cell migration requires the phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway

Mesonephric cell migration and seminiferous cord formation are critical processes in embryonic testis development at the time of male sex determination. Extracellular growth factors shown to influence seminiferous cord formation such as neurotropin-3 utilize in part the phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signal transduction pathway. The current study investigates the hypothesis that the PI3K pathway is critical in seminiferous cord formation and testis development. The role of the PI3K signaling pathway in testicular cord formation was examined using an Embryonic Day 13 organ culture system and a PI3K-specific inhibitor LY294002. The actions of a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-specific inhibitor PD98059 was also examined. The PI3K inhibitor blocked cord formation or reduced the number of cords in a concentration-dependent manner. The actions of LY294002 were found to have a developmental stage specificity in that cord inhibition was observed in organs from embryos with 16-17 tail somites, while organs from embryos with 19 or more tail somites had no block in cord formation and only a small reduction in cord number. In contrast, the MAP kinase inhibitor PD98059 did not block cord formation and only caused a slight reduction in cord number. Neither PI3K or MAP kinase inhibitor altered apoptotic cell number, suggesting apoptosis was not the reason for the inhibition of cord formation. Embryonic testis cell migration assays showed that the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 blocked mesonephros cell migration into the testis, while the MAP kinase inhibitor had no effect. Observations suggest the interference of cell migration is the cause for the inhibition of cord formation. Western blot analysis confirmed that LY294002 and PD98509 inhibited phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/ERK2, respectively. Combined observations demonstrate that the PI3K signaling pathway is involved in embryonic testis cord formation and mesonephros cell migration.     

Growth hormone-stimulated insulin-like growth factor-1 expression in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes is mediated by ERK, PI3K-AKT, and JAK-STAT

Growth hormone (GH) initiates many of its growth-promoting actions by binding to GH receptors (GHR) and stimulating the synthesis and secretion of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) from the liver and other sites. In this study, we used hepatocytes isolated from rainbow trout as a model system in which to determine the molecular signaling events of GH in fish. GH directly stimulated the phosphorylation of ERK, protein kinase B (Akt), a downstream target of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), JAK2, and STAT5 in hepatocytes incubated in vitro. Activation of ERK, Akt, JAK2, and STAT5 was rapid, occurring within 5-10 min, and was concentration dependent. GH-induced ERK activation was completely blocked by the ERK pathway inhibitor, U0126, and the JAK2 inhibitor, 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexabromocyclohexane (Hex), and was partially blocked by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. GH-stimulated Akt activation was completely blocked by LY294002 and Hex, but was not affected by U0126; whereas, STAT5 activation by GH was blocked only by Hex, and was not affected by either U0126 or LY294002. GH stimulated hepatic expression of IGF-1 mRNA as well as the secretion of IGF-1, effects that were partially or completely blocked by U0126, LY294002, and Hex. These results indicate that GHR linkage to the ERK, PI3K/Akt, or STAT pathways in trout liver cells requires activation of JAK2, and that GH-stimulated IGF-1 synthesis and secretion is mediated through the ERK, PI3K/Akt, and JAK-STAT pathways.     

Somatostatin inhibits hepatic growth hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factor I mRNA expression by activating the ERK and PI3K signaling pathways

Previously, we reported that somatostatins (SS) inhibit organismal growth by reducing hepatic growth hormone (GH) sensitivity and by inhibiting insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) production. In this study, we used hepatocytes isolated from rainbow trout to elucidate the mechanism(s) associated with the extrapituitary growth-inhibiting actions of SS. SS-14, a predominant SS isoform, stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of several endogenous proteins, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a member the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, and protein kinase B (Akt), a downstream target of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). SS-14 specifically stimulated the phosphorylation of both ERK 1/2 and Akt in a concentration-dependent fashion. This activation occurred within 5-15 min, then subsided after 1 h. The ERK inhibitor U0126 retarded SS-14-stimulated phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, whereas the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 blocked SS-14-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt. SS-14-inhibited expression of GH receptor (GHR) mRNA was blocked by U0126 but not by LY294002. By contrast, U1026 had no effect on SS-14 inhibition of GH-stimulated IGF-I mRNA expression, whereas LY294002 partially blocked the inhibition of GH-stimulated IGF-I mRNA expression by SS-14. These results indicate that SS-14-inhibited GHR expression is mediated by the ERK signaling pathway and that the PI3K/Akt pathway mediates, at least in part, SS-14 inhibition of GH-stimulated IGF-I expression.     

