Further studies on sheep polymorphic erythrocyte diaphorase

Starch gel electrophoresis of sheep hemolysates revealed anodically faster, poly. morphic NADH/NADPH diaphorase (Dial) and slower NADH diaphorase (Dia2). Frequencies of alleles Dia1 F and Dia1 S for six sheep breeds in Czechoslovakia are given and efficacy for parentage control is discussed. A heterogeneity in Dia2 is caused by a prolonged storage of samples.     

Serum alkaline phosphatase polymorphism in pigs1

Genetic variants of serum alkaline phosphatase were studied by the method of starch gel electrophoresis in the Zlotnicka Pstra breed of pigs. Two regions of alkaline phosphatase migration were observed. A single fraction in region I and four different phenotypes: AB, B, BC and BD in region II, were found. For AB, B and BC phenotypes the genetic control by three alleles AkpA, AkpB and AkpC in suggested. The observed segregation ratios in some cases deviated significantly from the expected ones.     

Phosphohexose isomerase polymorphism in the domestic cat

Genetic variation of the enzyme phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) has been found in the erythrocytes of Australian domestic cats by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis at pH 8.2. Three complex patterns of isoenzymes, designated F, FS and S, were obtained migrating anodally. Limited family studies and the distribution of the three main phenotypes indicated that the polymorphism is controlled by two codominant autosomal alleles, PHI^F and PHI^S Gene frequencies for PHI^F and PHI^S have been calculated as 0.036 and 0.964 respectively. Three additional variant forms have also been observed.     

Electrophoretic polymorphism of erythrocyte leucine aminopeptidase in the wild boar, Sus scrofa

Summary. An erythrocyte leucine aminopeptidase (Rbc LAP) electrophoretic polymorphism was detected in Italian wild boars, Sus scrofa. Such a polymorphism has not previously been reported in the domestic pig. It is suggested that this locus could be a marker for genetic differences between the domestic and the wild forms of Sus scrofa.     

Two new common alleles of erythrocyte adenosine deaminase (ADA) in pigs

New adenosine deaminase variants ADA C and ADA D were found by means of agarose gel electrophoresis in pig erythrocytes. Family data supported the hypothesis that these are controlled by codominant alleles ADAC and ADAD. The ADAC allele was present in Large White (q = 0.076), Landrace (q = 0.037) and their crosses with other breeds. The ADAD allele was present in Duroc (q = 0.067) and its crosses. Allele frequencies for six pig breeds are given.     

Genetic polymorphism of human anodal tear protein

Electrophoresis of human tears on slab polyacrylamide gels showed five phenotypes among anodal tear proteins. These phenotypes are the expression of autosomal codominant alleles. Gene frequencies are as follows: for Caucasians, At ¹=0.99, At ³=0.01; for Negroes, At ¹=0.97, At ²=0.03; for Chinese, At ¹=0.98, and At ⁴ and At ⁵ are both approximately 0.008.This study was supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Dental Research (5-R01-DE-E-03658-10).     

Genetic polymorphism of the vitamin D binding protein and another post-albumin protein in horse serum

Horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, on 10% separation gel, of horse serum revealed polymorphism of the vitamin D binding protein (Gc protein) and another post-albumin protein (Pa). Family data supported the hypothesis that Gc and Pa types were controlled by autosomal codominant alleles. For both Gc and Pa proteins, the homozygous types showed a single fraction while the heterozygous type had two fractions. Pa types were found to be identical to the post-albumin types reported earlier by starch gel electrophoresis. Two Gc alleles, Gc F and Gc S , and three Pa alleles, Pa D, Pa F and Pa S , were observed in samples from Swedish (four breeds), Lipizzaner and Arab horses. The frequency of the more common allele at the two loci, i.e. Gc F and Pa F , ranged from 0.72–0.93 and from 0.58–0.99, respectively, in the different breeds studied. Plasma samples showed an extra protein fraction near the Gc S fraction and thus were found unsuitable for Gc typing.     

