THE EFFECTS OF THE SIZE, POSITION AND MATURATION PERIOD OF INFLORESCENCES AND FRUITS ON ABNORMAL PIGMENTATION IN THE TOMATO VARIETY POTENTATE

A modification to an earlier classification of pigmentation abnormalities, enabling it to be used for varieties other than Potentate, is discussed. It is shown for Potentate that the proportion of fruits giving uniform ripening colour declines with increasing fruit weight, while the proportion of Grade C fruits steadily increases. The occurrence of Grade A fruits, however, is maximal in fruits of 80 to 120 g. The occurrence of pigmentation abnormalities was shown to be independent of the length of the maturation period of the fruit. It was found that Grade A fruits occurred with greater frequency in fruits developing on upper inflorescences, while Grade C fruits occurred more frequently on lower inflorescences. The number of fruits in an inflorescence was shown to have no consistent relation to pigmentation abnormalities, nor was there any relation between pigmentation and the position of fruits within the inflorescence. Frequent examples of an antithetic relation between the occurrence of Grades A and C symptoms are noted, suggesting that conditions that are favourable for the development of the one are unfavourable for the development of the other.     

THE DISTRIBUTION OF SELECTED DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS IN THE LECANORALES

Traditional classification concepts in lichenology are often, but not always, supported by molecular results. Molecular data should be compared and correlated with micro-morphological and ultrastructural information before systematic rearrangements are undertaken. Visualization of the distribution of morphological and other characters in specified groups is considered as a desirable resultper se, but it is also important to discover whether correlating characters are dependent on each other or not; and if not, whether their distribution in a group might support existing classification concepts. A data set for lecanoralean and other lichenized and lichenicolous genera, comprising 90—mostly multi-state—characters was used to store morphological, chemical and ecological data, and to test character correlations. Several examples of such analyses are presented. The following pairs of characters show some degree of dependence: ascospore septation and number per ascus, ascospore wall type and pigmentation, ascospore and epihymenium pigmentation. Several authors postulated that ascus types are good phylogenetic markers. Ascus types have been widely used for classification concepts of the Lecanorales. Two-dimensional correlation queries of ascus types with the following morphologcal characters were made: substratum preference, thallus growth form and ascospore septation. These correlations supply characteristic profiles for the various ascus types, which have to be compared with forthcoming phylogenetic hypotheses based on molecular data.     

THE EFFECT OF GROWTH ENVIRONMENT ON THE PHYSIOLOGY OF ALGAE: LIGHT INTENSITY12

Measurements were made of growth, pigmentation, photosynthesis, respiration, quinone Hill reaction, cell morphology, and structure as a function of growth light intensity for various algae. These processes showed varying degrees of dependency upon light intensity and are discussed with reference to algal classification. Eighteen algae, examples from 10 taxonomic divisions, were studied.     

THE INFLUENCE OF ABDOMINAL PIGMENTATION ON DESICCATION AND ULTRAVIOLET RESISTANCE IN TWO SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA

Drosophila yakuba and D. santomea are sister species that differ in their levels of abdominal pigmentation; D. yakuba shows heavily pigmented posterior abdominal segments in both sexes, whereas D. santomea lacks dark pigment anywhere on its body. Using naturally collected lines, we demonstrate the existence of altitudinal variation in abdominal pigmentation in D. yakuba but not in D. santomea. We use the variation in pigmentation within D. yakuba and two body‐color mutants in D. yakuba to elucidate selective advantage of differences in pigmentation. Our results indicate that although differences in abdominal pigmentation have no effect on desiccation resistance, lighter pigmentation confers ultraviolet radiation resistance in this pair of species.     

