金铁锁驯化栽培技术

在对金铁锁人工驯化栽培技术多年的试验研究基础上,总结了金铁锁驯化栽培管理技术。     

Somatic embryos from culture ovules of polyembryonic Mangifera indica L.

Ovules were aseptically removed from 2 month old fruits of 9 naturally polyembryonic cultivars and 1 monoembryonic cultivar of mango (Mangifera indica L.). Ovules were placed into culture on solid Murashige and Skoog medium that had been modified by the addition of half strength major salts and chelated iron, 6% sucrose, 400 mg/l glutamine, 100 mg/l ascorbic acid with or without the following growth regulators: 20% (v/v) CW, 1 or 2 mg/1 BA. Somatic embryogenesis occurred from the nucellus excised from the ovules of 5 of the naturally polyembryonic cultivars after 1–2 months in culture. Somatic embryogenesis was not apparently affected by the growth regulator composition of the media; however, efficient somatic embryogenesis only occurred in liquid containing 20% CW.Abbreviations CW coconut water - BA benzyladenine     

Anti-venom potential of aqueous extract of stem bark of Mangifera indica L. against Daboia russellii (Russell's viper) venom

Several plant extracts rich in pharmacologically active compounds have shown to antagonize venom of several species. Mangifera indica has been used against snakebite by the traditional healers. However, there is paucity of scientific data in support. In this study, we evaluated the antivenom potential of aqueous extract of stem bark of M. indica against D. russellii venom-induced pharmacological effects such as life myotoxicity, edema, LD50 etc. The extract inhibited the phospholipase, protease, hyaluronidase, 5'nucleotidase, ATPase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase activities with varying IC50 values. It significantly inhibited both metalloproteases and serine proteases activities. Further, the extract significantly reduced the myotoxicity of the venom, as evident by the reduction of serum creatin kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. Though the extract completely inhibited in vitro PLA2 activity, it was unable to completely inhibit in situ hemolytic and in vivo edema-inducing activities, usually brought about by PLA2s. In lethality studies, co-injection of the venom preincubated with the extract showed higher protection than the independent injection of venom, followed by the extract in the mice. However, in both the cases the extract -a cocktail of inhibitors significantly increased the survival time, when compared to that of mice injected (i.p) with the venom alone. These results encourage further studies on the potential use of cocktail of inhibitors in improving the treatment of snake envenomation. Further, this study substantiates the use of M. indica as an antidote against snakebite by the traditional healers.     

Production and Characterization of Wine from Mango Fruit (Mangifera indica L)

Summary Mango (Mangifera indica L) is the most popular and the choicest fruit of India. A major portion (nearly 60–70%) of the total quantity produced is locally consumed and a sizable portion is exported to other countries. In the present study, six varieties of mango, which are abundantly available in the region were selected for wine production and the conditions for juice extraction were optimized. It was found that the mango juices were similar to grape juice in terms of sugar and acidity. After fermentation, the ethanol concentration was 7–8.5% w/v, the methanol concentration was slightly higher than that of grape wines and other volatile compounds were present in comparable amounts. From the physicochemical characteristics of the mango wine produced, it was observed that aromatic components were comparable in concentration to those of grape wine.     

Isolation and partial characterization of phenol oxidases from Mangifera indica L. sap (latex)

Mango sap (latex), a by-product in mango industry, was separated into upper non-aqueous phase and lower aqueous phase. Aqueous phase contains very low protein (4.3 mg/ml) but contains high specific activities for peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. The aqueous phase of sap was subjected to ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel. The bound protein was separated into three enzyme peaks: peak I showed peroxidase activity, peak II showed polyphenol oxidase activity and peak III showed activities against substrates of peroxidase as well as polyphenol oxidase. On native PAGE and SDS-PAGE, each peak showed a single band. Based on the substrate specificity and inhibitor studies peak III was identified as laccase. Although they showed variations in their mobility on native PAGE, these enzymes showed similar molecular weight of 100,000 ± 5000. These enzymes exhibited maximum activity at pH 6 however, polyphenol oxidase showed good activity even in basic pH. Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase showed stability up to 70 °C while laccase was found to be stable up to 60 °C. Syringaldazine was the best substrate for laccase while catechol was the best for polyphenol oxidase. Thus, mango sap a by-product in mango industry is a good source of these phenol oxidases.     

