染料木黄酮对成骨细胞增殖分化的影响

目的：研究染料木黄酮对体外培养乳鼠颅盖骨成骨细胞增殖分化的影响。方法：取乳鼠颅盖骨,采用胶原-胰蛋白酶消化法,进行颅骨成骨细胞培养,取第二代成骨细胞,添加10^-5～10^-7mol／L染料木黄酮,在CO2孵箱中培养48h和72h后MTT比色法测定细胞增殖,培养72h采用^3H-TdR和^H-Pro掺入实验测定DNA和胶原合成。用试剂盒检测细胞裂解液碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性。结果：染料木黄酮明显增加成骨细胞MTT的吸光度值、^3H-TdR和^3H-Pro的掺入,增加成骨细胞碱性磷酸酶活性。结论：染料木黄酮促进体外培养的乳鼠颅盖骨成骨细胞DNA和胶原的合成,促进增殖和分化。     

洛伐他汀促进成骨细胞增殖、BMP-2表达和矿化的实验研究

目的研究洛伐他汀对体外培养大鼠颅骨成骨细胞生物学功能的影响,探讨其促进骨形成的作用机制.方法洛伐他汀作用于体外培养大鼠颅骨成骨细胞,化学染色观察对成骨细胞矿化结节形成的影响;用免疫细胞化学单标计数测定成骨细胞增殖率及染色吸光度测定BMP-2的表达的变化;BMP-2和BrdU免疫双标染色吸光度测定新生成骨细胞BMP-2的表达情况.结果实验组成骨细胞矿化结节的数量和面积、细胞增殖率及BMP-2的表达明显高于空白对照组(P<0.05);实验组新生成骨细胞BMP-2的表达显著高于对照组(P<0.01).结论洛伐他汀可促进成骨细胞的增殖、分化、BMP-2的表达和矿化结节的形成,从而发挥促进骨形成的作用.     

异补骨脂素加锌对大鼠成骨细胞相关细胞因子表达影响的实验研究

为探讨异补骨脂素加锌对体外培养新生大鼠颅骨成骨细胞相关基因表达的影响,用改良的组织块培养法分离培养新生大鼠颅骨成骨细胞,在成骨细胞体系中加入异补骨脂素与锌,以雌激素为阳性对照,空白组为阴性对照。结果显示:异补骨脂素加锌较单纯应用异补骨脂素或硫酸锌在48 h时促体外大鼠成骨细胞Ⅰ型胶原的表达;异补骨脂素加锌组可以明显上调大鼠成骨细胞TGF-β1的细胞信号转导因子Smad4 mRNA的表达(P0.01);能促进Runx2/Cbfa1 mRNA的表达(P0.05)。与空白对照组相比,异补骨脂素组,异补骨脂素加锌组均能增强Osterix mRNA的表达(P0.05)。与单纯应用异补骨脂素或者锌相比,异补骨脂素与锌联合应用能够协同增效,对促进体外培养的成骨细胞相关转录因子的表达更加明显,探讨了异补骨脂素及其与锌配伍调节骨代谢的分子机制,为提高骨质疏松症的临床疗效以及抗骨质疏松新药的开发提供了实验依据。     

干湿纺聚乳酸／壳聚糖纤维交织织物作为细胞体外培养载体的实验观察

在体外培养的条件下观察干湿纺聚乳酸/壳聚糖纤维交织织物与成骨细胞的相容性,探讨其作为人工胸壁支架材料和人工骨支架材料的可行性。将hFOB1.19人SV40转染的成骨细胞与干湿纺聚乳酸/壳聚糖纤维交织织物体外联合培养。用扫描电镜对体外联合培养早期细胞的形态学进行观察。结果表明,成骨细胞与干湿纺聚乳酸/壳聚糖交织织物间黏附良好,具有良好的相容性,干湿纺聚乳酸/壳聚糖纤维交织织物有可能成为一种理想的可用于修复胸壁缺损和骨缺损的成骨细胞载体。     

体外培养所形成的细胞外基质对MC3T3-E1细胞生长和分化的影响

细胞外基对组织细胞起支持、保护、营养作用,对细胞的增殖、分化有重要影响,在细胞和组织工程中,应该充分考虑细胞外基质的作用。本研究首先脱去培养板中融合培养的原代小鼠心肌成纤维细胞和成骨细胞,获得两种体外形成的细胞外基质包被的培养板,其中成骨细胞细胞外基质中含有骨形成蛋白2。然后将MC3T3-E1成骨前体细胞接种在这种培养板中,发现成纤维细胞胞外基质包被的培养板中的细胞增殖活性最高,而成骨细胞胞外基质包被的培养板中细胞的碱性磷酸酶活性、骨形成蛋白2和骨桥蛋白的相对蛋白表达量最高,细胞外钙沉积量比其他组高1倍左右。结果表明：包被在培养板上的这两种细胞外基质有不同的生物活性,成纤维细胞胞外基质可促进成骨前体细胞增殖,成骨细胞胞外基质可促进成骨前体细胞骨向分化。     

