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1.
Whether female crickets choose among males based on characteristics of the courtship song is uncertain, but in many species,
males not producing courtship song do not mate. In the house cricket,Acheta domesticus, we examined whether a female chose or rejected a male based on his size, latency to chirp, latency to produce courtship
song, or rate of the high-frequency pulse of courtship song (“court rate”). We confirmed that females mated only with males
that produced courtship song, but we found no evidence that the other factors we measured affected a female’s decision to
mate. In addition, we investigated whether the outcome of male agonistic encounters affected the subsequent production of
courtship song. In one experiment, we observed courtship and mating behavior when a single female was placed with a pair of
males following a 10-min interaction period between the two males. Winners of male agonistic encounters had higher mating
success. However, winners and losers of agonistic encounters were not different in their likelihood or latency to produce
courtship song or in the number of times they were disrupted by the other male in the pair. In a second experiment, we allowed
two males to interact for a 10-min period, but following this interaction period, we placed a female with each male separately
and observed courtship and mating behavior. The mating success of winners and losers was not different under these circumstances,
and we found no differences between winners and losers in any subsequent courtship or mating behavior examined. We conclude
that winning agonistic encounters influences a male’s mating success in ways other than his production of courtship song and
this effect is lost when winning and losing males are separated and each is given an opportunity to mate. 相似文献
2.
Wellyzar Sjamsuridzal Yoshito Tajiri Hiromi Nishida Ta Bich Thuan Hiroko Kawasaki Aiko Hirata Akira Yokota Junta Sugiyama 《Mycoscience》1997,38(3):267-280
To study the phylogeny and evolution of archiascomycetes, we determined the full sequence of the nuclear 18S rRNA gene from
14Taphrina species and 2Protomyces species, and the partial sequence ofSchizosaccharomyces japonicus var.japonicus. The sequences were phylogenetically analyzed by the neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, and maximum-likelihood methods.
We also looked at their principal phenotypic characters and genotypic character. Relationships within the Ascomycota are concordant
with the previously published phylogenies inferred from 18S rDNA sequence divergence and divide the archi-, hemi-and euascomycetes
into distinct major lineages. All the trees show that, within the archiascomycete lineage, 11 of the 14Taphrina species and the 2Protomyces species are monophyletic. A core groups ofTaphrina andProtomyces is always monophyletic. The evidence from molecular and phenotypic characters such as cell wall sugar composition, ubiquinone,
cell wall ultrastructure, and mode of conidium ontogeny, strongly suggests that ‘T’. californica CBS 374.39, ‘T’. maculans CBS 427.69 and ‘T’. farlowii CBS 376.39 should be excluded from the archiascomycete lineage. ‘Taphrina’ farlowii CBS 376.39 groups withCandida albicans in the Saccharomycetales, whereas ‘T’. californica CBS 374.39 and ‘T’. maculans CBS 427.69 have a basidiomycete affinity and group with Tremellalean members in the hymenomycete lineage.Schizosaccharomyces is monophyletic. The strictly anamorphic yeastSaitoella complicata groups with the apothecial ascomyceteNeolecta vitellina rather than theTaphrina/Protomyces branch. 相似文献
3.
Angelika Poesel Torben Dabelsteen Safi-Kirstine Darden Kaspar Delhey Anne Peters 《Journal of Ornithology》2007,148(2):179-187
Multiple phenotypic traits can affect the outcome of interactions among territorial animals. Individuals may use current and
previously acquired information on phenotypic traits to assess the competitive ability of opponents and adjust the strength
of their response depending on the threat the opponent poses. In birds, colourful plumage and song are widespread phenotypic
traits. Recent work has shown that ultraviolet (UV) plumage reflectance may be used by males in assessing an opponent’s strength
and by females in mate choice. In the present study, we investigated whether and how territorial male blue tits, Cyanistes caeruleus, use previously acquired information from UV reflectance of the crown feathers of neighbours to adjust their response to
playback of song of these neighbours simulated to intrude their territory. We compared responses to neighbours with those
to unfamiliar strangers with unknown plumage features. We found that subject males with UV-enhanced neighbours responded more
strongly to these neighbours than to strangers, i.e. showed more flights, used songs without trill and tended to overlap more
songs. Subject males with UV-reduced neighbours gave a lower or similar response to neighbours compared to strangers. This
indicates that male blue tits combine previously acquired information about an intruder’s plumage with familiarity of its
song, and that their response depends on the perceived quality of the neighbour. This study provides evidence that familiarity
in combination with multiple signals of quality may influence territorial relations among neighbours. 相似文献
4.
