Taxonomy and species delimitation in Cryptosporidium

Amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals serve as hosts for 19 species of Cryptosporidium. All 19 species have been confirmed by morphological, biological, and molecular data. Fish serve as hosts for three additional species, all of which lack supporting molecular data. In addition to the named species, gene sequence data from more than 40 isolates from various vertebrate hosts are reported in the scientific literature or are listed in GenBank. These isolates lack taxonomic status and are referred to as genotypes based on the host of origin. Undoubtedly, some will eventually be recognized as species. For them to receive taxonomic status sufficient morphological, biological, and molecular data are required and names must comply with the rules of the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). Because the ICZN rules may be interpreted differently by persons proposing names, original names might be improperly assigned, original literature might be overlooked, or new scientific methods might be applicable to determining taxonomic status, the names of species and higher taxa are not immutable. The rapidly evolving taxonomic status of Cryptosporidium sp. reflects these considerations.     

Ostrich,Southern Ostrich or Common Ostrich? The ‘eternal vexed question’ of English bird names and name changes in southern Africa through eight editions of Roberts field guides, 1940–2016

A set of stable simple common bird names helps non-ornithologist birders, who contribute to conservation by visiting protected areas and participating in citizen science projects. Changes in English bird names have caused discomfort in the local birding community, especially those that followed international standardisation of common bird names between 2000 and 2005. To understand the extent and nature of English bird name changes, an analysis was done of all southern African bird names through the eight editions of Roberts Birds of South/Southern Africa field guides published from 1940 to 2016. Of 813 species listed in both the first and the latest of the field guides, 453 (55.7%) had their names changed, among which 108 (13.3%) had changes in both the group name and the species epithet. The greatest single wave of changes (31.4%) occurred in the first ‘Roberts bird guide’ (the seventh field guide) in 2007, following international standardisation. Mean word and syllable counts of bird names also increased significantly in that edition. Name changes were associated with new authorships, taxonomic changes and use of geographic species epithets. There was a trend towards name stability for southern African endemic species. Further name changes should be kept to a minimum, shortening and simplifying wherever possible.     

The species of Hymenoptera described by Linnaeus in the genera Sphex, Chrysis, Vespa, Apis and Mutilla

Data are presented on the type-material representing the species described by Linnaeus in his genera Sphex, Chrysis, Vespa, Apis and Mutilla , The names here considered total 158; six are currently applied in the Hymenoptera Parasitica. Of the balance of 147, three are emendations and five are unavailable homonyms or names proposed in the synonymy of other species. Fifteen Linnaean names are here placed as synonyms. One name is attributed to an author other than Linnaeus, and live names remain species incertae sedis. The remainder, 118, are applied as valid names in die Hymenoptera Aculeata. Holotype specimens in London, Uppsala or Stockholm represent 60 names; 55 names are based on lectotype specimens of which 49 are here designated, two by other authors. One name is represented by a neotype specimen in Lund, and one by a lectotype figure. One non-aculeate species is based on syntypes. Specimens appear to be lost with respect to 25 names; three specimens in Uppsala may be the holotypes of a further three species.
Eight new combinations are made, and twelve new synonyms established; three further new combinations and three further new synonymies are suggested. A systematically arranged summary of species treated and of nomenclatural changes made is given. Nomenclatural changes affecting non-Linnaean names are included where relevant; lectotypes are designated for two non-Linnaean species.     

Internet scientific name frequency as an indicator of cultural salience of biodiversity