CGRP对兔成骨细胞NO/NOS系统调控的实验研究

目的:探讨外源性降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对体外培养兔成骨细胞一氧化氮/一氧化氮合成酶(NO/NOs)系统的时序调控作用.方法:将体外培养的成骨细胞用不同浓度的CGRP处理0.5h、1h、4h和12h,通过Western-blot检测细胞NOS的蛋白表达变化,使用NOS分型试剂盒测定细胞NOS的酶活性,硝酸还原酶法检测细胞培养液中NO浓度.结果:在0.5h-12h时间段,CGRP实验组细胞培养液中NO含量明显高于对照组(P＜0.05或p＜0.01);实验组成骨细胞中eNOS的表达和酶活力明显高于对照组(p＜0.05或p＜0.01),而iNOS的表达和酶活力检测未发现有明确的统计学差别.结论:CGRP可通过调节成骨细胞的NO/NOS系统促进成骨细胞的增殖分化从而影响骨代谢.     

微管吸吮和半无限体模型在鼠成骨细胞粘弹性研究中的应用

利用微管吸吮技术研究了体外培养幼鼠颅盖骨成骨细胞的被动变形特性,测量了其在阶跃负压下吸入长度随时间的变化过程,并用标准线性粘弹性半无限体模型研究了成骨细胞的粘弹性特性;并研究了秋水仙素对成骨细胞弹性性质的影响,经秋水仙素处理后的成骨细胞与正常组成骨细胞相比,其杨氏模量没有显著性改变。本研究工作为进一步研究成骨细胞的离体及在体的主动变形机制提供了基础数据。     

DNA甲基化与骨代谢调节及骨质疏松症研究进展

骨质疏松症的根本病因是由于多种因素导致成骨细胞介导的骨形成与破骨细胞介导的骨吸收过程之间的负平衡,引起骨质进行性丢失,骨密度降低,骨脆性增加,进而导致骨折风险增加。越来越多的研究表明,DNA甲基化可通过调控相关基因表达调节成骨细胞/破骨细胞的分化与功能,进而影响骨形成/骨吸收平衡,介导骨质疏松症的发生、发展。现主要阐述DNA甲基化与骨代谢调节和骨质疏松症之间的关系,并对相关研究进展进行综述。     

成骨细胞的分化调控

骨组织中有两类参与调控骨代谢过程的细胞,成骨细胞负责造骨,破骨细胞负责溶骨。在一些骨相关疾病(如骨质疏松、骨相关肿瘤)发病过程中,造骨和溶骨失去平衡,这种失衡与破骨细胞和成骨细胞的数量异常及功能失调都有关,所以对成骨细胞分化机制的研究也是十分必要的。目前,已经有大量的文献表明,成骨细胞分化机制复杂,受许多激素、细胞因子以及一些小分子化合物的调控和影响,如骨形态发生蛋白(BMP)、Wnts等。     

自噬对骨疾病调控作用的研究进展

骨疾病是指机体因先天或后天性因素破坏正常骨代谢,导致骨代谢障碍而发生的一类疾病。骨主要由负责骨吸收的破骨细胞和负责骨重建的成骨细胞以及骨细胞构成。正常成人的骨形成量基本等于骨吸收量,两者处于动态平衡状态,保证了骨结构和功能的完整性。自噬是一种重要的细胞内清除机制,通过形成自噬溶酶体降解其所包裹的受损细胞器或蛋白质,实现细胞代谢和细胞器的更新。自噬相关基因的缺失能够抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收和成骨细胞的骨重建,而药物、肿瘤坏死因子等能够使自噬相关基因过表达导致骨吸收异常增加,造成骨吸收和骨形成之间的动态平衡失调,从而引起骨代谢障碍,形成骨疾病。该文分别就自噬与破骨细胞、成骨细胞以及骨疾病之间的研究进展进行综述,希望可以为骨疾病的靶向治疗提供新的思路。     

Type I collagen synthesis by human osteoblasts in response to placental lactogen and chaperonin 10, a homolog of early-pregnancy factor

Recent studies have indicated that maternal skeletal metabolism undergoes significant changes during gestation. The agents that are responsible for eliciting these changes in bone turnover during pregnancy have yet to be defined. We therefore sought to investigate whether chaperonin 10 (Cpn10), a homolog of early-pregnancy factor, or human placental lactogen (PL) were capable of influencing the synthesis of type I collagen by human osteoblasts in vitro. Both Cpn10 and PL are major components of the maternal circulation during pregnancy, but how they might contribute to bone metabolism has not been determined. Type I collagen represents the most abundant component of bone tissue, accounting for approximately 90% of the organic compartment. Both Cpn10 and PL were capable of stimulating the synthesis of type I collagen by human osteoblasts in culture. The inclusion of 17 beta-estradiol or prolactin, however, failed to influence the ability of cells to mobilize type I collagen. These novel findings support a role for PL and Cpn10 in the metabolism of bone tissue during pregnancy. Maternal bone collagen metabolism is clearly an important event during pregnancy, and the identification of the factors responsible will aid our understanding of the regulation of skeletal metabolism during gestation.     

