Évolution du cancer du testicule en France

As in many countries, the mortality rate of testicular cancer in France has decreased from 0.75 in 1978 to 0.25 per 100,000 in 2000 (standardized on world population). Over the same period, the incidence rate increased from 3.17 in 1978 to 4.82 per 100,000 in 2000 (standardized on world population). However, although the incidence of seminoma has increased continually with all birth cohorts, the incidence of non-seminomas first decreased for the men born between the first and second world wars and then increased at the same rate as the seminoma rate. No explanation for this pattern has yet been provided, but it does not appear to be simply an artefact. A North/South and East/West gradient has been observed, as the incidence varies from 4.0 in the South West to 8.0 in the North East. There is an estimated 1,500 new cases of testicular cancer each year in France, including 960 new cases for men between the ages of 15 and 40.     

Les industries lithiques préoldowayennes du début du Pléistocène inférieur du site de Dmanissi en Géorgie

The lithic industry discovered at the Dmanissi site, in Georgia is dated to between 1.81 and 1.7 Myrs and is in association with a rich faunal assemblage composed of large Quaternary vertebrates, as well as several hominid fossils attributed to Homo georgicus, and attests to the human presence on the border of Europe at the beginning of the Lower Pleistocene. The material taken into account in this study was excavated from 1991 to 1999 and comprises 4446 lithic pieces coming from Beds I through VI of the site. The assemblage is very homogenous from the base to the top of the deposits and shows no significative evolutionary tendencies. The lithic material includes a high proportion of whole pebbles (33.8% of the assemblage) coming from two nearby rivers, the Mashavera and the Pinezaouri. They are essentially of fine and coarse grained volcanic tuff, basalt, but also of rhyolite, granite, quartz, as well as other volcanic and metamorphic rocks. Pebbles used for percussion, shaping or debitage were chosen according to their petrographic nature, their morphology and their size. Whole pebbles with percussion marks situated on their extremities or with isolated removals showing convexe edges, are abundant (1.3% of the assemblage). Other pebbles showing percussion marks on a flat face, were used as anvils. Broken pebbles and pebble fragments are very numerous (30.4% of the assemblage). These often show percussion marks on their cortical surfaces. Fractures are generally related to violent percussion as the pebbles were used for striking instruments, or as they were intentionally broken. Some fractures may have been caused accidentally during flaking. Pebble tools represent 4.8% of the lithic assemblage and 10% of the industry, excluding whole and fractured pebbles. These include essentially the primary choppers (pebbles with isolated concave removal negatives) (6% of the industry and 60.1% of the pebble tools), choppers showing continuous cutting edges without a point (2.1% of the industry and 21.2% of the pebble tools). Chopping-tools are very rare (0.8% of the industry and 8.7% of the pebble tools). Although choppers without pointed cutting edges were made using very few removals (3.3 on average), they usually present a regular cutting edge and seem relatively standardised. Cores are well represented (5% of the industry, excluding whole and broken pebbles). They are characterized by a low degree of exploitation and by a frequence of cortical striking platforms. Cored knapped on a single face are most frequent, representing nearly half of the pieces (42.3%), while bifacial cores are present in smaller proportions (34.2%) and multifacial cores are rare (6.3%). Non-modified flakes are very numerous and usually of small size and intentional retouch is absent. On the other hand, the cuttingedges of many the pieces; broken pebbles, pebble tools, cores and flakes, show irregular micro-retouch and irregular retouch such as isolated notches or with continuous or overlapping configuration, sometimes associated with localised crush marks which appear to have been caused by intensive use and heavy working of the pieces. A total of 31.3% of the non-modified flakes show irregular retouch on their cutting edges. One of the main characteristics of the Dmanissi industry appears therefore to be the obtaining of flakes, most often of small size, to be used without modification. The technological and typological characteristics of the lithic industry from Dmanissi allow to attribute the assemblage to a "Pre-Oldowayen" cultural horizon (Lumley de et al., 2004), characterized by the absence of small retouched tools, which appears in East Africa from 2.55 Myrs ago. This cultural horizon is present at the border of Europe, at Dmanissi, around 1.81 Myrs ago and in Western Europe, on the shores of the Mediterranean, at Barranco León about 1.3 Myrs ago and at Fuente Nueva 3 about 1.2 Myrs ago. The lithic industry from the Dmanissi site seems anterior to the Oldowan cultural horizon, characterized by the presence of standardized small retouched tools, which appears in East Africa around 1.8 Myrs ago and emerges in Mediterranean Europe around 800?000 years ago.     

Sensibilité du Melon àSphaerotheca fuliginea en Fonction de L'Etage Foliaire

Effect of leaf position on the susceptibility of melon plants to artificial infection with powdery mildew, Sphaerotheca fuliginea The leaf position of melon plants seems to play a role on their susceptibility when they are artificially infected with powdery mildew Sphaerotheca fuliginea. The cotyledons are generally very susceptible, while the first leaf relatively resistant; the susceptibility again continues up to the 4th–5th leaf (but less susceptible than the cotyledons) and then after it decreases; these results can be obtained on plants in greenhouse or on detached leaves in Petri dishes. From this observation, we think that the screening of melon genotypes for resistance to powdery mildew can be evaluated neither on the cotyledons which are very susceptible nor on the first leaf which is resistant, but on the third leaf which is moderately susceptible. In fact, there is a good correlation between the reaction of the third leaf and the resistance or susceptibility of genotypes.     