On the mechanism for neomycin reversal of wortmannin inhibition of insulin stimulation of glucose uptake

Although a number of studies and approaches have indicated that activation of the Ser/Thr kinase called Akt/protein kinase B is critical for the insulin-stimulated increase of glucose uptake in adipocytes, other studies have indicated that this enzyme may play an ancillary role. For example, a recent study indicated that neomycin would allow insulin-stimulated Glut4 translocation and glucose transport in the presence of the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase inhibitor, wortmannin, a known inhibitor of Akt activation (James, D. J., Salaun, C., Brandie, F. M., Connell, J. M. C., and Chamberlain, L. H. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 20567-20570). To better understand this observation, we examined a number of downstream targets of Akt. As previously reported, treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with neomycin prevented the wortmannin inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose transport. However, in the presence of neomycin, wortmannin did not inhibit the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of several downstream targets of Akt including a proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa, ribosomal protein S6, and glycogen synthase kinase-3. In addition, neomycin did not prevent the ability of a structurally unrelated PI 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002, to inhibit the insulin-stimulated activation of glucose uptake. Moreover, neomycin reversed the inhibitory effect of wortmannin but not LY294002 on insulin stimulation of Akt kinase activity. Finally, neomycin was found to inactivate in vitro the PI 3-kinase inhibitory actions of wortmannin but not LY294002. These results indicate that the effects of neomycin in adipocytes are not mediated via its ability to sequester phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate but are instead caused by the ability of neomycin to inactivate wortmannin.     

Antilipolytic effect of calcium-sensing receptor in human adipocytes

The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor, was cloned in 1993. Its activation was first associated to the regulation of calcium homeostasis; however, the presence in tissues unrelated with this role has revealed its participation in numerous other cell functions. We previously described CaSR expression in human adipocytes, and here we investigated the effect of its activation on adipocyte lipolytic activity by measuring glycerol release to the incubation medium. Treatment of adipocytes with CaSR agonists elicited an inhibitory effect on basal lipolysis, which was prevented by a CaSR antagonist. To further corroborate the antilipolytic effect of CaSR activation, lipolysis was evaluated under conditions that interfere with main antilipolytic regulatory pathways. Cells were preincubated with pertussis toxin (PT, a Gialpha protein inhibitor), the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitors wortmannin and LY-294002 as well as the cAMP analog 8Br-cAMP, all of which influenced the antilipolytic effect of CaSR stimulation. In light of the current view of adipose tissue as an organ involved in whole-body metabolic control, the role of the CaSR modulating basal lipolysis elicits great interest, given its metabolic sensing capabilities due to the variety of ligands that regulate its activity, and its potential cross-talk with insulin and adipose tissue-secreted factors.     

L-leucine increases [3H]-thymidine incorporation in chicken hepatocytes: involvement of the PKC, PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2, and mTOR signaling pathways

This study examined how L-leucine affected DNA synthesis and cell cycle regulatory protein expression in cultured primary chicken hepatocytes. L-Leucine promoted DNA synthesis in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with concomitant increases in cyclin D1 and cyclin E expression. Phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC) mediated the L-leucine-induced increases in [3H]-thymidine incorporation and cyclin D1/CDK4 and cyclin E/CDK2 expression, as U73122 (a PLC inhibitor) or bisindolylmaleimide I (a PKC blocker) inhibited these effects. L-Leucine also increased PKC phosphorylation and intracellular Ca2+ levels. L-Leucine-mediated increases in [3H]-thymidine incorporation and cyclin/CDK expression were sensitive to LY 294002 (PI3K inhibitor), Akt inhibitor, PD 98059 (MEK inhibitor). It was also observed that L-leucine-induced increases of cyclin/CDK expression were inhibited by PI3K siRNA and ERK siRNA; L-leucine increased extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Akt phosphorylation levels. Bisindolylmaleimide I attenuated L-leucine-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 but did not influence Akt phosphorylation, and PI3K siRNA and LY 294002 inhibited L-leucine-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, suggesting some cross-talk between the PKC and ERK1/2 or PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways. L-Leucine also increased the levels of phosphorylated molecular target of rapamycin (mTOR) and two of its targets, ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K), and 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1); furthermore, rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor) blocked all of the mitogenic effects of L-leucine. In addition, Akt inhibitor blocked L-leucine-induced mTOR phosphorylation. In conclusion, L-leucine stimulated DNA synthesis and promoted cell cycle progression in primary cultured chicken hepatocytes through PKC, ERK1/2, PI3K/Akt, and mTOR.     