Polymorphism of acid phosphatase in chicken leucocytes

Three individual variants of acid phosphatase in chicken leucocytes were found by means of starch gel electrophoresis. The phenotype in leucocytes showed the same appearance as polymorphic forms of liver acid phosphatase in the same bird. The study of the Hardy-Weinberg distribution of the phenotypes of acid phosphatase in leucocytes also indicated that they are controlled by the same pair of codominant autosomal alleles as the phenotypes in the liver.
Acid phosphatase is polymorphic in all six strains of chickens studied.     

Prolein polymorphism in a randombred chicken population

Polymorphism in plasma amylase, plasma alkaline phosphatase, non-specific esterase and red cell esterase-D of the Athens-Canadian randombred (ACRB) population of chickens was determined by polyacrylamide and starch gel electrophoresis. Amylase alleles Amy-1^A and Amy-1^B were segregating in the ACRB population with frequencies of 0.45 and 0.55 respectively. For the plasma alkaline phosphatase the F and S bands, the B band and a new isozyme migrating at a faster rate than the previously reported F band were detected. A genetic nomenclature for plasma alkaline phosphatase is suggested which considers the difference between the F and S bands as the presence or absence of sialic acid attached to a primary protein.
Plasma esterase activity was observed in all four of the regions previously reported, but there was no polymorphism found in any of the loci. All birds in this population showed the same red-cell esterase-D phenotype which consisted of a main band with sub-bands on each side.     

Polymorphism of the serum proteins of wild pigs

One hunderd and ninety five wild pigs from two different regions of Poland were investigated for transferrin, amylase and ceruloplasmin polymorphism. A new transferrin phenotype Tf PB was detected. This phenotype differed from Tf AB in the electrophoretic mobility of the more anodal transferrin. Tf P is assumed to be the product of a new allele Tf P at the Tf locus. Two amylase phenotypes Am 1–2 and Am 2 were observed. The Am 1 allele was absent from the pigs in the Poznan region. Only one ceruloplasmin phenotype, Cp B, was found.     

Genetic polymorphism of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (E.C. 4.2.1.24, ALAD) in the domestic rabbit

A genetic polymorphism of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in the domestic rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, was detected by starch gel electrophoresis. Family data (15 matings with 49 offspring) support the genetic model of two common codominant alleles at an autosomal locus. Gene frequencies were calculated in a random sample of 55 mixed breed, unrelated domestic rabbits: ALAD1 = 0.31 and ALAD2 = 0.69.     

Protein polymorphism in quail populations selected for large body size

The polymorphism of five enzyme loci (amylase, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, for 4-week body weight was compared to that of the unselected control line (C). for 4 week body weight was compared to that of the unselected control line (C). Three loci in the C line and two in the P line demonstrated polymorphism. Plasma amylase was separated into six bands and zymograms were classified on the basis of these bands into nine phenotypes. Three of the nine types were of relatively high activity and six were of relatively low activity. All nine types were found in the C line, whereas, all birds of the P line had only the most active type. Two alkaline phosphatase alleles (Akp-2^B and Akp-2^C) were segregating in the C line. Gene frequencies of alkaline phosphatase for the Akp-2^B allele were 0.92 in the C line and 1.00 in the P line. Two albumin alleles (Alb^Q1 and Alb^Q2) were segregating in both populations. Gene frequencies for the Alb^Q1 allele were 0.74 in the C line and 0.81 in the P line. Two red cell esterase-D alleles (Es-D^F and Es-D^s) were segregating in both populations. The gene frequency for the Es-D^s allele (0.61) was higher than that of the Es-D^F allele in the C line. In the P line the frequency of the Es-D^F allele was higher than that of the Es-D^s allele. Heterozygosities of the C and P lines were estimated as 0.2258 and 0.1560 respectively. The relative inbreeding coefficient of the P line, calculated from heterozygosities was 0.31.     

