Monomorphism of isozyme loci in natural and cultivated amaranth (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Amaranthus</Emphasis> L.) populations

Electrophoretic spectra of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), and malic enzyme (ME) in different amaranth populations has been studied using a starch gel electrophoresis. 93 populations and 4 cultivars of amaranth have been analyzed. Some populations have been proved to be polymorphic that provided a possibility of a genetic control of the above-mentioned enzymes. The isozyme variability of the studied amaranth populations is low; all studied loci are found to be monomorphic for 73 populations and 4 cultivars. Some populations demonstrate a polymorphism in separate loci (Adh, Mdh 2, Gdh, Idh 1, Idh 2, and Mod 2). The obtained results evidence the presence of a genetic monomorphism in amaranth concerning the loci studied.     

Isozyme analysis in a genetic collection of amaranths (Amaranthus L)

In various populations of the cultivated and weedy amaranth species, the electrophoretic patterns of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and malic enzyme (Me) were studied. In total, 52 populations and two varieties (Cherginskii and Valentina) have been examined. Allozyme variation of this material was low. Irrespective of species affiliation, 26 populations and two varieties were monomorphic for five enzymes; a slight polymorphism of three, two, and one enzymes was revealed in three, nine, and fourteen populations, respectively. A single amaranth locus, Adh, with two alleles, Adh F and Adh S, controls amaranth ADH. Two alleles, common Gdh S and rare Gdh F, control GDH; no heterozygotes at this locus were found. The MDH pattern has two, the fast- and slow-migrating, zones of activity (I and II, respectively). Under the given electrophoresis conditions, the fast zone is diffuse, whereas slow zone is controlled by two nonallelic genes, monomorphic Mdh 1 and polymorphic Mdh 2 that includes three alleles: Mdh 2-F, Mdh 2-N, and Mdh 2-S. Low polymorphism of IDH and Me was also found, though their genetic control remains unknown.     

泡沙参同工酶基因位点的遗传分析

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术 ,对来自天然群体 (居群 )的泡沙参 (Adenophora potaninii Korsh.)及其人工杂交子代进行了 8种同工酶的电泳检测和谱带遗传分析 ,以确定编码这些酶系统的基因位点和等位基因。选用 4种不同的凝胶缓冲系统 ,对下列不同酶系统进行了酶谱的遗传分析 :天冬氨酸转氨酶 (AAT)、酯酶 (EST)、甲酸脱氢酶 (FDH)、谷氨酸脱氢酶 (GDH)、异柠檬酸脱氢酶 (IDH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、苹果酸酶 (ME)和超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)。结果表明 ,这 8种酶系统至少由 1 8个基因位点编码 ,其中 1 2个位点为遗传稳定的等位酶位点 ,是可靠的遗传标记。酶谱的分离式样表明 ,EST为单聚体结构 ,AAT、FDH、IDH、SOD为二聚体结构 ,GDH为六聚体结构。最后对同工酶的器官和发育特异性以及同工酶基因位点的遗传分析进行了讨论     

Numerical analysis of allozyme variation inCucurbita pepo

Cucurbita pepo, represented by cultivated forms of squash, pumpkins, and ornamental gourds, is a morphologically diverse species. Although several classifications of the cultivars have been proposed, none has been fully accepted. In an attempt to clarify the systematics of theC. pepo cultivars, allozyme variation was assayed. Twelve loci representing 6 enzyme systems (GOT, IDH, MDH, PER, PGI, and PGM) were screened. Seven of the loci were polymorphic. Electrophoretic data were collected for 50 accessions representing 14 commercial cultivars and a landrace from Mexico. Statistical analyses of the allozyme data revealed a biochemical basis for characterizing cultivars that agrees with morphology. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis revealed a major subdivision within the species above the level of cultivars. Genetic identities among groups of cultivars were much lower than those usually found among conspecific populations for outcrossing plants, possibly reflecting the influences of populational subdivision, drift, and selection particular toC. pepo.     

Isozyme Analysis in a Genetic Collection of Amaranths (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Amaranthus</Emphasis> L.)