胰岛素和佛波酯在蛋白质合成中经不同途径激活p70 S6激酶

为研究佛波酯 (PMA)和胰岛素在蛋白质合成中的信号传递 ,应用激酶活性测定和Western印迹等方法 ,分别检测mTOR(mammaliantargetofrapamycin)特异性抑制剂rapamycin或磷脂酰肌醇 3激酶 (PI3K)的特异性抑制剂LY2 94 0 0 2预处理、PMA或胰岛素处理的血清饥饿的中国仓鼠肺成纤维细胞 (CHL)中p70S6激酶 (p70S6K)和蛋白激酶B(PKB)的活性及表达 .结果显示 ,PMA或胰岛素刺激促进p70S6K的活化和表达 .而rapamycin预处理可阻断PMA和胰岛素对p70S6K的激活作用 ,表明PMA和胰岛素可能是通过mTOR 依赖性途径激活p70S6K .结果还显示 ,胰岛素刺激促进PKB的活化和表达 ,而PMA对PKB的活性和表达无影响 .LY2 94 0 0 2预处理可阻断胰岛素对p70S6K和PKB的激活作用 ,但不能抑制PMA刺激引起的p70S6K的活化 .表明胰岛素和PMA介导p70S6K活化的信号途径有所不同 ,胰岛素介导p70S6K的活化可能依赖于PI3K途径 ,而PMA介导p70S6K的活化不通过PI3K途径     

PDE2 inhibition by the PI3 kinase inhibitor LY294002 and analogues

Synthetic 2-morpholinochromones, including the known PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002, have been evaluated in vitro as inhibitors of isolated human platelet phosphodiesterases. Inhibition of the cAMP-phosphodiesterases, PDE2 and PDE3 by LY294002 is reported for the first time. Preliminary screening across a range of 2-morpholinochromones has revealed structural features for optimised PDE2 inhibition.     

Suppression of epidermal growth factor receptor‐mediated β‐catenin nuclear accumulation enhances the anti‐tumor activity of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase inhibitor in breast cancer

Phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) signaling is frequently deregulated in breast cancer and plays a critical role in tumor progression. However, resistance to PI3K inhibitors in breast cancer has emerged, which is due to the enhanced β‐catenin nuclear accumulation. Until now, the mechanisms underlying PI3K inhibition‐induced β‐catenin nuclear accumulation remains largely unknown. In the present study, we found inhibition of PI3K with LY294002 promoted β‐catenin nuclear accumulation in MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells. Combining PI3K inhibitor LY294002 with XAV‐939, an inhibitor against β‐catenin nuclear accumulation, produced an additive anti‐proliferation effect against breast cancer cells. Subsequent experiments suggested β‐catenin nuclear accumulation induced by PI3K inhibition depended on the feedback activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway in breast cancer cells. Inhibition of EGFR phosphorylation with Gefitinib enhanced anti‐proliferation effect of PI3K inhibitor LY294002 in MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Taken together, our findings may elucidate a possible mechanism explaining the poor outcome of PI3K inhibitors in breast cancer treatment.     

Chronic treatment with LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac dysfunction in normotensive and hypertensive diabetic animals

Diabetes is associated with increased incidence of cardiovascular disease. Mechanisms that contribute to development of diabetic cardiopathy are not well understood. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is a family of protein kinases that play an important role in regulation of cardiac function. It has been shown that inhibition of certain PI3K enzymes may produce cardiovascular protection. The aim of the present study was to determine whether chronic treatment with LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K, can attenuate diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in isolated hearts obtained from normotensive and hypertensive rats. Recovery of cardiac function after 40 min of global ischemia and 30 min of reperfusion, measured as left ventricular developed pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, coronary flow and coronary vascular resistance, was worse in hearts obtained from diabetic and/or hypertensive animals compared to their respective controls. Treatment with LY294002 (1.2 mg/kg/day) for 4 weeks significantly prevented diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in both normotensive and hypertensive rats. Treatment with LY294002 did not significantly alter blood pressure or blood glucose levels. These results suggest that inhibition of PI3K signaling pathways can prevent ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac dysfunction in normotensive and hypertensive rats without correcting hyperglycemia or high blood pressure.