城市园林对本土传粉者中华蜜蜂的保护作用

【目的】蜜蜂等传粉昆虫是生态系统的关键种,其种群下降趋势是目前全球关注的热点问题,探讨传粉昆虫现状和保护途径具有重要实践意义。【方法】对四川地区城市园林里中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana进行调查,记录其拜访行为、蜜粉源植物和营巢生境特征,并观察主要植物的其他访花昆虫。【结果】城市园林中有大量开花植物,花期持续时间长,是蜜蜂可利用的食物资源;中华蜜蜂在城市中广泛活动,所调查城市都观测到采集蜂进行有效采集,在冬季中华蜜蜂蜂群也能正常活动;城市中其他访花昆虫以鳞翅目和双翅目为主,蝴蝶等会竞争食物资源,行为分析认为蜜蜂具有竞争优势;部分人工绿地和半自然生境可成为中华蜜蜂的营巢地。【结论】城市园林可为中华蜜蜂提供适宜的生存环境,建议改善城市景观和园林管理以更好地发挥园林生境的保护作用。     

城市园林生境冬季中华蜜蜂的活动规律和采集行为

蜜蜂等传粉昆虫是生物多样性的重要组成部分,关系植物繁殖和农业生产.为探讨城市园林在土著蜂种中华蜜蜂保护中的作用,对川南地区冬季中华蜜蜂的活动格局、访花行为和蜜粉源植物等进行观测.结果表明:工蜂在冬季适宜天气积极外出采集,活动持续时间长,出巢、回巢和未带粉采集蜂数量在14:00—15:00最多,呈双峰格局,而采粉蜂数量在11:00达到峰值,呈单峰格局,时间对蜜蜂活跃程度影响显著;蜂群对花蜜和花粉采集投入存在差异,只有近20%的采集蜂携带花粉;温湿度对蜜蜂活动具有一定影响;不同日期蜂群活动格局大体相似,但个别时段体现出差异.冬季园林生境中开花植物较少,但多种类群皆为可采集的蜜粉资源,中华蜜蜂通过调节其行为策略可实现有效采集;山茶等主要园林植物花上蜜蜂的拜访表现出较强规律性.可通过科学的园林管理增加冬季蜜粉资源,以利于营造中华蜜蜂的适宜生境和维持野外种群.     

澜沧江流域北部中华蜜蜂有毒蜂蜜孢粉学和营养生态位分析

为分析澜沧江流域北部人食用蜂蜜中毒的原因,于2013年6—9月份,对该区域蜜蜂和蜜源植物的分布情况进行了调查,观察蜜蜂采集有毒蜜源植物的行为,并进一步调查了蜜蜂巢内蜂蜜、蜂花粉的储存情况,采集了中华蜜蜂蜂蜜样品,进行蜂蜜孢粉学与营养生态位分析。该区域有大量采用传统方式进行人工饲养的中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana),及少量野生中华蜜蜂、黑色小蜜蜂(Apis audreniformis)、黑色大蜜蜂(Apis laboriosa smith)群体分布;人工饲养的中华蜜蜂蜂巢内部结构与野生中华蜜蜂蜂巢相似,为自然蜂巢,内有充足的蜜粉储存,部分蜂群蜂巢内虫害严重。该区域内主要蜜源植物为荞麦(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench),其他零星辅助蜜源较多,部分地点南烛(Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb)、昆明山海棠(Tripterygium hypoglaucum(Levl.)Hutch)连片集中分布。对中华蜜蜂蜂蜜进行孢粉学和营养生态位分析,结果表明:中华蜜蜂蜂蜜标本中含有有毒蜜源植物南烛、昆明山海棠花粉,部分样品中南烛、昆明山海棠的花粉含所占比例较高;中华蜜蜂的营养生态位宽度为0.22,比其他地区中华蜜蜂生态位指数小,推测澜沧江水电枢纽的修建等人为原因已对蜜蜂种类、蜜源植物的物种组成、群落结构造成了较大影响。     