In various populations of the cultivated and weedy amaranth species, the electrophoretic patterns of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and malic enzyme (Me) were studied. In total, 52 populations and two varieties (Cherginskii and Valentina) have been examined. Allozyme variation of this material was low. Irrespective of species affiliation, 26 populations and two varieties were monomorphic for five enzymes; a slight polymorphism of three, two, and one enzymes was revealed in three, nine, and fourteen populations, respectively. A single amaranth locus, Adh, with two alleles, Adh F and Adh S, controls amaranth ADH. Two alleles, common Gdh S and rare Gdh F, control GDH; no heterozygotes at this locus were found. The MDH pattern has two, the fast- and slow-migrating, zones of activity (I and II, respectively). Under the given electrophoresis conditions, the fast zone is diffuse, whereas slow zone is controlled by two nonallelic genes, monomorphic Mdh 1 and polymorphic Mdh 2 that includes three alleles: Mdh 2-F, Mdh 2-N, and Mdh 2-S. Low polymorphism of IDH and Me was also found, though their genetic control remains unknown.     

马铃薯叶甲属六个种的等位基因酶变异

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定了马铃薯叶甲属(Leptinotarsa)六个种:马铃薯叶甲(L. decemlinecta)、胡颓子叶茄叶甲(L. texana)、柔毛茄叶甲(L. rubiginosa)、膜苞菊叶甲(L. lineolata)、蒺藜叶甲(L. peninsularis)和蒺藜四条叶甲(L. tlascalana)的等位基因酶变异.分析了14种同工酶(ACPH、ADH、AMY、FUM、GDH、GOT、IDH、HBDH、LAP、MDH、ME、PGM、SORDH和XDH)的17个座位.其中单型座位有9个,多型座位有8个,后者占47.1%.六个种的平均杂合度为0.091.其中最高的是膜苞菊叶甲0.154;最低的是蒺藜四条叶甲0.042.六个种彼此之间的遗传距(D)在0.129—0.573之间,说明这六个种的亲缘关系是很密切的.     

甘蔗绵蚜不同地理种群异柠檬酸脱氢酶（IDH）的多样性

用等位酶分析方法对三个用药背景不同的甘蔗绵蚜地理种群在9种酶（EST,G3PD,HEX,IDH,LDH,MDH,ME,PGI和PCM）上的遗传组成进行检测。结果显示：甘蔗绵蚜在9种酶共检测到9个等位酶位点,仅IDH位点具有多态性。在多态性的IDH位点共检测到3个等位基因,其中连续两年未曾用药的两院种群和用药较少的木棠种群均具有三个等位基因（a,b和c）,而用药次数最多的临高种群仅存在两个等位基因（a和b）。等位基因a的频率从两院种群到临高种群逐渐升高,而等位基因b的频率却逐渐降低。说明IDH在甘蔗绵蚜的种群遗传进化过程中起着重要作用,杀虫剂的选择压力可能对甘蔗绵蚜地理种群的遗传结构具有分化作用,同时也说明IDH在甘蔗绵蚜对杀虫剂的抗性产生中具有重要作用。IDH-a频率的升高,可能导致甘蔗绵蚜对杀虫剂产生抗性,可通过检测IDH位点等位基因频率的变化来监测甘蔗绵蚜对杀虫剂的抗性。     

Phenotypic polymorphism and allele differentiation of isozymes in fodder beet,multigerm sugar beet and monogerm sugar beet

Summary Thirteen enzymes (MDH, SDH, LAP, PGM, PX, IDH, GPI, 6PGD, APH, GOT, GDH, ME and SOD) of 3 cultivated beet (B. vulgaris L.) gene pools, comprising 12 accessions of fodder beet, 11 of old multigerm sugar beet and 10 of modern monogerm sugar beet, were investigated using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Eleven accessions of primitive or wild B. vulgaris were also included for the comparison of isozymes. Variation in isozyme phenotypes was investigated to detect diversity in the three cultivated forms of beet. Phenotypic variation was observed in all except ME and SOD, which were monomorphic. A high degree of phenotypic polymorphism (Pj) was found in GDH, PGM, IDH, APH and MDH. Differences in phenotypic polymorphism in MDH, GPI and PX were recognized between fodder beet and both sugar beet groups. Average polymorphism for 13 enzymes in both sugar beets was significantly higher than that in fodder beet. For 13 enzymes, the existence of high isozyme diversity in both sugar beet gene pools was revealed. Allele frequencies in 13 alleles of five enzyme-coding loci, Lap, Px-1, Aph-1, Got-2 and Gdh-2, were investigated. New alleles, Px-1 ¹ and Got-2 ¹, were found in fodder beet accessions. No significant differences of average allele frequencies of five loci between fodder beet and both sugar beets were recognized. Several unique alleles and different isozyme phenotypes were observed in the accessions of B. vulgaris ssp. macrocarpa and ssp. adanensis. Future utilization of cultivated beet gene pools for sugar beet breeding is discussed from the viewpoint of genetic resources.     