Effects of a natural extract from Mangifera indica L, and its active compound, mangiferin, on energy state and lipid peroxidation of red blood cells

Following oxidative stress, modifications of several biologically important macromolecules have been demonstrated. In this study we investigated the effect of a natural extract from Mangifera indica L (Vimang), its main ingredient mangiferin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on energy metabolism, energy state and malondialdehyde (MDA) production in a red blood cell system. Analysis of MDA, high energy phosphates and ascorbate was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Under the experimental conditions, concentrations of MDA and ATP catabolites were affected in a dose-dependent way by H2O2. Incubation with Vimang (0.1, 1, 10, 50 and 100 microg/mL), mangiferin (1, 10, 100 microg/mL) and EGCG (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 microM) significantly enhances erythrocyte resistance to H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species production. In particular, we demonstrate the protective activity of these compounds on ATP, GTP and total nucleotides (NT) depletion after H2O2-induced damage and a reduction of NAD and ADP, which both increase because of the energy consumption following H2O2 addition. Energy charge potential, decreased in H2O2-treated erythrocytes, was also restored in a dose-dependent way by these substances. Their protective effects might be related to the strong free radical scavenging ability described for polyphenols.     

Vimang (Mangifera indica L. extract) induces permeability transition in isolated mitochondria, closely reproducing the effect of mangiferin, Vimang's main component

Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) is a Ca(2+)-dependent, cyclosporin A (CsA)-sensitive, non-selective inner membrane permeabilization process. It is often associated with apoptotic cell death, and is induced by a wide range of agents or conditions, usually involving reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we demonstrated that Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang), in the presence of 20 microM Ca(2+), induces MPT in isolated rat liver mitochondria, assessed as CsA-sensitive mitochondrial swelling, closely reproducing the same effect of mangiferin, the main component of the extract, as well as MPT-linked processes like oxidation of membrane protein thiols, mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation and Ca(2+) release from organelles. The flavonoid catechin, the second main component of Vimang, also induces MPT, although to a lesser extent; the minor, but still representative Vimang extract components, gallic and benzoic acids, show respectively, low and high MPT inducing abilities. Nevertheless, following exposure to H(2)O(2)/horseradish peroxidase, the visible spectra of these compounds does not present the same changes previously reported for mangiferin. It is concluded that Vimang-induced MPT closely reproduces mangiferin effects, and proposed that this xanthone is the main agent responsible for the extract's MPT inducing ability, by the action on mitochondrial membrane protein thiols of products arising as a consequence of the mangiferin's antioxidant activity. While this effect would oppose the beneficial effect of Vimang's antioxidant activity, it could nevertheless benefit cells exposed to over-production of ROS as occurring in cancer cells, in which triggering of MPT-mediated apoptosis may represent an important defense mechanism to their host.     

Structural and rheological properties of polysaccharides from mango (Mangifera indica L.) pulp

The structure and rheological properties of water-soluble polysaccharides from industrialized mango pulp were investigated. Soluble fraction (SF) 2 was heterogeneous on high performance size exclusion chromatography, giving two peaks as determined by multi-angle laser light scattering and refractive index detectors. The presence of starch in SF2 was demonstrated by a positive iodine reaction and by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The presence of pectic polysaccharides was shown by a calorimetric method, 13C-NMR spectroscopy and carboxyl reduction. The main pectic polysaccharide was polygalacturonic acid; type I rhamnogalacturonan was also detected. Analysis of the rheological properties of SF2 showed a pseudoplastic behavior up to 3 g x l(-1). 'Creep and recovery' tests and analysis performed under a dynamic state revealed a weak gel character for solutions at concentrations of 15, 20 and 30 g x l(-1).     

Differential allelopathic expression of bark and seed of Tamarindus indica L.

