星星草脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（PtDHAR）cDNA的克隆及表达分析

脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶是抗坏血酸代谢循环中的关键酶,在多种植物中与抗胁迫相关。为了获得抗盐碱植物星星草中该基因序列,利用RACE技术,从星星草中克隆出脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶基因（PtDHAR）的cDNA全长序列,其GenBank登录号为HM125046。PtDHAR cDNA核苷酸序列长度为987bp,开放阅读框为639bp,编码213个氨基酸。该基因编码的氨基酸序列与水稻、小麦等禾本科作物具有很高的同源性。Northern杂交分析表明,该基因在盐碱胁迫下表达量显著升高。     

外源硅对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶绿体活性氧清除系统的影响

以黄瓜为材料,研究了外源硅（K2SiO3 1．0mmol／L）对NaCl（50mmol/L）胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶绿体中Na^＋、K^＋向叶绿体分配及活性氧清除系统的影响。结果表明：盐胁迫下硅处理使叶绿体在K^＋与Na^＋之间选择性吸收K^＋,从而降低了叶绿体内Na^＋的含量;同时Si处理可以显著降低盐胁迫下叶绿体中过氧化氢（H2O2）和丙二醛（MDA）含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）的活性及抗坏血酸（ASA）、还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量。说明Si不仅能降低叶绿体对Na^＋的选择吸收,还能增强叶绿体活性氧清除系统清除活性氧的能力,缓解盐胁迫对叶绿体膜的伤害。     

外源一氧化氮对低温胁迫下枇杷叶片AsA-GSH循环的影响

采用0.2、0.5、1.0和1.5 mmol·L^-1的硝普钠(SNP)处理3年生‘早钟6号’枇杷幼苗,以喷清水为对照(CK),于-3 ℃低温胁迫处理6 h后在25 ℃下培养4 d,测定恢复0、1和4 d时叶片非酶抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶活性的变化.结果表明：与CK相比,经SNP处理的枇杷叶片过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量降低,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)活性升高.低温处理后恢复4 d时,经0.5 mmol·L^-1 SNP处理的枇杷叶片H₂O₂含量下降至CK的75.3%,而GSH和AsA含量分别比CK增加了29.12%和23.40%,APX、GR、DHAR和MDAR活性分别比CK增加了50.0%、44.4%、49.53%和62.68%.适当的外源NO处理可提高枇杷叶片的抗氧化系统活性,减轻细胞在低温胁迫下的损伤,其中以0.5 mmol·L^-1的SNP处理效果较理想.     

外源一氧化氮供体对NaCl胁迫下多裂骆驼蓬幼苗叶片ASA-GSH循环的影响

研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)对NaCl胁迫下多裂骆驼蓬幼苗抗坏血酸(ASA)-谷胱甘肽(GSH)循环抗氧化系统及H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,0.15mmol.L-1SNP能提高300mmol.L-1NaCl胁迫下多裂骆驼蓬幼苗叶片抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和谷胱甘肽转硫酶(GST)活性,增加还原型抗坏血酸(ASA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,降低脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)和氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量,提高ASA/DHA、GSH/GSSG比率,降低H2O2和MDA水平,对单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性无显著影响。NO信号转导途径关键酶鸟苷酸环化酶(GC)抑制剂亚甲基蓝(MB)逆转了SNP对盐胁迫下APX、GR、GST活性和ASA、GSH、DHA,H2O2、MDA含量及ASA/DHA、GSH/GSSG比率的调节效应。由此表明,NO可能通过GC介导的cGMP信号转导参与ASA-GSH循环活性氧清除系统的调节,从而缓解盐胁迫诱导的氧化伤害。     

海藻酸铈配合物对毒死蜱胁迫下菠菜叶片抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

以菠菜(Spinacia oleracea L.)为材料,研究了毒死蜱胁迫下海藻酸铈配合物对菠菜叶片抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响。结果表明,在毒死蜱胁迫下,菠菜叶片中H2O2积累量比对照明显增加,非酶促抗氧化物质-抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量明显降低,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)的活性明显升高。在毒死蜱胁迫下,喷施不同浓度的海藻酸铈配合物使菠菜叶片中的H2O2积累量减少,AsA和GSH含量升高,APX、GR、DHAR和MDAR等抗氧化酶活性也有所提高,缓解了毒死蜱胁迫。试验表明,适宜浓度的海藻酸铈配合物处理可使菠菜叶片对毒死蜱胁迫有一定的缓解作用。     

