异色瓢虫的人工饲养及野外释放和利用

异色瓢虫Lets axyridis(Pallas)是蚜虫、松干蚧和粉蚧等害虫的主要捕食性天敌。近年来用蜜蜂雄蜂幼虫(蛹)或猪肝、蜂蜜、啤酒酵母粉、维生素C、尼泊金(重量比为5:1:0.5:0.05:0.005)饲养成虫获得成功,产卵率分別为80.3％和82.8％,平均产卵前期为22.3天和26.6天,个体产卵量为508.0拉和301.5粒,卵孵化率部在88％以上,饲养幼虫成育率70—54％,累代饲育10代后成虫和幼虫也不改变捕食蚜虫、松干蚧的性能。1981至83年用人工饲料曾获瓢虫160万头、粒。     

红点唇瓢虫对矢尖蚧的捕食作用(英文)

红点唇瓢虫（Chilocoruskuwanae）的产卵雌虫对矢尖蚧（Unaspisyanonensis）的捕食量显著大于雄性成虫。在25℃下,雌成虫日平均捕食矢尖蚧雌成蚧42．7头,而雄成虫的日捕食量仅为22．3头。但48h饥饿处理可消除此差异。要使雌成虫产卵,每天必须至少捕食15头矢尖蚧的雌成蚧。红点唇瓢虫成虫对矢尖蚧各虫态的功能反应均为HollingⅡ型。根据对雌成蚧的功能反应,在16－35℃范围内最大捕食量随温度的升高而升高,在37℃下则急剧下降。温度并不改变功能反应的类型。由红点唇＊虫成虫对雌成钛的捕食作用,估算得最低临界攻击温度、最佳攻击温度和最高临界攻击温度分别为10．58℃、31．53℃和3820℃。捕食空间增大或捕食者数量的增加都会使攻击率下降;但是捕食者密度变大时,捕食空间的影响将大大变小。红点唇瓢虫成虫对矢尖蚧的雄蛹表现出最大的猎物选择性。它们对矢尖蚧各虫态的捕食选择性依次为：雄蛹、2龄雄蚧、2龄雌蚧和1龄若虫。     

菱斑巧瓢虫替代饲料的研究

瓢虫成虫饥饿24h后,通过室内对菱斑巧瓢虫Oenopia conglobata (Linnaeus)成虫饲喂24种人工饲料,研究菱斑巧瓢虫的取食行为;以桃蚜(MP)作对照,选择羊肝+蔗糖(SLS)、猪肝+蔗糖(PLS)、黄粉虫蛹+蔗糖(TMPS)3种饲料研究瓢虫产卵量;以白蛾周氏啮小蜂蛹(CCP)、SLS、PLS和MP对瓢虫成虫进行交叉饲喂试验,每周期7d,研究饥饿后恢复产卵时间和产卵量的差异;最后以CCP和MP饲喂瓢虫幼虫,观察其发育历期。结果表明:在羊肝、鸡心、菜蛾幼虫、鸡肝和黄粉虫蛹组中,无论是否添加蔗糖,瓢虫取食情况较好。瓢虫成虫饲喂SLS、TMPS、PLS及MP后,MP组的14d单雌产卵量为166.25粒、SLS组为18.15粒、PLS为9.65粒和TMPS组3.90粒,瓢虫恢复产卵的时间也有差异,MP组仅需要1d,而其它组需要3d至至5d。交叉饲喂试验发现,CCP组产卵量(40.67～46.87粒/雌)明显高于常用饲料-PLS组(4.53～7.13粒/雌),但与MP组(61.80～82.07粒/雌)仍有一定差距。利用CCP饲喂瓢虫幼虫,可以完成整个发育历期,但是存活率较低,1～4龄幼虫各龄期内存活率在63.64%～87.50%之间,并且发育历期(21.23d)明显长于饲喂MP组(15.71d)。     

棉铃虫的紫云英-麦胚人工饲料

用不同人工饲料连续饲养棉铃虫Heliothis armtgera;通过试验比较,设计和发展了适合于大量饲养棉铃虫的紫云英-麦胚人工饲料。与自然饲料相比,用这种人工饲料饲养的棉铃虫发育快、存活率高、蛹大、成虫产卵多。已经用紫云英-麦胚人工饲料连续饲养棉铃虫16代,各代幼虫的存活率在85—97%之间,成虫平均产卵1,000多粒,孵化率不低于70%。6龄幼虫对这种人工饲料的利用和转化效率分别是26.7%和65.0%。     

松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂的生物学

松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂Cocvobius azumai Tachikawa是松突圆蚧Hemiberlesla pitysophila Takagi的重要寄生蜂,1987-1989年从日本引入我国广东省。对松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂的形态、发育、繁殖、成虫寿命和取食寄主行为等生物学特征进行了观察。该蜂的雌性幼虫是松突圆蚧雌蚧的初级内寄生蜂,而雄性幼虫则是次级寄生蜂,重寄生在同种或它种膜翅目的老熟幼虫、预蛹和蛹上。雌雄两性的形态在所有发育阶段均不相同。交配过的雄蜂喜欢寄生产卵初期和盛期的雌成蚧,对巳寄生的寄主具有识别能力。在19.7℃一30.9℃变温条件下每头雌蜂平均产卵14.95粒,约60%的卵是在最初3天内产出。松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂雌性蜂在21℃,24℃,27℃和30℃时从卵发育到成虫的平均历期分别为41.24,32.60,25.60和23.00天,发育起点温度10.1℃,有效积温448.3日度。该蜂在广东省一年发生。9-10代。     