Allelopathic performance of the bark and seed of Tamarindus indica L. tree was evaluated through bioassay-guided studies using seven common agronomic crops (asparagus, cucumber, lettuce, radish, sesame, tomato and welsh onion) and seven weed species (barnyard grass, Chinese milk vetch, perennial ryegrass, phacelia, timothy grass, white clover and wild ginger) under laboratory conditions. As demonstrated by a sandwich method, the bark of the tamarind tree caused strong growth inhibition (compared to the corresponding controls) in both radicles and hypocotyls of the species tested, and the inhibitory effect was highest in barnyard grass (52–65%) and lowest in welsh onion (19–13%). The crude-water soluble extracts of bark at different concentrations (1, 5 and 10%) (w/v) exhibited a strong growth inhibition in all the plant species tested, and a proportional increase in the percentage of growth inhibition was observed with an increase in the concentrations of the extracts. The magnitude of inhibition in weed species was higher (5–60%) than those of agronomic crop species (3–40%). The growth of all the weed species tested was strongly inhibited (17–56%), while the agronomic crop species showed both inhibited (5–21%) and stimulated (5–27%) growth due to the effect of crude-water soluble exudates of tamarind seed. Among the agronomic crop species tested, lettuce (22–27%) followed by radish (20–25%) and sesame (5–8%) showed stimulatory growth with the crude-water soluble exudates of seed. In the pot culture experiments using four agronomic crops (lettuce, radish, tomato and cucumber) and two weed species (barnyard grass and white clover), spraying of crude-water soluble extracts of tamarind seed-coat at three different concentrations (1, 5 and 10%) (w/v) showed that the growth of lettuce (35–62%) and radish (32–56%) was stimulated, while all other species tested showed growth inhibition (29–61%). When the spraying of crude extracts of seed-coat was turned off, the growth of both lettuce and radish continued to be stimulated (4–7%) and all other previously inhibited species recovered well, the recovery percentage ranging between 78 and 82%. However, when spraying of crude extracts of seed-coat was continued, growth increased (10–14%) in lettuce and radish, and reduced (37–76%) in four other species tested. The inhibitory or stimulatory effects of the crude extracts on agronomic crop and weed species were higher in the radicle than the hypocotyl and reached a peak with 10% (w/v) concentrations. These results clearly demonstrated the differential allelopathic effects (inhibitory and excitatory) of bark and seed of tamarind tree in the species tested. Thus, it is evident that these two organs contain certain biologically active true growth regulator(s) and are either additively or synergistically involved in the plant-specific expression, particularly by the seed-coat.     

兰属新种珍珠矮的组织培养与植株再生

1植物名称兰属植物新种珍珠矮(Cymbidium nanulum Y.S.Wu et S.C.Chen)。2材料类别九成熟蒴果内种子。3培养条件以1/2MS(大量、微量元素均减半)为基本培养基。(1)种子萌发培养基:1/2MS 6-BA 0.25 mg·L~(-1)(单位下同) NAA 0.5 活性炭2 g·L~(-1) 椰乳     

Germination and plantlet regeneration from encapsulated somatic embryos of mango (Mangifera indica L.)

 Cotyledonary-stage somatic embryos (3–5 mm in length) originating from nucellar explants of Mangifera indica L. cv. Amrapali were encapsulated individually in 2% alginate gel. The encapsulated somatic embryos (ESEs) germinated successfully on 0.6% agar-gelled medium containing B5 macrosalts (half strength), Murashige and Skoog microsalts (full strength), 3% sucrose and 2.9 μM gibberellic acid. The percentage of germination of ESEs was higher than that of naked somatic embryos of the same size on the same medium. The germinability of ESEs was increased (73.61±7.08%) when the medium was supplemented with full-strength B5 macrosalts. Of the germinating ESEs, 45.83±3.40% developed into plantlets. Abscisic acid at 0.004 and 0.02 μM had no significant influence on germination and plantlet development, but caused a 3-week delay in germination. Well-developed plantlets regenerated from ESEs have been successfully established in soil. Received: 9 February 1998 / Accepted: 22 March 1999     

姜状三七遗传多样性和遗传分化研究

利用5个DNA片段及12个微卫星标记（SSR）对姜状三七（Panax zingiberensis C.Y.Wu et K.W.Feng）的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行分析。结果显示，与其他人参属（Panax）植物相比：姜状三七具有相对较高物种水平的核苷酸多态性和等位基因数；在居群水平上，景谷居群具有最高的核苷酸多态性和等位基因数，而江城居群最低。AMOVA分析结果表明，姜状三七在物种水平上具有一定程度的遗传分化，但不显著；在居群水平，江城居群与其他居群间的分化程度最高，其他居群间遗传分化不明显。Structure分析结果也显示江城居群与其他居群被聚类到不同分组，且形态特征相近的样本并未聚到一起，同一分布点的样本遗传成分更相似。     