We carried out a short study on the diurnal call distribution of two sympatric lemurs in the Réserve Naturelle Intégrale Zahamena (eastern Madagascar). Whereas indris (Indri) song bouts were clearly concentrated in the early morning hours, the roar/shriek choruses of ruffed lemurs (Varecia) exhibited a much more even distribution throughout the day. These differences in distribution pattern support earlier claims that indri song bouts are more likely to serve territorial functions, whereas ruffed lemur loud calls may serve both spacing and/or alarm call functions. 相似文献
5.
Betelvine (Piper betle L., family Piperaceae) is an important, traditional and widely cultivated crop of India. The cultivators and consumers recognize
more than 100 cultivars (landraces) based on regional and organoleptic considerations, while in terms of phytochemical constituents
only five groups have been identified for all the landraces. Since betelvine is an obligate vegetatively propagated species,
genomic changes, if any, may have become ‘fixed’ in the landraces. We carried out random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
analysis in several landraces considered in four groups, namely, ‘Kapoori’, ‘Bangla’, ‘Sanchi’ and ‘Others’ in order to ascertain their genetic diversity. On the basis of the data from eleven RAPD primers, we distinguished genetic
variation within and among the four groups of landraces. The results indicate the’Kapoori’ group is the most diverse. The neighbour joining (NJ) tree after a bootstrap (500 replicate) test of robustness clearly shows
the four groups to be well separated. Interestingly, all known male or female betelvine landraces have separated in the NJ
tree indicating an apparent gender-based distinction among the betelvines. 相似文献
6.
Male songbirds approach females by using their songs. Knowing what females perceive and prefer in male songs is an important
aspect of understanding courtship behavior. Male Bengalese finches (Lonchura striata var. domestica) sing complex sequence patterns with their own variety of elements. We tested female preference with phonologically different
songs and sequentially different songs using an operant selection task. In the first experiment we presented the father’s
song and an unfamiliar song that were phonologically different. Females clearly preferred the father’s song over a novel song.
In the second experiment, we used the father’s song and its element order reversed song to test female preference for the
difference in element sequence. In the third experiment, we presented different sequence complexity songs edited from the
same unfamiliar song elements to test female preference for complex sequence. Females did not show a significant preference
in either the second or third experiment. Results show that female Bengalese finches discriminated the difference in song
elements, preferred familiar songs, and did not show preference for difference of sequence. This study did not support evidence
that female Bengalese finches prefer a complex sequence. However, in future research, we should carefully investigate female
preference for choosing mates in a natural context. 相似文献
7.
Niles Eldredge 《Evolution》2009,2(1):35-54
Detailed analysis of Darwin’s scientific notes and other writings from the Beagle voyage reveals a focus on endemism and replacement of allied taxa in time and in space that began early in the journey. Though
it is impossible to determine exactly when Darwin became a transmutationist, the evidence suggests that he was conversant
with the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and others and testing (“experimenting” with) them—before he received a copy of
Lyell’s Principles of Geology, vol. 2, in November 1832, in which Lyell describes and disputes Lamarck’s theory. To the two rhea species of Patagonia and
the four mockingbird species of the Galapagos, we can now add the living Patagonian cavy (rodent) species, and its extinct
putatively related species that Darwin collected at Monte Hermoso (Bahia Blanca) in the Fall of 1832, as a replacement pattern
absolutely critical to the development of Darwin’s transmutational thinking. Darwin developed his first transmutational theory
by adopting “Brocchi’s analogy” (Rudwick 2008)—i.e. that births and deaths of species are analogous to the births and deaths
of individuals. Births and deaths of species, as of individuals, are thus explicable in terms of natural causes. Darwin explored
these themes and the replacement of the extinct cavy by the modern species explicitly in his February 1835 essay (Darwin 1835a).
相似文献
Niles EldredgeEmail: |
8.
Henrik Brumm 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2006,192(12):1279-1285
The function of bird song is closely linked to sexual selection through female choice and male–male competition, and thus
variation in communication success is likely to have major fitness consequences for a singing male. A crucial constraint on
signal transmission is imposed by background noise, which may include songs from other species. I investigated whether singing
nightingales (Luscinia megarhynchos) avoid temporal overlap with the songs of other bird species in a playback experiment. I analysed the temporal song patterns
of six males, each of which were exposed to songs of other species. The nightingales significantly avoided overlapping their
songs with the playback songs, and started singing preferentially during the silent intervals between the heterospecific songs.