基于蜂蜜孢粉学鉴定秦岭中华蜜蜂的蜜源木本植物

蜜源木本植物的鉴定能为中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana保护和利用提供依据.本研究从在秦岭地区收集的4份中华蜜蜂蜂蜜中分离出植物花粉,然后在扫描电镜下观察花粉形态,根据花粉大小、赤道面观、极面观、表面纹饰对花粉所属植物的种类进行鉴定.共鉴定出中华蜜蜂利用的蜜源木本植物13科,19属,20种.其中以壳斗科Fagaceae、忍冬科Caprifoliaceae最多,卫矛科Celastraceae、桦木科Betulaceae、蔷薇科Rosaceae次之.这些蜜源木本植物中有13种是药用植物.秦岭地区丰富的蜜源木本植物为中华蜜蜂的生存提供了食物资源;同时中华蜜蜂作为传粉昆虫,对维持秦岭地区蜜源植物的生存和生态系统稳定起着重要的作用.     

云南中华蜜蜂与意大利蜜蜂的蜂蜜孢粉学和营养生态位

2010-2011年分别在云南昆明和蒙自地区采集中华蜜蜂与意大利蜜蜂的蜂蜜样品,进行蜂蜜孢粉学与营养生态位分析.结果表明:中华蜜蜂蜂蜜绝对花粉浓度为1.55万个·g-1,显著高于意大利蜜蜂(1.01万个·g-1).中华蜜蜂采集的蜜源植物种类为12.9个,显著多于意大利蜜蜂(7.7个).说明意大利蜜蜂对蜜源植物的选择性更强,中华蜜蜂则能利用更多的蜜源植物资源.中华蜜蜂的营养生态位宽度为0.35,显著大于意大利蜜蜂(0.23).中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂之间的营养生态位重叠度为0.71,种间竞争系数为0.93,表明2种蜜蜂对食物资源的竞争激烈.     

澜沧江流域北部中华蜜蜂食源和营养生态位随海拔梯度的变化特征

为了解澜沧江流域北部中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)的分布,探究中华蜜蜂的食源和营养生态位沿海拔梯度的变化特征,调查了澜沧江流域北部各海拔区域中华蜜蜂的种群分布,运用蜂蜜孢粉学(melissopalynology)分析了各海拔区域中华蜜蜂蜂蜜中花粉的组成特征和变化规律,并综合分析了海拔、中华蜜蜂营养生态位和蜂蜜中花粉的相关性,探讨了自然环境与中华蜜蜂的分布,海拔梯度与蜜粉源植物、中华蜜蜂的食源和营养生态位的关系。结果表明:澜沧江流域北部中华蜜蜂的食源种类丰富,中华蜜蜂种群主要分布于2200—2800 m海拔区域。不同海拔区域中华蜜蜂采食花粉的种类和数量不同,中华蜜蜂种群分布多的海拔区域,蜂蜜中花粉的种类较多,但花粉数量相对少。随着海拔梯度升高,中华蜜蜂蜂蜜中花粉的数量表现为先降后增,而花粉的种类则表现为先增后降。不同海拔区域的中华蜜蜂营养生态位存在差异,推测各海拔区域蜜粉源植物分布、中华蜜蜂种内和种间授粉昆虫及食草动物等竞争因素不同,但各海拔梯度间的变化差异不显著。海拔与中华蜜蜂营养生态位呈正相关(r=0.051),相关性不显著;海拔与蜂蜜中花粉数量呈正相关(r=0.047),与蜂蜜中花粉种类呈正相关(r=0.144),相关性都不显著;中华蜜蜂营养生态位与蜂蜜中花粉的种类呈负相关(r=-0.305),相关性显著(P!0.05);与花粉的数量呈负相关(r=-0.064),相关性不显著。蜂蜜中花粉的数量与种类呈正相关(r=-0.303),且相关性显著(P!0.05)。     