Tata (Hongrie). Un assemblage microlithique du début du Pléistocène supérieur en Europe Centrale

The site of Tata, located in Hungary, has yielded two famous “artistic objects” dated from the isotopic stage 5. However, this site is also famous for its lithic assemblage, most of which is smaller than 30 mm. Other sites in Central Europe have yielded microlithic assemblages, which are not always related to specific raw material conditions. Few human remains provide evidence that Neanderthals were the authors of these assemblages. The settlements are often linked to water springs and the fauna assemblages are composed of one or two great herbivores (deer, horses, rhinoceros and elephants). The analysis of fauna remains suggests that some of these animals could be hunted. The low frequency of rhinoceros and elephants and the partial skeletons do not allow us to know whether these animals have been hunted or scavenged in most cases. But some sites have yielded a higher frequency of these herbivores, which are often young specimens. Are we dealing with programmed specialised settlements in favourable areas for animals, either dead or alive? The herbivore bones are associated with very small flakes, showing the diversity of the human technical behaviours adapted to all kinds of subsistence patterns. The technological analysis of the assemblages, in particular of the cores, provides new patterns about the technological choice for flaking, which seems to belong to a specific tradition. This hypothesis is indirectly confirmed by comparative studies of several microlithic industries from the OIS 11 to 4-3, such as Vèrtesszölös in Hungary, Külna and Predmosti II in the Czeck Republic or the Pontinian complex in Italy. The microlithic assemblages are associated with various environments and could be one of the human responses to organise the stone tool production. It could also be evidence of another technological conception of the tools. The small artefacts could be used alone or hafted separately or grouped, and perhaps even to prepare wooden tools. The discoveries of both bone and wooden tools in some sites prove that the Neanderthal industrial world could be complex and diversified.     

Les cultures moustériennes en Ligurie italienne : analyse du matériel lithique de trois sites en grotte

Multidisciplinary studies realized these last years about cave sites of Madonna dell’Arma, Arma delle Manie and Santa Lucia superiore, in italian Liguria, have stated precisely the conditions of neandertalian frequentations of those sites, placing at intervals, according to the cases, from isotopic stage five to the beginning of stage three. The mousterian industries recovered in those sites, associated with a lot of faunal remains, are here analyzed about the different stratigraphic levels in each site. In Madonna dell’Arma and Arma delle Manie, those industries show a certain constancy in the different levels, about technological and typological point of view or about raw material management. In Santa Lucia superiore, on the contrary, two different types of occupation have let lithical vestiges with different facies in lower levels and above levels. For the three sites, the analysis of the raw material management shows an essentially local supplying, but also some origins much more far like in the case of the jasper. This carrying of distant stones reveals us one aspect of the mobility or at least the territories extension that were able to apprehend those neandertalian human groups in Liguria region and beyond also. Otherwise, some preferential choices for certain raw materials were done by knappers for the débitage or for the small retouched tool supports. The flaking technics are identified in each site and certain regularities have been stated, like the high frequency of Levallois flaking in the different levels (also external levels) of Madonna dell’Arma site that is not the case in the two other sites.     

Prise en compte du contexte clinique

Once the imaging examination is justified by the clinical context, given the low doses of ionizing radiation delivered by nuclear imaging, the quality of the medical diagnosis always takes precedence over dosimetric considerations. Corollary to this assertion, the voluntary alteration of the image quality and therefore of the quality of the diagnosis on the basis of radiation protection considerations alone constitutes medical malpractice.     

La culture visuelle du Tardiglaciaire en Italie

The Author summarizes data on Italian figurative evidence dated to the last 10,000 years of Late Glacial (Epigravettian culture) and describes the possible scenario conceivable after a multidisciplinary analysis of different archaeologica data. During Ancient Epigravettian, the rare evidence indicates the presence in Italy of “franco-cantabric style”. During Evolved (or Recent) Epigravettian the Italian visual productions appear more innovative and original in relation to a more polymorphic iconography. The variability of evidence is greater during the Final Epigravettian and the rich documentation allows to define in detail the visual culture during the last 4000 years of Palaeolithic.     

Prise en charge psycho-sexologique du patient impuissant

The symptom of impotence is, in the vast majority of cases, extremely welldefined. However, therapeutic approaches incorporate various strategies, including: andrological, analytical and behavioural. A great advance in recent years was due to the development of “integrative models” such as the “American Model” by Helen Kaplan, the “Geneva Model” of Willy Pasini, and our proposed “Parisian Model”, which is founded on the principles of analytical sexotherapy, and comprises several clearly defined stages. The management of impotence must not be restricted only to pharmacological treatment.