This timing of song onset produced a greater variability in pause duration compared to the nightingales’ undisturbed solo
singing. These findings suggest that birds adjust their song timing to avoid acoustic interference on short temporal scales,
and thus are able to improve the efficiency of acoustic communication in complex sonic environments. Moreover, the results
indicate that temporal song patterns can be affected by the songs of other species, and thus such influences should be taken
into account when studying bird song in the field. 相似文献
9.
Conrad Cloutier 《Journal of Insect Behavior》1997,10(4):581-598
Competitive interactions in arthropod predators are well-known, but positive interactions have received less attention. The
two-spotted stinkbugPerillus bioculatus often feeds gregariously on leaf beetle larvae and caterpillar prey. Consequences of prey sharing amongP. bioculatus conspecifics of dissimilar size (instar) was studied using Colorado potato beetle (CPB) prey. Rearing second-instar (N2)
nymphs ofP. bioculatus with an N5 conspecific facilitated early feeding on L4 CPB larvae (a difficult prey to handle by N2 nymphs but not by N5’s),
thus increasing survival and accelerating development. One in every 20 cases ofP. bioculatus foraging in the field was accounted for by pairs or small groups of mostly feeding individuals. CPB egg masses and L4’s represented
a disproportionate number of cases of aggregated feeding byP. bioculatus, compared to feeding singly. Small CPB larvae decreased in the diet of aggregated stinkbugs compared to L4 larvae and egg
masses, suggesting that sharing these prey may be favorable or unavoidable. In a field test measuring residence/survival of
N2’s limited to L4 prey, the N2’s rate of residence/survival increased significantly when large nymphs acting as food providers
were also present. The function of communal feeding inP. bioculatus is discussed, as well as the potential for greater impact on prey density that may be expected from tolerance to opportunistic
feeding by conspecifics in slightly gregarious predators. 相似文献
10.
11.
We report the results of a census of Indri indri conducted in Betampona Nature Reserve, a lowland rain forest in eastern Madagascar. In addition, we conducted a year-long study of the ranging behavior of 3 groups in the southwestern region of the reserve. We used 2 methods to calculate population density and home range size, and to provide minimum and maximum estimates. Population density of Indri indri ranged from 6.9–13.2 individuals/km2 in Betampona. Mean home range size is 27 ha. The values for population density and home range size are intermediate between values for Indri indri in selectively logged and undisturbed montane rain forest. Our results suggest a relationship between habitat disturbance, population density and home range size for the species. Recent increases in habitat disturbance appear to cause an increase in population density and a decrease in home range size. The results are consistent with ones for other folivorous primate populations. Further research on habitat requirements of Indri and availability in Betampona is necessary to investigate the possibility of translocating Indri from nearby forest fragments into Betampona. 相似文献
12.
John F. Oates 《International journal of primatology》1984,5(1):51-61
Some new field observations on West African pottos are presented and compared with previously published information on substrate
use and diet. This evidence suggests that the predominant means by which pottos find food is by carefully searching branches
in the forest canopy with their noses and that gums and slow-moving invertebrates found on branch surfaces are major components
of their diet. When fruits are scarce, gums may be the potto’s chief source of energy. It is argued that the potto’s deliberate
locomotion and some of its anatomical peculiarities are related primarily to this diet and foraging behavior, rather than
to concealment from predators or the capture of birds, two factors previously suggested to have been important in the evolution
of the potto’s locomotor technique. The potto’s niche is compared to that of other lorisid primates and is found to resemble
closely that of Galago crassicaudatusin several respects. 相似文献
13.