蜜蜂幼虫血淋巴游离氨基酸和微量元素含量的差异对其抗螨特性的影响

重新界定的外寄生螨类---狄斯瓦螨Varroa destructor(Anderson and Trueman),严重危害全世界的西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera。但是对其原始寄主东方蜜蜂Apis cerana不构成可见的危害。在西方蜜蜂群中,狄斯瓦螨在雄蜂房和工蜂房都能进行繁殖。在其亚洲的原始寄主东方蜜蜂群中,它们可以寄生于雄蜂和工蜂,但在工蜂房中不育。蜜蜂的血淋巴是狄斯瓦螨生存和繁殖需要摄取的惟一食物来源,推测血淋巴中的某种物质含量会影响狄斯瓦螨的繁殖。对中华蜜蜂Apis ceranaFabricius和意大利蜜蜂ApismelliferaL.工蜂和雄蜂封盖幼虫血淋巴中游离氨基酸和与营养有关的微量元素含量进行了比较,发现其存在明显差异,并推测这些差异与东方蜜蜂抗螨能力强有关。     

中蜂的传粉作用研究

蜜蜂授粉在维持自然生态系统的平衡与发展过程中发挥着重要作用,也与农业生态系统中农作物的增产及品质提升有着密切联系.中蜂(中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana)是我国特有的蜜蜂遗传资源,广泛分布于除新疆以外的华南、中南、西南、西北、华北及东北等地区,野生资源丰富、民间饲养基础好,种群数量大,是本土开花植物的重要传...     

不同类型蜂箱对中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana Fabricius生产性能的影响

【目的】为了研究不同类型蜂箱对中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana Fabricius生产性能的影响。【方法】我们在综合考虑甘肃南部地区中华蜜蜂饲养模式、规模、当地环境等因素的基础上,选用标准蜂箱、原始蜂箱和生态蜂箱3种类型蜂箱在当地主要流蜜期进行蜂蜜生产试验。【结果】结果发现,蜂箱类型对蜂群的年产蜜量、存蜜量和取蜜次数存在显著影响(P<0.05),其中标准蜂箱在4个试验点的年产蜜量最高,原始蜂箱的存蜜量最高,而生态蜂箱在这2个指标上表现适中,标准蜂箱的年取蜜次数稍多。本研究中海拔和蜜源植物对蜂群生产性能没有明显影响。【结论】采用何种类型蜂箱进行中华蜜蜂养殖,应根据当地的环境状况、蜜源条件、文化及养蜂基础等多种因素综合考虑。     

中华蜜蜂急造王台的工蜂亲属优惠

人为使3群中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana cerana)失王而出现急造王台后,应用3个蜜蜂微卫星位点A14、A107和B124对蜂群、急造王台中的幼虫及其哺育蜂的亚家庭进行鉴别,以此来研究中华蜜蜂急造王台的工蜂亲属优惠.结果显示:在3个实验蜂群Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ中分别检测到11、13和14个亚家庭,各蜂群各亚家庭之间的工蜂分布差异不显著.然而各蜂群中急造王台却分别只出现在少数的3、4和5个亚家庭中,各亚家庭之间在王台出现率上存在极显著的差异.另外,各急造王台的所有哺育蜂并非只来自幼虫所在的亚家庭,而是分布在更多的亚家庭里,并且各亚家庭之间差异不显著.以上结果证明:中华蜜蜂急造王台时,在蜂王幼虫的选择过程中存在工蜂亲属优惠行为,但蜂王幼虫与它们的哺育工蜂之间并不存在工蜂亲属优惠     

Nectar and Pollen Sources for Honeybee （Apis cerana cerana Fabr.） in Qinglan Mangrove Area, Hainan Island, China

In the present study, nectar and pollen sources for honeybee （Apls cerana cerana Fabr.） were studied in Qlnglan mangrove area, Hainan Island, China, based on microscopic analysis of honey and pollen load （corblcular and gut contents） from honeybees collected In October and November 2004. Qualitative and quantitative melittopalynologlcal analysis of the natural honey sample showed that the honey is of unlfloral type with Mimosa pudlca L. （Mlmosaceae） as the predominant （89.14%） source of nectar and pollen for A. cerana cerana In October. Members of Araceae are an Important minor （3%-15%） pollen type, whereas those of Arecaceae are a minor （〈3%） pollen type. Pollen grains of Nypa fruticans Wurmb., Rhlzophora spp., Excoecarla agallocha L., Lumnitzera spp., Brugulera spp., Kandella candel Druce, and Ceriops tagal （Perr.） C. B. Rob. are among the notable mangrove texa growing In Qinglan mangrove area recorded as minor taxa In the honey. The absolute pollen count （I.e. the number of pollen grains/10 g honey sample） suggests that the honey belongs to Group V （〉1 000 000）. Pollen analysis from the corblcular and gut contents of A. cerana cerana revealed the highest representation （95.60%） of members of Sonneratia spp. （Sonneratlaceae）, followed by Bruguiera spp. （Rhizophoraceae）, Euphorblaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Araceae, Anacardlaceae, and Rublaceae. Of these plants, those belonging to Sonneratla plants are the most Important nectar and pollen sources for A. cerana cerana and are frequently foraged and pollinated by these bees in November.     