马肾果枝条的化学成分研究

采用多种色谱方法从马肾果(Aglaia testicularis C.Y.Wu)枝条中分离鉴定了11个化合物,分别是火焰花内酯B(1)、火焰花内酯苷A(2)、(E)-aglawone(3)、eichlerianic acid(4)、shoreic acid(5)、3β-羟基-5α,8α-表-二氧麦角-6,22-二烯(6)、豆甾-5-烯-3β,7α-二醇(7)、β-谷甾醇(8)、胡萝卜苷(9)、东莨菪内酯(10)、碳二十六酸(11)。化合物1~3,8~11均为首次从该植物中分离得到,而松香烷二萜内酯类衍生物1和2则是首次从米仔兰属植物中得到。化合物1对人肺癌细胞株AGZY 83-a表现出弱的抑制作用,IC50值为20.5μg mL-1。这为国产米仔兰属植物的开发应用提供了理论依据。     

Identification of cultivars and validation of genetic relationships in Mangifera indica L. using RAPD markers

Twenty-five accessions of mango were examined for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) genetic markers with 80 10-mer random primers. Of the 80 primers screened, 33 did not amplify, 19 were monomorphic, and 28 gave reproducible, polymorphic DNA amplification patterns. Eleven primers were selected from the 28 for the study. The number of bands generated was primer- and genotype-dependent, and ranged from 1 to 10. No primer gave unique banding patterns for each of the 25 accessions; however, ten different combinations of 2 primer banding patterns produced unique fingerprints for each accession. A maternal half-sib (MHS) family was included among the 25 accessions to see if genetic relationships could be detected. RAPD data were used to generate simple matching coefficients, which were analyzed phenetically and by means of principal coordinate analysis (PCA). The MHS clustered together in both the phenetic and the PCA while the randomly selected accessions were scattered with no apparent pattern. The uses of RAPD analysis for Mangifera germ plasm classification and clonal identification are discussed.     

A Revision of the Species Walsura xizangensis C. Y. Wu et H. Li (Meliaceae)

A revision is made of the species Walsura xizangensis C. Y. Wu et H. Li found in Xizang. A new combination, Glycosmis xizangensis (C. Y. Wu et H. Li)D. D. Tao, is made.     

Inhibitory spectra and modes of antimicrobial action of gallotannins from mango kernels (Mangifera indica L.)

This study investigated the antimicrobial activities and modes of action of penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, and deca-O-galloylglucose (gallotannins) isolated from mango kernels. The MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) against food-borne bacteria and fungi were determined using a critical dilution assay. Gram-positive bacteria were generally more susceptible to gallotannins than were Gram-negative bacteria. The MICs of gallotannins against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum, Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus were 0.2 g liter(-1) or less; enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica were inhibited by 0.5 to 1 g liter(-1), and lactic acid bacteria were resistant. The use of lipopolysaccharide mutants of S. enterica indicated that the outer membrane confers resistance toward gallotannins. Supplementation of LB medium with iron eliminated the inhibitory activity of gallotannins against Staphylococcus aureus, and siderophore-deficient mutants of S. enterica were less resistant toward gallotannins than was the wild-type strain. Hepta-O-galloylglucose sensitized Lactobacillus plantarum TMW1.460 to hop extract, indicating inactivation of hop resistance mechanisms, e.g., the multidrug resistance (MDR) transporter HorA. Carbohydrate metabolism of Lactococcus lactis MG1363, a conditionally respiring organism, was influenced by hepta-O-galloylglucose when grown under aerobic conditions and in the presence of heme but not under anaerobic conditions, indicating that gallotannins influence the respiratory chain. In conclusion, the inhibitory activities of gallotannins are attributable to their strong affinity for iron and likely additionally relate to the inactivation of membrane-bound proteins.     

RP-HPLC同时测定喙果绞股蓝中芦丁和槲皮素的含量

目的:建立RP-HPLC同时测定喙果绞股蓝中芦丁和槲皮素含量的方法,并揭示其含量动态变化规律。方法:采用大连依利特SinoChromODS-APC18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相:甲醇-0.4%磷酸水溶液梯度洗脱,流速:1 mL/min,检测波长:364 nm,柱温:30℃。结果:芦丁在0.1525～3.8120μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9998,平均回收率为98.2%(RSD=2.0%);槲皮素在0.0589～1.4720μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9999,平均回收率为97.7%(RSD=2.3%)。含量测定结果表明芦丁和槲皮素的含量具季节性动态变化,芦丁8月份含量高,平均质量分数达6.31 mg/g,槲皮素9月份含量最高,平均质量分数达0.86 mg/g。结论:该方法简单,准确度高,为喙果绞股蓝的质量控制提供实验依据,芦丁和槲皮素含量动态变化规律为其开发利用提供参考。