Lucatelli JF Barros AC Silva VK Machado Fda S Constantin PC Dias AA Hutz MH de Andrade FM 《Neurochemical research》2011,36(8):1533-1539
Alzheimer’s disease is a complex neurodegenerative disorder. Several genes have been suggested as Alzheimer’s susceptibility
factors, the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene being an established susceptibility gene and the genes coding angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE) and apolipoprotein C1 (APOC1) being considered possible candidate genes for the disease. The objective of this
study was to investigate the association of ACE and APOC1 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease and
dementia in general, both alone and combined with the APOE gene. Forty-seven patients with dementia in general (35 of them
with Alzheimer’s disease) and 85 controls were investigated. The haplotypes E*3/−317*ins and E*4/−317*ins of APOE/APOC1 genes were significantly more frequent in the groups with Alzheimer′s disease and dementia in general (P < 0.001). The frequency of the ACE*ins allele was also greater in the groups with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia in general (P = 0.022; P = 0.045), but genotype frequencies were only different in groups without the E*4/−317*ins haplotype (P = 0.012 for Alzheimer’s disease; P = 0.04 for dementia). Our data point to important genetic interactions involved in these diseases. 相似文献
14.
Christian Dietzen Clemens Hackenberg Karl-Heinz Heyne Hedwig Sauer-Gürth Heidi Staudter Michael Wink 《Journal of Ornithology》2007,148(1):85-90
During May and June 2003, a mixed breeding pair consisting of a male western Bonelli’s warbler (Phylloscopus bonelli) and a female wood warbler (P. sibilatrix) successfully raised six young in a broad-leafed forest near Jünkerath, western Germany, an area far outside the regular
breeding range of P. bonelli. The identity of the adult birds was confirmed by song, calls, colouration, and wing measurements. Based on blood samples
taken from both parents and three juveniles, the potential interbreeding was analysed by molecular methods. Sequences of the
mitochondrial cytochrome b gene differed between male and female by 8.7% and confirmed the identification of both parents. Sequences of the mitochondrial
cytochrome b gene revealed that the male was a western Bonelli's and the female a wood warbler. The hybridisation and the parentage of
male and female were corroborated by multilocus DNA fingerprinting. This is the first documented and genetically proven hybridisation
event between these two warbler species. 相似文献
15.
Hugh H. Iltis 《Brittonia》2005,57(2):162-166
The new Bolivian endemic,Capparis coimbrana, was first collected by the 22-year-old Edward Palmer while a member of the U.S. Navy’s “Exploration of the River La Plata”
expedition, supervised under Captain T.J. Page from 1853–1856. Since the plant specimen lacks a specific geographic location,
it was necessary to interpret carefully the cryptic, penciled notes that accompany it, and to correlate these with the published
itinerary of the expedition’s sailing vessel, theWater Witch. This historical research revealed that the plant must have been collected on 2 Dec 1853 at Corumbá, Matto Grosso, Brazil,
which was then a tiny village just across the Río Paraguay from Puerto Suárez, Bolivia. This site is at the very edge of the
species' current range. 相似文献
16.
Territorial songs in island populations of songbirds are often highly divergent from those of neighbouring continental relatives. This is shown for the three goldcrest subspecies (Regulus regulus azoricus, R. r. sanctae-mariae and R. r. inermis) endemic on six islands of the Azorean archipelago. All investigated populations display a high intra- and inter-individual acoustic variation. On each island, up to six different song types have been found; and a single male sings up to three types. In contrast, all northwestern European populations of R. r. regulus and R. r. anglorum share only a single song type. In playback experiments, none of 18 tested dialect songs of Azorean goldcrests evoked notable territorial reaction in German and Czech goldcrest males (ssp. regulus). Two differing dialect groups of the goldcrest can be distinguished on the Azores. Populations of the eastern islands, São Miguel and Santa Maria, share common song types which are not found on the islands of the central and western groups. Dialect repertoires on the westernmost islands, Flores, Faial and Pico, are dominated by a different song type. In the geologically younger western crater of São Miguel, both western and eastern song types coexist. Acoustic similarities to a population from neighbouring Terceira suggest the western part of São Miguel as the origin for the westward expansion of R. regulus on the Azores. 相似文献
17.
Anthony J. Whitten 《International journal of primatology》1982,3(1):33-51
Data are presented from a study of habituated Kloss gibbons on Siberut Island, Indonesia. Male Kloss gibbons can sing at any
time from 0100 to 1300 hr, but the majority of songs is concentrated in the hour before dawn. Female Kloss gibbons sing only
after dawn and the song bout includes a dramatic visual display. Neither countersinging nor coordinated chorusing has been
proved in either sex. Males sing before dawn as often as possible but are inhibited by wet nights and by minimum temperatures
below 21.5°C; postdawn songs of both sexes are inhibited by rain. The occurrence of any particular type of song bout is independent
of the occurrence of the other types. Song trees used by males and those used by females do not differ in height. Song trees
emerged from the neighboring canopy more than other available trees of similar height in the gibbons’ home range. Female song
trees were most abundant on the slopes and where the trees were tallest. Almost all the male’s night trees could have been
used for singing from had the weather been suitable. There was a greater likelihood of the male’s traveling a long way to
the day’s first fruit source on mornings when he sang before dawn than on mornings when he did not. Considerations of sound
transmission through tropical rain forest reveal that the times and frequencies used for singing by Kloss gibbons are optimal
for communicating with neighboring groups. 相似文献
18.