箭舌豌豆根系抗坏血酸及相关酶对镉胁迫的响应

以箭舌豌豆(Vicia sativa L.)品种L3(耐镉)和ZM(镉敏感)为材料,研究了不同程度镉胁迫下箭舌豌豆幼苗根系抗坏血酸(AsA)含量、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)同工酶活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)同工酶活性以及APX基因表达的变化。结果显示:(1)2个箭舌豌豆品种根系AsA和脱氢抗坏血酸(DHA)含量在镉胁迫下显著升高;AsA/DHA比值在镉耐性品种L3中显著升高,在敏感品种ZM中显著下降;相同镉处理浓度下,L3根系AsA含量和AsA/DHA比值显著大于ZM。(2)2个品种根系DHAR的活性电泳共显示4条同工酶条带,它们的活性均随镉处理浓度的升高而升高;其中DHAR1只在L3显示,DHAR4只在ZM显示;相同镉处理浓度下,品种L3的DHAR的总活性大于品种ZM。(3)2个品种根系APX的活性电泳共显示11条同工酶条带,其中的APX1、2、4仅在敏感品种ZM中受镉胁迫诱导,APX 8在耐性品种L3中受到比敏感品种ZM更显著的诱导;克隆得到1个箭舌豌豆APX基因,荧光定量RT-PCR结果显示该基因的转录在L3和ZM根系均受镉处理诱导。研究表明,镉胁迫下2个箭舌豌豆品种根系AsA含量,AsA代谢相关酶DHAR和APX的活性以及APX的转录水平均显著升高;镉耐性品种L3较敏感品种ZM能更有效地促进AsA循环,维持更高的AsA水平,从而更有效地缓解镉胁迫诱导产生的氧化胁迫,这可能是L3较ZM具有更高镉耐性的重要机制之一。     

5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)对盐胁迫下葡萄叶片中AsA-GSH循环的影响

以两个耐盐程度不同的葡萄品种‘夏黑’(耐盐性较弱)和‘里扎马特’(耐盐性较强)为材料,分析了不同浓度ALA对不同浓度盐胁迫下葡萄叶片中AsA-GSH循环的影响。研究表明:喷施75 mg·L-1 ALA可显著提高2 g·kg-1盐胁迫下‘夏黑’葡萄叶片中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)的活性以及还原型抗坏血酸(As A)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG比值,显著降低氢抗坏血酸(DHA)与氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量;而喷施150 mg·L-1 ALA可显著提高4 g·kg-1盐胁迫下‘里扎马特’葡萄叶片中APX、GR、MDHAR、DHAR的活性以及AsA、GSH含量和AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG比值,显著降低DHA与GSSG含量。     

转GST和CAT1基因水稻根系抗氧化系统对干旱高温胁迫的响应(英文)

以携带谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)和过氧化氢酶(CAT1)的转基因水稻和非转基因水稻(Oryza sativa L.) 品种'中花11'的根系为材料, 比较分析了二者在PEG 6000、38℃及PEG 6000和38℃复合胁迫下抗氧化系统特别是抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环系统的变化.结果显示, 6% PEG处理时,转基因水稻的CAT、GST、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)的活性都显著高于非转基因水稻;38℃处理时,前者的CAT、GST、SOD和GR的活性则显著低于后者;6% PEG和38℃复合处理时,前者的CAT、GST、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和DHAR的活性也都显著高于后者,但前者的SOD和GR活性则显著低于后者.6%PEG 诱导的转基因水稻根系的抗坏血酸氧还状态显著低于非转基因水稻,但二者的谷胱甘肽氧还状态无显著差异; 而6% PEG和38℃同时处理时,转基因水稻的谷胱甘肽氧还状态则显著高于非转基因水稻,但二者的抗坏血酸氧还状态差异不显著.研究发现,干旱和高温复合胁迫时,转基因水稻和非转基因水稻的抗氧化组分的变化均不等于这2种单一胁迫的叠加;GST和CAT1基因的转入对水稻抗氧化系统内源功能相关组分尤其是抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环系统产生了一定的影响,两种水稻的根系可能利用不同的抗氧化组分调节机制对这些胁迫做出应答.     

外源NO对铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究外源NO对铜胁迫下番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)幼苗根系抗坏血酸(AsA)-谷胱甘肽(GSH)循环中抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶系的影响.结果表明:外施适量NO(硝普钠)可提高铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系AsA、GSH含量和AsA/DHA(氧化型抗坏血酸)、GSH/GSSG(氧化型谷胱甘肽),降低DHA和GSSG含量.添加100 μmol·L-1 BSO(谷胱甘肽合成酶抑制剂)处理下,外源NO可提高铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系的AsA含量、AsA/DHA及抗坏血酸酶(AAO)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)比活性,降低DHA、GSH、GSSG含量及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)比活性;添加250 μmol·L-1 BSO处理下,外源NO提高了铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系的AsA、GSH、GSSG含量、AsA/DHA及APX和GR比活性,降低了DHA含量及AAO、DHAR和MDHAR比活性.说明外源NO影响了铜胁迫下番茄根系的AsA-GSH代谢循环,并通过调节AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG的变化来减轻氧化胁迫,从而缓解铜胁迫对番茄根系的伤害.     

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.）幼苗生长和谷胱甘肽抗氧化酶系统的影响

采用营养液水培,研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)幼苗生长和叶片谷胱甘肽抗氧化酶系统的影响.结果表明,正常生长条件下添加NO能促进黄瓜幼苗生长,而添加NO信号传递途径关键酶鸟苷酸环化酶(cGC)抑制剂亚甲基蓝(MB-1)显著抑制了黄瓜幼苗的生长;添加NO显著缓解了盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的抑制,提高了叶片谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、抗坏血酸(ASA)含量,降低了氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量,提高了GSH/GSSG,对单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)活性无显著影响;NaCl胁迫下添加NO的同时添加MB-1抑制了GR活性的提高,GSH和ASA含量、GSH/GSSG均降低,GSSG含量提高,但对MDAR、APX和DHAR活性无显著影响,表明NaCl胁迫下NO对GR活性、GSH和ASA含量、GSH/GSSG的调节可能是通过cGC介导的,对MDAR无明显的调节作用,对DHAR、APX的调节还存在其它途径.     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.