Functional evaluation of cultured rabbit osteoblast-like cells

For the improvement of the adult osteoblast culture, the osteoblasts of young adult rabbit endosteal from long bones were isolated by collagenase digesting separation. 0.1% of type-I collagen precoated culture flasks were used as substrate for isolated bone cell growth. Morphological examination of cultured cells under a phase-contrast microscope, SEM and TEM observations showed a structure similar to osteoblast in vivo. Histochemical examination of alkaline phosphatase demonstrated 97% purity of cultured osteoblasts. The presence of calcium deposit activity in cultured cells was demonstrated by Van Kossa stain. High activity of alkaline phosphatase and inorganic pyrophosphatase in cultured osteoblasts as determined by biochemical analysis. High calcium uptake in cultured osteoblasts was demonstrated by radioisotope labelled 45CaCl12. According to these methods, it was indicated that the cells isolated from young rabbit long bone endosteal were osteoblast-like and still maintained their biological function. Our system for culturing osteoblast-like cells is a successful attempt in growing bone tissue in vitro starting from isolated bone cells. Therefore, this modified method for bone cell culture on collagen precoated culture flasks could be used as the experimental model in studies concerning the osteoblasts in vitro.     

In vitro osteogenic differentiation of human ES cells

Since their isolation in 1998, human embryonic stem (hES) cells have been shown to be capable of adopting various cell fates in vitro. Here, we present in vitro data demonstrating the directed commitment of human embryonic stem cells to the osteogenic lineage. Human ES cells are shown to respond to factors that promote osteogenesis, leading to activation of the osteogenic markers osteocalcin, parathyroid hormone receptor, bone sialoprotein, osteopontin, cbfa1, and collagen 1. Moreover, the mineralized nodules obtained are composed of hydroxyapatite, further establishing the similarity of osteoblasts in culture to bone. These results show that osteoblasts can be derived from human ES cultures in vitro and provide the basis for comparison of adult and embryonic-derived osteogenesis, and for an investigation of potential applications for hES cells in orthopaedic tissue repair.     

Lactoferrin promotes bone growth

We have demonstrated bovine or human lactoferrin to be an anabolic factor in skeletal tissue. In vitro, lactoferrin stimulates the proliferation of bone forming cells, osteoblasts, and cartilage cells at physiological concentrations (above 0.1 microg/ml). The magnitude of this effect exceeds that observed in response to other skeletal growth factors such as IGF-1 and TGFbeta. DNA synthesis is also stimulated in a bone organ culture system likely reflecting the proliferation of cells of the osteoblast lineage. Lactoferrin is also a potent osteoblast survival factor. In TUNEL and DNA fragmentation assays, lactoferrin decreased apoptosis, induced by serum withdrawal, by up to 70%. In addition, lactoferrin has powerful effects on bone resorbing cells, osteoclasts, decreasing osteoclast development at concentrations > 1 microg/ml in a murine bone marrow culture system. However, lactoferrin did not alter bone resorption in calvarial organ culture, suggesting that it does not influence mature osteoclast function. In vivo, local injection of lactoferrin in adult mice resulted in increased calvarial bone growth, with significant increases in bone area and dynamic histomorphometric indices of bone formation after only 5 injections. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the naturally-occurring glycoprotein lactoferrin is anabolic to bone in vivo, an effect which is consequent upon its potent proliferative and anti-apoptotic actions in osteoblasts, and its ability to inhibit osteoclastogenesis. Lactoferrin may therefore have a physiological role in bone growth, and a potential therapeutic role in osteoporosis.     

Influence of different culture solutions on osteoblastic differentiation in cord blood and bone marrow derived progenitor cells.