Normative adontometric data are presented on a sample of 100 adult Cercopithecus aethiops(51 male, 49 female). When correlation effects among the teeth were held constant through multivariate canonical analyses,
contributions of individual tooth loci to the male-female distance were found to be similar to those isolated by univariate
means. The present study fails to support Garn’s field theory of sex dimorphism. When these patterns of sexual dimorphism
were contrasted with those of three other conspecific groups, the anterior teeth were found to show greater intrapopulation
variation than the posterior teeth. This, together with the finding that Penrose’s shape distances between the groups were
greater for anterior than postcanine teeth, provides evidence in support of Suolé’s hypothesis. The latter suggests, inter
alia, that high coefficients of variation indicate a proportionately higher environmental than hereditary contribution to
phenotypic variation. Negative correlations between tooth size and coefficients of variation suggest that tooth-size variability
is related to size rather than occlusal complexity. 相似文献
19.
Adults of the palaemonid prawn Palaemon macrodactylus Rathbun, 1902 were reported for the first time from the southwestern Atlantic waters. Males and ovigerous females were collected in Mar del Plata harbor (38°03′ S; 57°31′ W), Argentina; larvae obtained from one of the collected females were reared in the laboratory until the juvenile stage. The geographical range of P. macrodactylus was previously restricted to the Pacific Ocean: it was originally described in Japan and has been reported as an invasive species in the western coast of USA in the 1950’s and in Australia in the 1970’s. Recently, this prawn has been also reported from European waters. 相似文献
20.
C. M. Felland L. A. Hull B. A. Barrett A. L. Knight J. W. Jenkins P. A. Kirsch D. R. Thomson 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1995,74(2):105-114
Mating disruption treatments for the tufted apple bud moth (TABM),Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), were tested in small plot trials in apple orchards in Pennsylvania. Treatments were evaluated by fruit injury and
by capture of male TABM in traps baited with synthetic pheromone sources or virgin females. The TABM pheromone is a two component
isomeric blend ofE-11-tetradecen-1-ol (E11-14:OH) andE-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:Ac). A 50∶50 ratio of these two components was used in standard monitoring septa and in mating
disruption treatments released from either hollow fibers (‘fiber’) or PVC tubes (‘PVC’). Other pheromone blends tested included
a 90∶10 ratio of E11-14: Ac and E11-14:OH (‘EAc’) and its reverse (‘EOH’), mixture ‘EAc’ with 30% of the Z-isomers (‘low AEc’),
and a blend similar to the preceding with 2% Z9-12:Ac (‘generic’). These other blends were released from multi tube tape (‘tape’)
or Shin-Etsu type rope (‘rope’) dispensers. Seasonal dispenser release rate in mg ha−1 h−1 was ca. 30 for the ‘rope’ dispensers, 14 for ‘PVC’ and 6 for ‘fiber’. ‘EAc-tape’ and ‘EOH-tape’ were equally effective in
reducing catches of males in traps baited with synthetic lures and in traps baited with virgin females. Both treatments also
reduced fruit injury. ‘EAc-rope’, ‘fiber’ and ‘PVC’ also were generally effective; whereas, the ‘low EAc’ and ‘generic’ treatments
reduced trap capture less than 90% and did not reduce fruit injury. Dispenser density was positively correlated with reduction
in trap capture for the ‘low EAc-rope’ and ‘genericrope’ treatments. Traps loaded with ‘fiber’ dispensers captured more male
TABM than the other treatments in non-pheromone permeated environments. Trap capture of other tortricids was reduced in pheromone
treatments. ‘EAc-rope’ and the ‘TABM’ treatments provided mean (s.e.) percent reduction in trap catch of 99.5 (0.4) and 42.9
(10.1), respectively, for the redbanded leafroller,Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), and 90.4 (6.8) and 90.4 (1.3), respectively, for the obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). 相似文献