Public interest in nature is an important driver of the success of conservation actions, such that increasing public awareness of biodiversity has become a major conservation goal (i.e. Aichi Target 1). Macro-scale monitoring of public interest towards nature has thus far been difficult, but the enormous quantity of information generated by the internet allows for new approaches using culturomic techniques. For example, other things being equal, we would expect that the vernacular (common) names of charismatic species with high levels of public interest (e.g. tiger, elephant) to appear on more web-pages than less ‘cultural’ species. Nevertheless, deriving metrics from such data is challenging because vernacular names often have multiple meanings (e.g. teal, jaguar) that could significantly bias culturomic metrics of cultural visibility. Scientific binomial names of species potentially avoid this problem because Latin is a ‘dead’ language and the scientific name typically applies only to the biological organism. Here, we investigate whether standard scientific names: i) are a robust proxy of web salience of vernacular species names, and; ii) have the same statistical relationship with vernacular species names across different cultural and language groups. Automated internet searches were carried out for scientific and vernacular names from a global bird species list and six national bird species lists (Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, Spain, Tanzania and USA). For national searches the results were restricted to country web domains. We found strong and consistent correlations between vernacular and scientific species names at both global and country level, independent of language and cultural differences. The universality of this relationship suggests that the web salience of scientific species names is a robust, cross-cultural indicator of species ‘culturalness’. Potential applications of this indicator include: i) the development of new indicators to assess public perceptions of biodiversity; ii) systematic identification of species with high cultural visibility; iii) empirical identification of the biogeographic, ecological, morphological and cultural characteristics of species that influence cultural visibility, globally and in different cultural settings, and; iv) near real-time monitoring of changes in species ‘culturalness’. The capture and processing of internet data is technically non-trivial, but can be replicated at low cost and has enormous potential for the creation of new macro-scale metrics of human-nature interactions.     

Discovery in the Linnaean collection of type-material of insects described by Johann Reinhold Forster, with notes on the Hymenoptera

Type-material of 100 insect species described by J. R. Forster has always been thought lost. We present evidence that syntypic specimens of some of these species were sent by Forster to Linnaeus in 1772. Specimens of at least 27 species survive in the Linnaean collection now in Burlington House, and are listed. The identity of each of the 18 species of Hymenoptera described by Forster is examined in detail, particularly the nine represented by specimens. Lectotypes are designated for two species; four new synonymies and two new combinations are established; and three names remain nomina dubia within their genera.     

Name changes and additions to the southern African freshwater fish fauna

Changes made to the scientific names of southern African freshwater fishes since 2001 are explained and discussed. Adjustments to the phylogeny and classification of the fauna are outlined. Recent systematic studies on cyprinines are discussed and changes to the genera Labeobarbus (expanded concept), Pseudobarbus (expanded concept), and Enteromius are supported. The introduction of the family names Alestidae and Nothobranchiidae is discussed. Adjustments made to the genera Nannocharax, Micropanchax, Tilapia, Coptodon and Mastacembelus are explained. Species name changes for Hepsetus and Zaireichthys are detailed. New species described from the region, or resurrected from synonymy, since 2001 are listed.     

Hawaiian ethnobotanical studies I. native food and beverage plants

Cultivated food plant stocks were brought to Hawaii by the immigrating Polynesians and composed most of their basic diet. Extensive use, however, was made of the highly endemic (95%' for flowering plants and 67% for ferns) flora. The Hawaiian was both a proficient agriculturist and naturalist. Nearly all of the vascular plant genera were given vernacular names, as well as many species and varieties. Twenty-five genera and over 85 species of vascular plants were used as food sources. These included fern auricles,pith, young fronds, and rhizomes; flowering plant roots (both aerial and underground), tubers, stems, young plants, young shoots, leaves, male flower bracts, fruits, and seeds. Six genera and 55 species of vascular plants were prepared for beverage purposes. These plants are listed in a table, with the following information provided: family, scientific name, common names, species distribution (island, altitude, occurrence, and habit), and plant part utilized. Lists of vernacular names and plant part sources are also included. Succeeding papers will cover other aspects (introduced food and beverage plants, and native and introduced plants used for ceremonies, cultural artifacts, decorations, dye, fiber, etc.).     