Esterase D in Cebus apella from the Amazonian region*

Research programs involving the study of genetic variation of proteins have been carried out both in humans and catarrhine primates but rarely in New World species. Considering the great possibilities offered by protein variations as genetic markers in systematic and evolutionary studies in this group of organisms, the authors are specially interested in the investigation of genetic polymorphisms of blood proteins in Amazonian primates. In this paper we describe the electro phoretic patterns of erythrocyte esterases obtained from blood samples of 57 Cebus apella specimens. Blood hemolysates from Cebus display four main set of bands in azo-coupled stained gels. These bands are identified as esterases P, A1, A2 and B by their electro phoretic migration, substrate specificity and eserine reaction. The use of the fluoregenic reagent 4-methylumbelliferyl acetate revealed the presence of a fifth set of enzymes not detected by the azo-coupled staining method. This ser of enzymes, probably a polymorphic genetic system, was named ESD as in humans.     

Characterization of class II histocompatibility antigens in pigs

The D region of the SLA complex in the pig has been studied by immunochemical and sequential immunoprecipitation techniques as well as the redistribution of membranous antigens (capping). The molecules identified by the anti-la sera were solubilized by NP 40, purified on lectin and precipitated. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under dissociating conditions shows that these molecules are made up of two chains whose molecular weights are 32 000 and 26 000 daltons respectively. Sequential immunoprecipitation and capping experiments indicate that two distinct types of la molecules exist. At least a part of the nylon-wood-adherent lymphocyte population expresses both types of molecules.     

Genetic structure of two Turkish brown trout populations

The genetic structure of two brown trout Salmo trutta populations living in Lake Abant in Bolu and Üzüm River in Antalya was determined by examining 15 enzyme coding loci ( AAT, ADH, LDH, MDH, MEP, GPI, PGM and SOD ) using starch gel electrophoresis. Population specific mobilities were observed for the fixed alleles of LDH-B2, mMEP-2 and SOD-1 loci. Polymorphisms in sAA T-4, GPI-B2 loci were observed within the populations. Average heterozygosity of Abant and Antalya populations was 0.0358 and 0.0224 respectively. For LDH-C which is the post glaciation marker locus, the ancestral allele * 105 was found to be fixed in both of the populations. Nei's genetic distance between the two populations was 0.2507 which is the level of genetic distance often found between different species. This difference seems to be due to the presence of unique alleles in the LDH-B2, mMEP-2 and SOD-1 loci of the Abant population, indicating that the conservation of the Abant population and its heterozygosity is of prime importance.     

Genetic control and population survey of transferrin in the Japanese quail

Transferrin types in the Japanese quail Coturnix coturnix japonica are controlled by a single autosomal locus Tf with at least two codominant alleles Tf^B and Tf^c. The frequencies of Tf^B and Tf^c in a commercial population of the domestic quail were 1.00 and 0.00, respectively.
Previous studies demonstrated that in the domestic populations of the Japanese quail three electrophoretic patterns AB, B and BC existed in egg white conalbumin and that the electrophoretic variation of conalbumin occurred in parallel with that of serum transferrin. Furthermore, from the preliminary mating experiments the transferrin-conalbumin variation was proposed to be under the control of at least two codominant alleles 77^s and Tf^c at an autosomal locus (Kimura et al., 1977, 1978).
The present study was designed (1) to report a large amount of family data from three generations in order to support the previously published hypothesis on genetic control of electrophoretic patterns of transferrin, and (2) to survey the gene constitution of transferrin in a commercial population of the domestic quail.
Sera were added with iron, heated for 5 min at 65°C (Stratil, 1967), then were investigated by means of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Hydrolysed starch from Connaught Medical Laboratories, Toronto, was used. A discontinuous citrate/Tris/LiOH/borate buffer system (pH 8.0) of Ferguson & Wallace (1961) was employed. The gels were stained with Amido Black 10B.     

Equine marker genes: Polymorphism for soluble erythrocyte malic enzyme

Polymorphism for equine erythrocyte malic enzyme is detectable on starch gel electrophoresis. The frequency of MEI^S was 0.06 in 667 Standardbred and 0.09 in 85 Thoroughbred horses. No genetically determined electrophoretic variation in soluble malate dehydrogenase was detected.