哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林林窗特征研究

本研究以哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林为研究对象,分析了该植被群落林窗的大小结构及干扰形成等空间特征。研究表明,林窗大小取决于林窗形成方式和形成木的种类、大小。实际林窗面积远小于扩展林窗面积,前者的平均面积仅约为后者的33．2％。在数量上,实际林窗和扩展林窗的面积分布均呈以上小林窗为主的偏态分布。但在总的林窗面积比例上,大林窗的所占的面积比更大。实际林窗中,100—200m2的林窗所占面积比达66．4％。扩展林窗中,200—300m2和400—500m2大小的面积比分别为33．1％和20．6％。由于该地区冬季强劲的风力,林窗形成方式以根倒和折干,分虽占形成木总数的35％和28％。风力是哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林林窗形成的主要外部驱动力。多数林窗由1—3株形成木造成的。林窗形成木的种类绝大多数为变色锥、木果柯和硬壳柯三种群范上层的优势树种。这三个树种约占林窗形成木的78％。因此,对于林窗发生这种中小尺度干扰事件,群落上层的成势树种起着决定性的影响作用。其它冠层水平的乔木(如亚冠层)的扰动也可以产生林窗,但所占比例很小。林窗形成木的径级呈明显的偏正态分布,且以21-40、41-60和61-80cm的径级最为普遍,分别占总数的31．6％、20．0％和18．3％。这种径级的偏正态分布于林窗面积偏态分布十分吻合,表明形成木的径级大小与所产生的林窗的面积大小呈正比。     

常绿阔叶林内和林窗中栲树的种子萌发和幼苗生长

对浙江天童地区常绿阔叶林林窗和林内两种生境下人工播埋的栲树（Castanopsis fargesii）种子的萌发和当年幼苗的生长进行了研究。在林窗和林内两种生境的栲树种子（单粒重约0.5-0.6g）的萌发率没有明显的差异,分别为31.7±7.1％和33.3±2.l％,一年龄幼苗的平均株高在生长季末分别为 6.56±1.2cm和 5.88±1.09cm,两者有明显差异,而平均叶长、平均叶宽以及平均根长等指标没有差异;幼苗的生物量也没有明显差异。但一年龄幼苗在生长过程中,其生物量分配有所变化,在林窗条件下,幼苗逐渐将较多的生物量分配于根,而林内幼苗则逐渐将生物量较多地分配于叶,生物量的分配反映出幼苗在不同生境下的适应性特征。     

瓦屋山中亚热带湿性常绿阔叶林的林窗形成特征

调查了瓦屋山原生和次生的中亚热带性常绿阔叶林的林窗形成特征,并对林窗形成特征,林窗制造者的死亡方式和原因进行了探讨,结果表明,次生常绿阔叶林林窗面积均＜10m^2,1hm^2仅9个,林下更新不明显,原生林林窗密度为1hm^215个,＜40m^2的林窗占56％,＞100m^2的林窗只有4个,林窗平均面积59m^2,扩展林窗平均面积105m^2,林窗和扩展林窗总面积占被调查林分的比例分别为11．1％和19．8％,林窗大小分布表现出负指数分布,即小林窗多,大林窗少,林窗形状的变异较大,大多数因边界木的多少而成不规则的多边形,大多数林窗是多个林木死亡事件的结果,因而大多数林窗有两个或两个以上的林窗制造者,各林窗年龄大多数在10a以上,最近形成的林窗极少,估计林窗表成率是0.01.a^-1,采用样地投影调查方法可提高测定精度,便于不同调查林分结果的有效比较,常绿阔叶林林窗形成原因较为复杂,小径木的死亡是竞争被压所致,而大径的较高冠层木的死亡则可能是树木生长发育以及与地形,风等自然因子相互作用的结果。     

哀牢山湿性常绿阔叶林及不同类型次生植被的幼苗更新特征

采用"空间代替时间"的方法,对云南哀牢山徐家坝地区湿性常绿阔叶林及不同类型次生植被中木本植物幼苗的种类组成、数量及更新方式等进行了调查.结果表明:在所有调查样地中,共记录到木本植物幼苗46种,其中乔木31种、灌木15种.荒草地、滇山杨林、栎类萌生林、原生林4种不同植被类型的幼苗密度分别是(421.9±59.5)、(34.4±8.1)、(31.6±7.2)、(18.5±6.6)株·25 m-2.随着演替的进行,灌木的比例逐渐减小,乔木的比例则逐渐增加.在森林恢复演替过程中,处于演替初期的荒草地灌木萌生更新占优势,到了演替后期则以乔木萌生幼苗更新为主.随着群落演替进程的增加,幼苗密度逐渐减少,幼苗生活型和木本植物的幼苗更新方式均发生变化.     