Inheritance and linkage of isozymes in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)

Eight polymorphic isozyme loci, 6PGD, G6PD, MDH, PGM, SKDH, FDP, GOT and IDH, in sweet cherry where found to be in one linkage group, with a ninth isozyme locus, GPI, being in another linkage group on a different chromosome. Isozymes were also linked to the incompatibility S locus and this explained the disturbed segregation ratios observed in the first generation from controlled hybridisations between different sweet cherry cultivars. Analysis revealed close linkage between the isozyme and S loci. The results supported a pre-existing theory that the S gene in cherry consists of three linked segments each coding for a different function. Progeny derived from selfing of Stella, the self-fertile cherry cultivar, also showed disturbed segregation ratios and an absence of homozygotes for the isozyme loci assayed. This demonstrated that codominant inheritance of the S alleles had not been effected by the self-fertile mutation.     

Genetic Analysis of Isozyme Loci in Adenophora potaninii Korsh.

Enzyme polymorphism in Adenophora potaninii Korsh. was investigated using vertical slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Genetic analysis of the population samples and the progeny of intraspecific crosses allowed the verification of the isozyme loci from eight enzyme systems. The system studies included aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), esterase (EST). formate dehydrogenase (FDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malic enzyme (ME) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The results indicated that the eight enzyme systems are specified by at least 18 loci, 12 of which behaved as al|ozyme loci. Zymogram patterns showed that EST is monomeric and GDH is hexameric. AAT, FDH, IDH and SOD are apparently dimeric. The tissue and developmental variability are also discussed along with the genetic analysis of isozymes.     

Electrophoretic polymorphism and sexual dimorphism in the freshwater and anadromous threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) of the Little Campbell River,British Columbia

We used single-family crosses to confirm the Mendelian interpretation of allozyme variation and to examine linkage relationships at five polymorphic loci in freshwater and anadromous threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from the Little Campbell River, British Columbia. The electrophoretic pattern of a sixth locus, mitochondrial NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), was found to be sexually dimorphic but otherwise invariant in sticklebacks. This raised the possibility of a sex-linked Idh locus. No differences in IDH quantity or substrate affinities (apparent Km values) were detected between male and female sticklebacks. The electrophoretic pattern of IDH expression was not changed in sticklebacks in which sexual development was altered by hormonal treatment.     

Genetic polymorphism of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb) in middle Siberia

Based on the analysis of 22 loci controlling allozyme variation of MDH, SKDH, 6-PGD, IDH, PEPCA, GOT, FDH, LAP, PGI, PGM, SOD, and GDH, the data on within- and among-population variation for nine cenopopulations of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) located along the Yenisei meridian, from 65 degrees 50' NL to 52degrees 14' NL, were obtained. It was demonstrated that 86.36% of the loci, tested in the species analyzed, were polymorphic. The mean number of alleles per locus was 2.91, and the observed and expected heterozygosity constituted 0.161 and 0.168, respectively. More than 97% of total variation occurred within the populations, while the proportion of the among-population variation constituted only 2.3% (Fst =0.0230). Genetic distance (DN) between the populations examined varied from 0.0019 to 0.0115, averaging at 0.0051. It was shown that in the part of the Siberian spruce range examined there was no close association between the level of the genetic differentiation of the populations and the geographic distance between them. It seems likely, that this finding can be associated with the fact that Siberian spruce, growing on this territory, is the intrazonal species, i.e., it is not attached to a certain forest zone, and its distribution is mostly determined by local ecological conditions.     

苍术（Atractybeslancea（Thunb．）DC．）种内遗传多样性分析

分析了苍术（Ａｔｒａｃｔｙｌｏｄｅｓｌａｎｄｅａ（Ｔｈｕｎｂ．）ＤＣ．）５种等位酶（ＭＤＨ,ＧＤＨ,ＰＰＯ,ＳＯＤ,ＰＥＲ）１２个位点上２５个等位基因的分化特征。结果表明：群体内多态位点比例平均为０．６１,每个位点的平均杂合率为０．２６,每个位点发现的平均等位基因数为１．７８。苍术种内基因多样性的８６％产生在群体内,群体间分化的明显效果为１４％。所有配对组合,群体间的平均遗传距离是０．１１,遗传同一性是０．９０。说明苍术种内变异很大。同时探讨茅苍术的分类位置,认为茅苍术不是苍术和白术的杂交种。     

Allozyme polymorphism and phylogenetic relationships in Apis mellifera subspecies selectively reared in Poland and Bulgaria