FOOD-INDUCED BODY PIGMENTATION QUESTIONS THE TAXONOMIC VALUE OF COLOUR IN THE SELF-FERTILIZING SLUG CARINARION SPP

Body pigmentation is a popular taxonomic marker in slugs to discriminateclosely related species. However, the genetic background ofbody pigmentation is known only for a few species, while inmany others body pigmentation is influenced by age, food and/orclimate. In this study, we investigated the effects of differentfood items on body pigmentation expression in two selfing pulmonategastropods, Arion (Carinarion) silvaticus and Arion (Carinarion) fasciatus.Both species mainly differ in the distribution of yellow-orangegranules on the body, which in A. fasciatus are concentratedin lateral bands, and in A. silvaticus are evenly scattered.Animals were raised individually under the same conditions, whilethey laid eggs as a consequence of selfing. This F₁ generation wasafterwards divided into two groups, which were fed with different fooditems. A diet of carrot, lettuce or paper had no effect on the distributionof the yellow-orange granules in A. silvaticus, but provokeda loss of the yellow-orange lateral bands in A. fasciatusso that externally these F₁ specimens became similar to A. silvaticus.In both species, a diet of nettle resulted in a strong yellow-orangepigmentation, which often formed yellow-orange lateral bands.These results indicate that food can probably influence the'species-specific' body pigmentation in Carinarion, and thusquestion the reliability of colour traits to distinguish A.silvaticus and A. fasciatus. (Received 5 May 2000; accepted 29 September 2000)     

EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY AND PIGMENTATION OF THE VAQUITA, PHOCOENA SINUS (CETACEA: MAMMALIA)

The vaquita, Phocoena sinus , is a porpoise in the family Phocoenidae that lives only in the Gulf of California. The external appearance of P. sinus was unknown until 13 fresh specimens were recently examined. The most obvious morphological feature distinguishing P. sinus from its two congeners is the proportionately higher dorsal fin. The most striking features of the pigmentation pattern are the large black eye patches and the black upper and lower lip patches. In both areas, the pigmentation contrasts sharply with the surrounding light gray coloration. The total lengths of the specimens ranged from 70.3 cm (a neonate) to 143.5 cm (an adult female).     

THE DIFFERENTIATION OF PIGMENTATION IN FLOWER PARTS. VIII. THE EFFECT OF INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN AND RNA SYNTHESIS ON DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES OF ANTHOCYANINS IN CULTURED PETALS OF IMPATIENS BALSAMINA

If inhibitors of protein or RNA synthesis are administered to flower petals of the red genotype (HHHP^rP^r) of Impatiens balsamina at a very early stage of development, an alteration in the normal pattern of anthocyanin pigmentation results. Whereas control petals are mainly pigmented with acyl pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside and pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside, petals cultured in the presence of inhibitors are mainly pigmented with pelargonidin-3-monoglucoside. The complete absence of the more highly substituted forms of pelargonidin in treated petals suggests that the biochemical reactions required for the addition of glucosyl and hydroxycinnamoyl residues to pelargonidin-3-monoglucoside have been prevented. The ability to block the normal developmental pattern of pigmentation with these inhibitors suggests that de novo synthesis of active enzymes is required, and as indicated by the effectiveness of actinomycin D, specific RNA synthesis is a necessary prerequisite for the synthesis of the normal anthocyanin complement in this tissue. The ability of the white flowered genotype (llhhpp) to metabolize exogenously supplied pelargonidin-3-monoglucoside was found to be prevented by prior culture of immature petals in the presence of DL-ethionine. The data indicate that the enzymes required for this ability are not products of induction by the substrate but rather their presence is a normal feature of petal development. Treatment with inhibitors has failed to produce any inhibition in the formation of specific anthocyanins found in the flower petals of some other genotypes of I. balsamina.     

CHANGES IN THE MELANOPHOROTROPIC FUNCTION OF THE PITUITARY GLAND ACCOMPANYING BLINDNESS IN XENOPUS LAEVIS DAUDIN

A number of cases of blindness appeared among a group of cultured Xenopus laevis. The blind toads lacked eyeballs and optic nerves and were consistently dark in color. Similar anatomical changes in the head and pigmentation were produced experimentally by removing the eyeballs of tadpoles or young adult toads. The dark pigmentation of blind Xenopus: was shown to be due to the continuous release of MSH from the pars intermedia of the pituitary, since hypophysectomy led to the complete blanching of the dermal and epidermal melanophores. MSH activity in the pars intermedia of blind toads was extremely high in comparison with that of normal animals. No special difference with respect to the general growth and behaviour was found between normal and blind Xenopus, which suggests that the pituitary functions other than that of the pars intermedia are not affected by the state of the optic nerves. These observations suggest that the retrogressive degeneration of the optic nerves exerts a profound effect on the secretory activity of the pars intermedia via the hypothalamic controlling center.     