皖南山区不同生态条件下中华蜜蜂形态特征差异性

为了分析皖南山区中华蜜蜂的生态适应性,对皖南山区5个不同采样点的15群中华蜜蜂450只工蜂的8个形态特征进行测定,对测定的性状特征数据进行数学分析和差异显著性检验,结果是,5个釆样点间的喙长、右前翅长、第三节背板宽、第三节背板颜色、第四节背板宽和第四节背板颜色差异显著。皖南山区中华蜜蜂的前翅长与宽均较大,第3+4背板长也较大,说明皖南中蜂飞翔能力强,采集能力强;背板长反映蜜囊的大小,蜜囊越大,贮存花蜜越多,蜂群进蜜就越快,从形态上说明皖南中蜂是较理想的蜜蜂种群。皖南中蜂种群内遗传变异丰富,种群形态性状的多态性、多型性及其生态地理变异式样,具有生态适应意义。     

A Four-Year Field Program Investigating Long-Term Effects of Repeated Exposure of Honey Bee Colonies to Flowering Crops Treated with Thiamethoxam

Neonicotinoid residues in nectar and pollen from crop plants have been implicated as one of the potential factors causing the declines of honey bee populations. Median residues of thiamethoxam in pollen collected from honey bees after foraging on flowering seed treated maize were found to be between 1 and 7 µg/kg, median residues of the metabolite CGA322704 (clothianidin) in the pollen were between 1 and 4 µg/kg. In oilseed rape, median residues of thiamethoxam found in pollen collected from bees were between <1 and 3.5 µg/kg and in nectar from foraging bees were between 0.65 and 2.4 µg/kg. Median residues of CGA322704 in pollen and nectar in the oilseed rape trials were all below the limit of quantification (1 µg/kg). Residues in the hive were even lower in both the maize and oilseed rape trials, being at or below the level of detection of 1 µg/kg for bee bread in the hive and at or below the level of detection of 0.5 µg/kg for hive nectar, honey and royal jelly samples. The long-term risk to honey bee colonies in the field was also investigated, including the sensitive overwintering stage, from four years consecutive single treatment crop exposures to flowering maize and oilseed rape grown from thiamethoxam treated seeds at rates recommended for insect control. Throughout the study, mortality, foraging behavior, colony strength, colony weight, brood development and food storage levels were similar between treatment and control colonies. Detailed examination of brood development throughout the year demonstrated that colonies exposed to the treated crop were able to successfully overwinter and had a similar health status to the control colonies in the following spring. We conclude that these data demonstrate there is a low risk to honey bees from systemic residues in nectar and pollen following the use of thiamethoxam as a seed treatment on oilseed rape and maize.     

Dependence of Asian honeybee on deciduous woody plants for pollen resource during spring to mid‐summer in northern Japan