中国口蘑属种类名录(英文)

通过系统的文献收集 ,汇总了口蘑属 (Tricholoma)在中国的 91个名称记录 ,并对其研究现状和分布进行了简述。文献调查结果表明 ,口蘑属种类广泛分布于中国的 2 7个省区 ,其中以黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、内蒙古、贵州、四川、云南、西藏 ,青海、甘肃、河北、山西和陕西等地的报道较多 ,其他地区如台湾、香港、安徽、福建、广东、广西、海南、河南、湖南、湖北、江苏、山东、新疆 ,浙江也有一些报道。根据《国际植物命名法规》和《真菌、地衣汉语学名命名法规》 ,作者订正了中文文献中的一些拉丁和汉语学名 ,同时对形态描述和鉴定等方面的问题也进行了简要的讨论。在已报道的口蘑属名称记录中 ,能够得到承认的本属名称有 43个种和 3个变种 ,属内其他种类名称的异名有 8个 ,而已经转移到其他属的有 3 0个 ,在命名法上模糊不清名称有 3个 ,错拼名称有 2个 ,另有未定名种 2个。目前能够承认的名称是酸涩口蘑 (T .acerbum)、白棕口蘑 (T .albobrunneum)、白口蘑(T .album)、银盖口蘑 (T .argyraceum)、黑鳞口蘑 (T .atrosquamosum)、橙柄口蘑 (T.aurantiipes)、金黄褶口蘑 (T .auratum)、傻松口蘑 (T .bakamatsutake)、欧洲口蘑 (T .caligatum)、灰环口蘑 (T.cingulatum)、银白口蘑 (T .colum betta)、油口蘑 (T .     

Taxonomic identity and typification of selected names of North American Potamogetonaceae

Most names in North American Potamogetonaceae have not been typified. Details of typifications are given for 72 names based on North American material published in the genus Potamogeton mainly by North American botanists. All names are reviewed for their nomenclatural validity and legitimacy, and interpreted taxonomically. Holotypes are indicated for 31 names and previously declared lectotypes or neotypes are listed for eight names. Lectotypes are designated for 24 previously untypified names and step-2 lectotypifications are proposed for three names that were based on heterogeneous material. Type material for three Rafinesque names and one proposed by Wood have not been located. An annotated list provides collection data, type status, homotypic synonyms, and currently accepted names. Two names are excluded from Potamogeton, being based on species of Myriophyllum (Haloragaceae).     

Male polymorphism in some Old World species of Cryptocheilus Panzer (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

The hypothesis that males of certain species of the pompilid genus Cryptocheilus Panzer are polymorphic, first proposed by H. Wolf, is examined critically in the light of modern knowledge of the mating systems of Hymenoptera and the known biology of Cryptocheilus species. Speculations are made as to the likely selection pressures operating to produce this phenomenon; nine Old World species of Cryptocheilus are identified as probable examples. The taxonomic implications of the hypothesis are considered; one new generic and nine new specific synonymies are listed, and lectotypes are designated for three nominal species. Two names are retrieved from synonymy for species here recognized as valid. A key is provided for the extreme forms of the males of these species; more detailed treatment must await full revision of Cryptocheilus.     

中国苹果病害病原菌物名录

苹果为我国主要栽培水果,苹果产业在我国农业生产中占有重要地位.病原菌物是苹果病害的主要病原物,对我国苹果产量和品质造成严重损害.国际上病原菌物为苹果主要病原类型,其数量占苹果病原物的93.4％.我国植物病理学家和菌物学家对苹果病害的病原学进行了长期研究,描述与记载了大量国外已报道的病原真菌和病原卵菌,也描述了一些国外尚...     

江苏常州地区农林甲虫调查初报

1991～2002年对江苏常州地区农林鞘翅目昆虫进行了调查,共采集到甲虫83种,隶属于16科69属,其中11种为江苏省新记录。同时记述了各种甲虫的学名和食性。     

中国柑橘菌物病原名录

我国是世界上最大的柑橘生产国,柑橘产业在我国农业生产中占有重要地位.菌物病害是制约我国柑橘产业效益的重要因素.在过去一百余年里,我国植物病理学家和菌物学家描述和记载了大量柑橘上的病原菌物.然而随着分子系统学在菌物分类鉴定中的广泛应用,以及菌物命名法规的变化,一些菌物的分类地位和拉丁学名发生了较大的变化.为了方便使用者了...     