The genetic variability of honey bee populations of three subspecies selectively reared in Poland (A. m. carnica and A. m. caucasica) and Bulgaria (A. m. macedonica-type rodopica) was studied using isoenzyme analysis of six enzyme systems (MDH-1, ME, EST-3, ALP, PGM and HK) corresponding to 6 loci. All loci were found to be polymorphic in the studied populations. Three alleles were detected at each locus: MHD-1 (MDH65, MDH80 and MDH100), Me (ME90, ME100 and ME106), EST-3 (EST94, EST100 and EST118), ALP (ALP80 ALP90 and ALP100), PGM (PGM80, PGM100 and PGM114) and HK (HK87, HK100 and HK110). The observed and expected heterozygosities (Ho and He) ranged from 0.196 (A. m. macedonica SM) to 0.265 (A. m. carnica MV) and from 0.224 (A. m. macedonica SM) to 0.273 (A. m. carnica GR), respectively. Allele frequencies of all loci were used to estimate Nei's (1972) genetic distance, which was found to range from 0.003 (between A. m. macedonica TR and SM and between A. m. carnica GR and MV populations) to 0.057 (between A. m. macedonica SM and A. m. caucasica populations). The estimated mean F(ST) value from allozyme data was 0.0364. A UPGMA dendrogram was obtained by genetic distance matrix methods; A. m. macedonica (type rodopica), A. m. carnica and A. m. caucasica populations represented different clades.     

GENETIC EVIDENCE FOR DIPLOIDY IN EQUISETUM

Sporophytes and gametophytes of Equisetum arvense, E. laevigatum, and E. telmateia were analyzed using enzyme electrophoresis to estimate isozyme number. Despite their uniformly high chromosome numbers (2n = 216), these three species exhibited isozyme numbers typical of diploid seed plants for the enzymes AAT, ADH, ALD, GDH, [NADP]IDH, LAP, MDH, [NADP]ME, PGI, PGM, SkDH, and 6PGDH. All three species exhibited an additional isozyme for TPI. There is, therefore, no genetic evidence for low base numbers such as x = 9 and x = 12 suggested for Equisetum. Intact chloroplasts were isolated from E. arvense and the chloroplast extract compared electrophoretically to whole plant extracts. The single enzymes observed for LAP, GDH, [NADP]IDH, and [NADP]ME were absent from the chloroplast extract. Isozymes AAT-1, ALD-2, MDH-3, PGI-1, PGM-2, SkDH-2, 6PGDH-2, TPI-2, and TPI-3 were active in the chloroplast fraction; 6PGDH-1, PGI-2, PGM-1, and TPI-1 were lacking from the chloroplast fraction and were considered cytosolic. Isozymes AAT-2, MDH-1, MDH-2, MDH-4, and SkDH-1 were also lacking from the chloroplast fraction but because AAT, MDH, and SkDH have been reported from several subcellular compartments, their localization is unknown. These findings indicate that isozymes in Equisetum species are subcellularly compartmentalized as has also been demonstrated for homosporous ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.     

Genetic diversity of isoenzymes in mountain pine (Pinus mugo Turra) in natural populations in the Ukrainian Carpathian mountains

Electrophoretic spectra of GOT, GDH, DIA, MDH, SOD, FDH, ADH, ACP, IDH enzymes in the megagametophytes of seeds of 69 mountain pine (Pinus mugo Turra) trees from natural populations of the Ukrainian Carpathian mountains have been described. 19 loci products had efficient electrophoretic separation. The analysis of alleles segregation of the heterozygous trees on the whole confirms monogenic inheritance of the discovered variants.     

Allozyme polymorphism of Swiss stone pine Pinus cembra L. in mountainous populations of the Alps and the Eastern Carpathians