Apis cerana japonica Radoszkowski, endemic to Japan, is known to be one of the most important pollinators for wild plants and crops, such as buckwheat, in cool to warm temperate Japan. To determine the degree of dependence of A. cerana japonica on forest resources, we analyzed pollen brought back to nests in a typical “Satoyama” landscape with relatively high deciduous forest coverage in northern Japan. We divided the landscape elements of the study area into three types: deciduous forest, conifer plantation and open land according to landcover digital data, and each pollen taxon was assigned to one of these three types of landscape elements. We collected total pollen loads of 15.75 g (total of colonies A and B) in May (spring), 1.57 g (total of colonies A and C) in June (early summer), 19.03 g (total of colonies A, B and C) in July (mid‐summer) and 45.61 g (total of colonies A, B and D) in September (autumn). Deciduous forests are the most important foraging habitats for A. cerana japonica in the “Satoyama” landscape especially from spring to mid‐summer when mass flowering of tall trees and shrubs species provides rich floral resources for developing bee colonies. On the other hand, the bees frequently foraged from herbaceous plant species in autumn when flowering of tree species reduces and herbaceous plant species have flowering peaks. In turn, the bees provide pollination services to a number of wild flowers blooming in various forest layers ranging from the canopy to the understory layer.     

Maize pollen foraging by honey bees in relation to crop area and landscape context

The increasing demand for insect pollinated crops and high recent losses of honey bee colonies raise concerns about food security. Systemic insecticides are recognized as one of the drivers of worldwide honey and wild bee declines. Particularly honey bees in agricultural environments are exposed to pesticides when they collect crop pollen and nectar. However, landscape scale studies which analyze pollen use and foraging distances of honey bees on mass-flowering crops like maize to evaluate potential exposure risks are currently lacking. In an experimental approach on a landscape scale we took advantage of intra-colonial dance communication to gather information about the location of utilized pollen resources. During maize flowering, four observation hives were placed in and rotated between 11 different landscapes which covered a gradient from low to high maize acreage. A higher frequency of dances for foraging locations on maize fields compared to other land use types shows that maize is an intensively used pollen resource for honey bee colonies. Mean foraging distances were significantly shorter for maize pollen than for other pollen origins. The percentage of maize pollen foragers did not increase with maize acreage in the landscape. The proportion of grassland area providing alternative pollen sources did not reduce the percentage of maize pollen foragers. Our findings allow estimating the distance-related exposure risk of honey bee colonies to pollen from surrounding maize fields treated with systemic insecticides. Similarly, the results can be used to estimate the exposure to transgenic maize pollen, which is relevant for honey production in European countries. Provision of alternative pollen resources within agri-environmental schemes could potentially reduce exposure risk to pesticide contaminated crop pollen.     

中华蜜蜂Malvolio基因 Acmvl 的克隆及组织表达分析

【目的】本研究克隆了中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana Malvolio (Mvl)基因的cDNA序列,分析了其编码蛋白的结构特点,并探讨其mRNA在内勤蜂、采蜜蜂和采粉蜂各部位组织中的表达差异,以期为该基因的生物学功能研究提供参考。【方法】利用RT-PCR技术从中华蜜蜂内勤蜂头部组织中扩增和克隆获得Acmvl的全长序列,并采用多种生物信息学软件分析Acmvl蛋白的结构特征;采用Real-time PCR对中华蜜蜂Acmvl在内勤蜂、采蜜蜂和采粉蜂各组织中的表达特征进行分析。【结果】Acmvl基因cDNA全长为2 130 bp（GenBank登录号：KP662686）,编码587个氨基酸,预测该蛋白分子量为65.86 kD,等电点为6.03,无信号肽,存在11个跨膜结构域、9个糖基化位点和14个潜在磷酸化位点;系统发育树分析结果显示,中华蜜蜂Acmvl与其他膜翅目昆虫Malvolio聚为一支,与小鼠Mus musculus和人Homo sapiens Nramp家族的Nramp2聚为另一大分支,且与小鼠、水稻 Oryza sativa 、黑腹果蝇 Drosophila melanogaster 和酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae的Nramp家族同源体在跨膜区、跨膜区带电残基及转运蛋白特征结构域上有很高的保守性,尤其是与Nramp2。Acmvl 基因在中华蜜蜂各部位组织中均有表达,但高表达于内勤蜂的胸部及采蜜蜂和采粉蜂的腹部和足部,提示该基因表达的差异影响采集行为。【结论】Acmvl 属于Nramp基因家族,可能为Nramp2的同源基因,该基因影响采集行为可能与转运Cu²⁺, Mn²⁺和Fe²⁺（尤其是Fe²⁺）有关。