汉族和藏族的皮肤反射系数分析

人类的肤色是在遗传和环境因素的共同作用下形成的。最近在人类复杂性状基因定位中,统计学和遗传学研究方法的发展,使得肤色相关基因有可能利用这些方法来甄别。而且,有了Photovolt ColorWalk色度计等便携的新式光谱反射系数测量工具,研究者可以方便准确地测量大量人群的皮肤反射系数作为遗传学研究用的人类表型性状。我们衣物Photovolt ColorWark测试了372人的一个汉族群体和274人的一个藏族群体的上臂内侧不受阳光照射的皮肤反射系数,以建立反射系数测量的基准数据。我们调查了年龄、性别、居住地纬度、种族等不同因素对皮肤反射系数的影响,也调查了皮肤反射系数的正态分布。在这些研究结果的基础上我们设计了皮肤反射系数遗传学研究的策略。     

EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF MALIGNANT MELANOMA OF THE SKIN

About five per cent of all malignant lesions of the skin are malignant melanomas. The poor prognosis associated with this malignant lesion emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis. A large proportion of malignant melanomas arise in preexisting lesions such as junction nevi, precancerous melanoses and, much more rarely, blue nevi. Early malignant changes in these precursor lesions include increasing pigmentation, enlargement, thickening, crusting, bleeding, ulceration, tumor formation, and development of satellite lesions.Many pigmented, and some non-pigmented, lesions of the skin must be differentiated from malignant melanoma. Since even with radical surgical treatment the prognosis of malignant melanoma is poor, junction nevi which are subject to continual trauma or have signs of probable malignant degeneration should be prophylactically excised.     

石蕊属某些地衣共生菌的培养研究

本文对石蕊属15个种子囊孢子进行了培养特性的研究.所有种子囊孢子均在12小时内萌发,并且前7-15天生长迅速,以后逐渐缓慢.随着培养时间增长.分离物可形成有特征性的菌落形态和色素,利用生长型和菌落及培养基中色素产生情况可将不同分离物区分开.对石蕊属的常规培养很有希望成为识别该属成员的有用特征.     

六盘山森林植被的数量分类

 六盘山位于我国黄土高原西部,秦岭西段以北,是一座南北走向的狭长石质山地,具明显 的温带大陆性季风气候。地处温带森林草原地带,地带性植被类型为落叶阔叶林和草甸草原。 本文运用相似系数法和组平均法等数学方法进行森林植被的分类。通过比较和分析,划 分出9个群系,初步建立六盘山森林植被的分类系统。这一结果与定性分类(依据植物群落学——生态学原则)所得出的结果基本相同,说明本文所采用的数量分类方法和分类指标是适用于温带地区森林植被的分类。     

PALATE PIGMENTATION IN ADULTS AND SUBADULTS OF SOME AFRICAN ESTRILDIDAE,WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PERSISTENCY OF JUVENILE MOUTH-MARKINGS

Kunkel, P. & Kunkel, I. 1975. Palate pigmentation in adults and subadults of some African Estrididae, with special reference to the persistency of juvenile mouth-markings. 46:147-153. The colouration of the mouth interior of birds with adult plumage has been examined in ten species of estrildid finches occurring in eastern Zaire Republic.

Three types have been found: in a Cryptospiza and a Nesocharis species as well as in Estrilda astrild adult bill interiors are pale, and the juvenile palate designs fade out slowly; in two Spermestes species, Estrilda nonnula and at least one Lagonosticta species, the bill interior is black or dark slate, and the juvenile spots and lines are merged into this pigmentation; only in Spermophaga the juvenile palate design is fully conserved in adults as it is, according to former papers, in Uraeginthus. It is attempted to correlate these patterns with systematic relationships and with types of social behaviour.     

CLASSIFICATION OF THE ARCHITECTURE OF DICOTYLEDONOUS LEAVES

A classification of the architectural features of dicot leaves—i.e., the placement and form of those elements constituting the outward expression of leaf structure, including shape, marginal configuration, venation, and gland position—has been developed as the result of an extensive survey of both living and fossil leaves. This system partially incorporates modifications of two earlier classifications: that of Turrill for leaf shape and that of Von Ettingshausen for venation pattern. After categorization of such features as shape of the whole leaf and of the apex and base, leaves are separated into a number of classes depending on the course of their principal venation. Identification of order of venation, which is fundamental to the application of the classification, is determined by size of a vein at its point of origin and to a lesser extent by its behavior in relation to that of other orders. The classification concludes by describing features of the areoles, i.e., the smallest areas of leaf tissue surrounded by veins which form a contiguous field over most of the leaf. Because most taxa of dicots possess consistent patterns of leaf architecture, this rigorous method of describing the features of leaves is of immediate usefulness in both modern and fossil taxonomic studies. In addition, as a result of this method, it is anticipated that leaves will play an increasingly important part in phylogenetic and ecological studies.     