Mesenchymal progenitor cells derived from cord blood (unrestringated somatic stem cells, USSC) and bone marrow (mesenchymal stem cells, MSC) are able to differentiate under defined culture conditions into at least bone, cartilage, adipose and muscle cells in vitro. The culture media and other in vitro conditions influence the osteogenic differentiation potency of both cell types. To increase and expand the number of osteoblasts in vitro an optimization of culture conditions is required. The aim of this study was to evaluate different culture media toward their osteogenic promoting capacity on human USSCs and MSCs in vitro. Immunohistochemical stainings against osteonectin (ON), osteopontin (OP) served as markers for an osteoblastic differentiation. Cellular morphology was analysed by light microscopy technique. We found significant differences between bone marrow and cord blood derived stem cells towards an osteoblastic differentiation. Considering the number of osteoblasts MesenCult seems to have advantages in bone marrow progenitor cells, whereas low glucose DMEM and HAMS-F12 promoted an osteoblastic differentiation in cord blood derived cells more than other tested media.     

Immunolocalization of the prostaglandin E2 receptor subtypes in human bone tissue: differences in foetal, adult normal, osteoporotic and pagetic bone

PGE(2) is an important mediator of bone metabolism, but the precise localization of its receptors in human bone remains unknown. The present study used specific antibodies against EP(1), EP(2), EP(3) and EP(4) receptors for immunolocalization in normal, osteoporotic and pagetic human adult bone and in human foetal bone. No labelling was obtained for the EP(1) and EP(2) receptors. The EP(3) receptor was detected in foetal osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes, but only in osteoclasts and some osteoblasts from adult bone. The EP(4) receptor was detected in foetal osteoclasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes and in adult osteoclasts and osteoblasts, but not in adult osteocytes. Our results show differences in PGE(2) receptor expression in foetal and adult human bone but no difference in adult normal compared to pathologic bone. Finally, these results show that the distribution of EP receptors in human osteoblasts in bone corresponds in part to what we recently described in human osteoblasts in culture.     

Adrenomedullin--a regulator of bone formation

Bone growth and maintenance are highly regulated processes. Throughout life, bone constantly undergoes remodelling, maintaining a balance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts. This balance depends on the coordinated activities of many systemic hormones and locally acting factors in the bone microenvironment. Understanding the mechanisms of action of these factors provides a better appreciation of the cellular and molecular basis of bone remodelling.Adrenomedullin has recently been found to stimulate the proliferation of osteoblasts in vitro, and to increase indices of bone formation when administered either locally or systemically in vivo. Adrenomedullin receptors, as well as adrenomedullin itself, are expressed in primary osteoblasts and in osteoblast-like cell lines. In this paper we discuss the anabolic effect of adrenomedullin in bone, and present new evidence for a possible role of adrenomedullin in the regulation of cartilage cells. We show that adrenomedullin stimulates proliferation of primary chondrocytes in culture and that mRNA for adrenomedullin and for adrenomedullin receptors are expressed in these cells.Studies of structure-activity relationships have demonstrated that osteotropic effects of adrenomedullin can be retained in peptide fragments of the molecule which lack the parent molecule's vasodilatory properties. Thus, these small peptides, or their analogues, are attractive candidates as anabolic therapies for osteoporosis.     

Green tea polyphenol (−)‐epigallocatechin gallate suppressed the differentiation of murine osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells

Recently, various physiological effects of the tea polyphenol catechin for alleviating diseases such as cancer, arteriosclerosis, hyperlipidaemia and osteoporosis have been reported. However, the physiological effect of catechin on bone metabolism remains unclear. We examined the physiological effect of EGCG [(?)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate], which is the main component of green tea catechin, on osteoblast development using the precursor cell line of osteoblasts, MC3T3‐E1, and co‐culture of the osteoblasts from mouse newborn calvaria and mouse bone marrow cells. Although EGCG did not affect the viability and proliferation of MC3T3‐E1 cells, EGCG inhibited the osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, EGCG did not affect the mineralization of differentiated MC3T3‐E1 cells, and reduced osteoclast formation in co‐culture. These results suggest that EGCG can effectively suppress bone resorption, and can be used as an effective medicine in the treatment of the symptoms of osteoporosis.     

Effect of different growth factors on human osteoblasts activities: a possible application in bone regeneration for tissue engineering

Cultured human primary osteoblasts reproduce the phenotypic differentiation and maturation of cells in vivo. We have investigated the influence of three isoforms of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta3), three fibroblast growth factors (FGF-2, FGF-4 and FGF-6) and the active metabolite of Vitamin D [1,25-(OH)(2)D3] on proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization of human osteoblasts during a period of 24 days of culture. TGF-beta isoforms and three FGFs examined have been proved to be inducers of osteoblasts proliferation (higher extent for TGF-beta and FGF-2) and inhibitors of alkaline phosphatase activity and osteoblasts mineralization. Combination of these growth factors with the active form of Vitamin D induced osteodifferentiation. In fact Vitamin D showed an additive effect on alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium content, induced by FGF-2 and TGF-beta in human osteoblast. These results highlight the potential of proliferating cytokines' combination with mineralizing agents for in vitro bone growth induction in bone tissue engineering.