草地贪夜蛾人工饲料及饲养条件的优化

改良草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E Smith)人工饲料配方及优化饲养条件,为草地贪夜蛾室内批量饲养奠定基础。利用不同人工饲料配方及制作工艺、不同温湿条件、对草地贪夜蛾进行群体饲养,研究其对草地贪夜蛾生长发育及繁殖的影响,并开展不同产卵介质对草地贪夜蛾成虫产卵量及卵孵化率的影响。结果显示,在温度27℃±0.5℃、相对湿度70%±5%、光周期L∶D=16 h∶8 h的人工气候箱中,采用饲料配方4进行幼虫群体饲养的效果最好,其发育历期最短,仅为27.1 d,幼虫存活率高达83.8%,化蛹率为91.2%,雌雄性比为1∶1.08,单雌产卵量为836粒。另外,草地贪夜蛾幼虫最喜食加热20 min的饲料,成虫于粉色塑料纸上产卵量最大。该饲料配方非常适宜草地贪夜蛾室内饲养,优化的饲养条件也为其室内规模化饲养提供参考。     

松突圆蚧的化学防治

经过应用10多种化学农药及其与植物油、矿物油的混合制剂进行室内药效筛选、林间地面喷雾试验和两年的飞机防冶试验,我们研制出能有效地防冶松突圆蚧(Hemiberlesia pitysoPhila Takagi)的药剂配方-植物油与矿物油的混合油剂。 这种混合油剂在小区试验巾用5甲。浓度,防治效果可达98.5%;用20%浓度进行飞机喷雾,药量折合5千克/亩,防治效果也达70%以上。这种混合油剂对松突圆蚧的重要天敌红点唇瓢虫(Chilocorus Kuwanae)成虫和丽蚜小蜂( Encasia sp.)安全,对环境一般无不良影响,同时乳化效果好,配制方便,值得开发应用。     

冷藏温度对日本刀角瓢虫存活及生长发育的影响

【目的】本研究旨在调查不同冷藏温度下日本刀角瓢虫Serangium japanicum成虫生物学特性及F₁代的生长发育,明确日本刀角瓢虫成虫最适冷藏温度。【方法】将日本刀角瓢虫成虫置于不同低温(7,10,13和16℃),贮藏10 d时测定其存活率、单雌产卵量、寿命和对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci 4龄若虫的日捕食量,以及日本刀角瓢虫F₁代存活率和发育历期;qRT-PCR测定日本刀角瓢虫成虫体内热激蛋白基因Hsp70和Hsp90的相对表达量。【结果】日本刀角瓢虫成虫在16℃低温贮藏10 d时,其存活率、雌雄成虫寿命、单雌产卵量和日捕食量以及F₁代存活率均与贮藏在26℃的对照无显著差异(存活率：99%vs 100%;雌成虫寿命：110.65 d vs 106.87 d;雄成虫寿命：123.12 d vs 108.79 d;单雌产卵量：399.19粒vs 422.63粒;日捕食量：34.70头vs 31.95头;F₁代存活率：80.39%vs 94.12%);但其F₁代发育历期...     

喙尾琵甲成虫存活及产卵量的影响因子

喙尾琵甲是云南民间常用的一种药用昆虫,缺少有效的人工繁育技术保障其可持续利用。本文以喙尾琵甲生境地常见食物、温度、光周期、种群密度和性比共5个因素研究对该昆虫存活及产卵量的影响,以期找出适合其生长发育的食物、生态因子和种群结构。结果显示:(1)麦麸、仔鸡饲料及二者混合饲喂的成虫的产卵量均显著高于秸秆类食物(P0.05),死亡率则相反,其中,以仔鸡饲料饲喂的死亡率最低6.4%±4.95%,产卵量最高,单雌日平均产卵量为1.25±0.63枚;(2)22℃恒温条件下的产卵量显著区别于其余试验组(P0.05),单雌日产卵量达1.93±0.98枚,30℃恒温条件下的存活率低于10℃-25℃的5个试验组;(3)等光照12 L∶12 D下的单雌日产卵量(0.42±0.25枚)最低,与其余试验组显著差异(P0.05),但不同光周期下成虫存活率的差异不显著(P0.05);(4)在2.10-10.52头/dm~2的种群密度梯度区间,产卵量较高,继续增加密度则导致产卵量的下降,但在实验区间内,种群密度对成虫存活率的影响不显著(P0.05);(5)性比对成虫产卵量的影响显著(P0.05),♀∶♂=1∶1时的存活率和单雌平均产卵量均最高,分别为98.5%±1.86%和1.87±0.86枚/d。研究表明,以麦麸和仔鸡饲料为食物、22℃恒温、非等光周期(12L∶12D)、10.52头/dm~2以下的种群密度及♀∶♂=1∶1有利于喙尾琵甲成虫的存活及产卵。     

甜菜夜蛾核多角体病毒杀虫剂研究进展

一、利用人工半合成饲料批量饲养甜菜夜蛾从 2 8种不同的人工饲料配方中 ,筛选出一种有利于甜菜夜蛾生长发育的人工饲料。经大批量连续饲养表明 ,该饲料具有饲养效率高、产卵量多和历期短等特点。其中孵化率为 85 %、幼虫存活率 93.3%、幼虫历期 9.5± 2 .1ｄ、化蛹率 92 .6 %、雌蛹重 1 2 1 .2± 1 4.3ｍｇ、雄蛹重1 0 8.6± 1 0 .9ｍｇ、羽化率 1 0 0 %、产卵量 1 45 2 .2粒 /雌、成虫期 (寿命 ) :雌 1 2 .2± 2 .3ｄ、雄 1 1 .0± 2 .8ｄ。经多年连续批量饲养 ,已建立了一套较为成熟的饲养技术 ,平均每人每月饲养幼虫达 1 0 - 1 2万条。…     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.