Swiss stone pine Pinus cembra L. is a species with fragmented range, occurring in the Alpine-East Carpathian mountain system. Seeds of P. cembra are dispersed by nutcrackers, which offers potential possibilities for gene exchange among populations. Using isozyme analysis, we have examined five samples from two parts of the Swiss stone pine range: the Alps (Switzerland and Austria) and the Carpathians (two samples from the northern macroslope of the Gorgany Ridge, Eastern Carpathians, Ivano-Frankovsk oblast and one sample from Trans-Carpathian oblast of Ukraine). The allele frequencies of 30 isozyme loci, coding for enzymes ADH, FDH, FEST, GDH, GOT, IDH, LAP, MNR, MDH, PEPCA, 6PGD, PGI, PGM, SDH, SKDH, SOD, were analyzed using cluster analysis and methods of principal components. Two clusters, corresponding to the isolated Alpine and Carpathian parts of the range, were found. The main contribution to these differences were made by loci Adh-1, Adh-2, Fest-2, Lap-3, Mdh-4, and Sod-4. The interpopulation differentiation proved to be somewhat higher than that typical for pines (F(ST) = 7.4%), but within the limits characteristic for taxonomically close species. Thus, isolation of the populations did not lead to their marked differentiation, which may be explained by gene flow and balancing selection, which equalizes gene frequencies across the fragmented species area. Interlocus F(ST) heterogeneity (from 0.003 to 0.173) suggests adaptive significance of some of the allozyme polymorphisms or linkage of some loci with adaptive genes. The Carpathian populations were shown to have higher gene diversity than the Alpine ones (expected heterozygosities 0.095-0.114 and 0.060-0.080, respectively). A deficit of heterozygotes (as compared to the Hardy-Weinberg proportions), observed in the embryo sample, was probably explained by inbreeding. The reduction in the area of Carpathian pine forests in Holocene, caused by the global climatic changes and the anthropogenic impact, is hazardous for the gene pool of the species. The maintenance of genetic uniqueness of both Carpathian populations of P. cembra in general, and individual stands in particular, requires special measures for protection of Swiss stone pine in the Eastern Carpathians.     

Biochemical comparison of two Hypostomus populations (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) from the Atlântico Stream of the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil

Two syntopic morphotypes of the genus Hypostomus - H. nigromaculatus and H. cf. nigromaculatus (Atlantico Stream, Paraná State) - were compared through the allozyme electrophoresis technique. Twelve enzymatic systems (AAT, ADH, EST, GCDH, G3PDH, GPI, IDH, LDH, MDH, ME, PGM and SOD) were analyzed, attributing the score of 20 loci, with a total of 30 alleles. Six loci were diagnostic (Aat-2, Gcdh-1, Gpi-A, Idh-1, Ldh-A and Mdh-A), indicating the presence of interjacent reproductive isolation. The occurrence of few polymorphic loci acknowledge two morphotypes, with heterozygosity values He = 0.0291 for H. nigromaculatus and He = 0.0346 for H. cf. nigromaculatus. F(IS) statistics demonstrated fixation of the alleles in the two morphotypes. Genetic identity (I) and distance (D) of Nei (1978) values were I = 0.6515 and D = 0.4285. The data indicate that these two morphotypes from the Atlantico Stream belong to different species.     

Genetic polymorphism of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) in Middle Siberia

Based on the analysis of 22 loci controlling allozyme variation of MDH, SKDH, 6-PGD, IDH, PEPCA, GOT, FDH, LAP, PGI, PGM, SOD, and GDH, the data on within-and among-population variation for nine cenopopulations of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) located along the Yenisei mieridian, from 65°50′ NL to 52°14′NL, were obtained. It was demonstrated that 86.36% of the loci, tested in the species analyzed, were polymorphic. The mean number of alleles per locus was 2.91, and the observed and expected heterozygosity constituted 0.161 and 0.168, respectively. More than 97% of total variation occurred within the populations, while the proportion of the among-population variation constituted only 2.3% (F _st =0.0230). Genetic distance (D _N) between the populations examined varied from 0.0019 to 0.0115, averaging at 0.0051. It was shown that in the part of the Siberian spruce range examined there was no close association between the level of the genetic differentiation of the populations and the geographic distance between them. It seems likely, that this finding can be associated with the fact that Siberian spruce, growing on this territory, is the intrazonal species, i.e., it is not attached to a certain forest zone, and its distribution is mostly determined by local ecological conditions.     

Assessing the allozyme variation in cultivars and Swedish landraces of rye (Secale cereale L.)

Genetic interpretation and diversity of 9 isozyme loci have been estimated in 7 improved varieties and 19 landraces from Sweden by means of starch gel electrophoresis. The isozyme systems were ACO, DIA, GPI, MDH, PGD and PGM. For the statistic analysis we used the following measures: average number of alleles per locus, percentage of polymorphic loci, average heterozygosity direct count and average heterozygosity Hardy-Weinberg expected unbiased estimate. The measures were made on species and population levels. The distribution of the total genetic diversity among populations was also calculated. To illustrate the genetic relationships among populations, genetic distances were measured and principal component analysis performed. As expected in a cross-pollinated crop we found high genetic diversity and a larger variation within than among the populations. Somewhat unexpectedly, however, we found that the currently used varieties have the same high level of heterozygosity as the landraces but in the dendrogram the two groups are separated. The dendrogram showed three main clusters. The large cluster included 21 populations and the two small clusters were clearly distinguishable from the rest. The landrace spring-type could not be separated from the landraces winter-type, but we did detect a difference between different spring types. A few populations had unique alleles for certain loci.