模糊ＩＳＯＤＡＴＡ在草地植物群落分类上的应用

 模糊集合理论在元素与集合的关系中引入了连续变化的隶属度,因而能适应植物群落作连续和明显间断分布同时存在的情况。本文运用以模糊集合理论为基础的ISODATA聚类分析方法对松嫩平原草地植物群落进行了数量分类,结果说明模糊ISODATA聚类比传统的分类方法有更为客观、灵活的特点,是一种较为理想的植被数量分类方法。     

FLORAL PIGMENTATION STUDIES IN THE GENUS GOSSYPIUM II CHEMOTAXONOMIC ANALYSIS OF DIPLOID GOSSYPIUM SPECIES

The chromatographic pigment arrays of nine diploid species (G. arboreum, G. anomalum, G. herbaceum, G. stocksii, G. sturtii, G. thurberi, G. gossypioides, G. raimondii and G. klotzschianum) were studied. Among the Old World cottons, G. sturtii of Australia was very different from the species analyzed. The two species of the Herbacea section (G. herbaceum and G. arboreum) were found to have very similar pigment arrays. Both G. anomalum and G. stocksii were more like the Herbacea species than any other species in the genus, but both G. anomalum and G. stocksii had unique pigment characteristics. Although the evidence obtained so far from pigmentation patterns suggests that some pairs of species are closely related, the pigment arrays do not support the classification of the New World diploids into more than one section. From analysis of pigments of interspecific hybrids and their parents, it was found that with a hybrid and one parent species the pigment array of the other parent species could be predicted. Using this approach, the pigment arrays of three New World diploid species were predicted.     

紫红曲有性阶段的研讨

紫红曲因在其菌丝体及孢子生长过程中,具有合成某些药用及色素物质功能而被重视。这些物质在东方国家中早被用于医疗及食物染色方面。本文在阐明该菌闭襄壳内数目众多的子囊孢子系来自多数子囊,其子囊壁在发育早期即已消失。具8个子囊孢子的单一子囊的确时有发生,所以红曲属名拉丁文原意“单一子囊”,虽然有时极易被置凝,但基本是正确的。此菌之另一显著特性为一次性结合可产生多数产囊丝钩及发育后的闭囊壳。此现象导致孢子形成以子囊孢子数目远超过分生孢子。     

GENETIC BLOCKS IN THE THIAMINE SYNTHESIS OF THE ANGIOSPERM ARABIDOPSIS,,

Five thiamine-requiring mutants were obtained at two loci. Two are blocked in the synthesis of the pyrimidine part of the vitamin, the other three have lost the ability to make the thiazole moiety. None of the tested substances suggested as possible or likely precursors of the pyrimidine or the thiazole components of thiamine displayed any activity in the mutants. These conditional lethals responded to remarkably small supplements of thiamine. The pyrimidine-requiring mutants utilized to some extent the anti-vitamin neopyrithiamine. The thiazole-less mutants grew on basal media supplemented only with the analog, oxythiamine. Thiamine deficiency, irrespective of the position of the genetic block in the synthesis, results in a characteristic anomaly of pigmentation. The position of the py locus in the second linkage group has been determined. Allelic complementation has not been detected. The frequency of mutations affecting thiamine synthesis appears about the same in Arabidopsis as in fungi. The general frequency of reparable genetic lesions is, however, one to two orders of magnitude lower in Arabidopsis than that in fungi or bacteria.     

化石菌类的分类系统

讨论化石菌类及其孢子的分类系统,即自然分类及人为分类系统,自然分类系统在孢粉学发展初期曾被广泛采用,随着孢粉学的发展,一些化石菌类缺乏明显的自然属性,其分类采用人为分类系统,Elsik依据细胞数目及萌发器特征首次建立了化石菌类的人类分类系统,但该分类系统未被广泛接受,Norris研究了加拿大第三纪菌类化石,但他未将菌类孢子的形态属归入相应的科、目和纲,宋之琛主要根据菌类孢子的萌发器特征,建立了菌类孢子分类系统,并将菌类孢子及其遗留体分为以下类型：无萌发器类型,单孔类型,双孔类型,三孔类型或三岐菌丝类型,子囊果状或多细胞类型及其他,依据宋之琛及Elsik分类系统及隔壁孔的特征,系统整理了已发现的中国第三纪化石菌类孢子,并将其归入相应的分类位置。