NetiNeti: discovery of scientific names from text using machine learning methods

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: A scientific name for an organism can be associated with almost all biological data. Name identification is an important step in many text mining tasks aiming to extract useful information from biological, biomedical and biodiversity text sources. A scientific name acts as an important metadata element to link biological information. RESULTS: We present NetiNeti (Name Extraction from Textual Information-Name Extraction for Taxonomic Indexing), a machine learning based approach for recognition of scientific names including the discovery of new species names from text that will also handle misspellings, OCR errors and other variations in names. The system generates candidate names using rules for scientific names and applies probabilistic machine learning methods to classify names based on structural features of candidate names and features derived from their contexts. NetiNeti can also disambiguate scientific names from other names using the contextual information. We evaluated NetiNeti on legacy biodiversity texts and biomedical literature (MEDLINE). NetiNeti performs better (precision = 98.9 % and recall = 70.5 %) compared to a popular dictionary based approach (precision = 97.5 % and recall = 54.3 %) on a 600-page biodiversity book that was manually marked by an annotator. On a small set of PubMed Central's full text articles annotated with scientific names, the precision and recall values are 98.5 % and 96.2 % respectively. NetiNeti found more than 190,000 unique binomial and trinomial names in more than 1,880,000 PubMed records when used on the full MEDLINE database. NetiNeti also successfully identifies almost all of the new species names mentioned within web pages. Additionally, we present the comparison results of various machine learning algorithms on our annotated corpus. Naive Bayes and Maximum Entropy with Generalized Iterative Scaling (GIS) parameter estimation are the top two performing algorithms. CONCLUSIONS: We present NetiNeti, a machine learning based approach for identification and discovery of scientific names. The system implementing the approach can be accessed at http://namefinding.ubio.org.     

Taxonomy of the genera of the Myxobolus/Myxosoma group (Myxobolidae: Myxosporea), current listing of species and revision of synonyms

A revision of the genera Myxobolus and Myxosoma is presented. On the basis of Lom & Noble (1984), all species are designated as Myxobolus. A total of 444 species of Myxobolus, including three subspecies, are listed together with their hosts. All former Myxosoma species are assigned to the genus Myxobolus and those which were previously homonyms or synonyms have been assigned new names where valid. Synonyms and other species omitted from the definitive Myxobolus list are also given.     

浙江丽水园林花卉蚧壳虫初步调查

本文通过对浙江丽水市区园林花卉植物的蚧壳虫调查,表明有6科29属44种蚧壳虫为害53种植物寄主。文中列出各蚧壳虫的中名、学名、寄主、危害度等。     

中国药用真菌名录及部分名称的修订

近年来,我国对药用真菌的研究和利用越来越重视,相关报道逐年增加。针对有些种类鉴定有误、拉丁学名使用没有严格遵守最新国际植物命名法规、命名人缩写不规范等问题,作者系统考证了我国药用真菌的名称,共收录473种,对每种名称按新近的研究成果和最新命名法规(维也纳法规)进行了订正,对过去的错误报道或不存在的名称进行了修正,将曾报道的、但应作为其他种的同物异名者列在其正名之后,所有名称定名人的缩写全部按国际植物命名法规的要求加以规范化。每种名称之后还列举了该种的主要药用功能或价值,并引证了主要参考文献。     

Male polymorphism in some Old World species of Cryptocheilus Panzer (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae)

The hypothesis that males of certain species of the pompilid genus Cryptocheilus Panzer are polymorphic, first proposed by H. Wolf, is examined critically in the light of modern knowledge of the mating systems of Hymenoptera and the known biology of Cryptocheilus species. Speculations are made as to the likely selection pressures operating to produce this phenomenon; nine Old World species of Cryptocheilus are identified as probable examples. The taxonomic implications of the hypothesis are considered; one new generic and nine new specific synonymies are listed, and lectotypes are designated for three nominal species. Two names are retrieved from synonymy for species here recognized as valid. A key is provided for the extreme forms of the males of these species; more detailed treatment must await full revision of Cryptocheilus.