干扰对辽东山区次生林植物多样性的影响

依据林分距离居民区和一、二级道路的远近以及郁闭度与受害乔木株数百分比,将人为干扰和自然干扰各划分为低度干扰、中度干扰和高度干扰3个水平.在此基础上,调查分析了干扰对辽东山区次生林植物多样性的影响,初步探讨了人为干扰和自然干扰影响的差异.结果表明,在不考虑次生林类型的前提下,受中度水平人为干扰的次生林总体多样性高于其它两个水平,从低水平干扰到高水平干扰的Simpson 指数分别为0.95、0.96和0.92,Shannon-Wiener指数分别为3.60、3.77和3.36;乔木层多样性有随干扰水平提高而增加的趋势,灌木层和草本层的变化趋势与总体多样性相似;各次生林类型总体多样性随干扰水平的变化存在差异,且乔木层、灌木层和草本层的多样性变化在各次生林类型中未呈一致的趋势,其中灌木层和草本层受干扰影响较大;自然(雪/风)干扰发生近3年后,受到不同程度影响的桦木林总体多样性差异不大, Simpson 指数分别为0.91、0.91和0.92,Shannon-Wiener指数分别为2.30、2.93和2.89;随着干扰水平提高,乔木层和灌木层多样性呈增加趋势,草本层多样性则变化不大.     

天童常绿阔叶林林窗的地形分布格局

为探究多维地形因素对林窗分布的影响,以天童20 hm²常绿阔叶林动态监测样地内的林窗为对象,结合地理信息系统软件,分析了林窗空隙率、林窗密度以及林窗面积在海拔、坡度、坡向、坡形、坡位5种地形因子下的分布格局.结果表明: 该样地林窗空隙率为13.1%,林窗密度为9.5个·hm^-2,林窗平均面积为137.82 m²;因高海拔台风干扰的强度较大,高海拔段(≥500 m)林窗的空隙率和密度显著大于中低海拔段(<500 m);台风带来的强降雨极易引起小范围滑坡,使得沟谷的林窗空隙率和密度显著大于侧坡,林窗平均面积显著大于侧坡和山脊.台风及其带来的强降雨是造成林窗在海拔及坡位梯度上具有显著性差异的主要原因.     

天童常绿阔叶林林窗的地形分布格局

为探究多维地形因素对林窗分布的影响,以天童20 hm²常绿阔叶林动态监测样地内的林窗为对象,结合地理信息系统软件,分析了林窗空隙率、林窗密度以及林窗面积在海拔、坡度、坡向、坡形、坡位5种地形因子下的分布格局.结果表明: 该样地林窗空隙率为13.1%,林窗密度为9.5个·hm^-2,林窗平均面积为137.82 m²;因高海拔台风干扰的强度较大,高海拔段(≥500 m)林窗的空隙率和密度显著大于中低海拔段(<500 m);台风带来的强降雨极易引起小范围滑坡,使得沟谷的林窗空隙率和密度显著大于侧坡,林窗平均面积显著大于侧坡和山脊.台风及其带来的强降雨是造成林窗在海拔及坡位梯度上具有显著性差异的主要原因.     

森林碳循环模型概述

森林碳循环是陆地碳循环研究的重要内容,碳循环模型是进行森林生态系统碳循环机理研究和碳通量估算的重要手段.本文在总结主要碳循环模型的基础上,将森林碳循环模型归纳为斑块尺度的森林碳循环模型和区域尺度的陆地碳循环模型两大类,并评述了各类型的代表性模型及其特点,最后指出了我国森林碳循环模型研究的未来发展方向.     

云南省哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林萌生现象的初步研究

在森林树木受到人为或自然破坏以后,残留植物体的萌生是一个普遍存在的现象。据Kauffman〔1〕和Khan〔2〕等人在热带地区的研究,通过萌生形成的植株与通过种子萌发形成的植株相比,前者具有更快的生长速度,而且通过其原有的强大根系,能更有效地利用土壤中的养分资源,同时对环境也具有更强的适应能力。这些都构成了萌生植株在生长上的优势,使其在种群竞争中处于有利的地位。由此可见,萌生过程在植被恢复和自然更新中起到了重要的作用。近年来,关于植被萌生的研究在国外已得到越来越多的重视〔3～8〕,而在国内至今还未见到这方面的正式报道。…     

基于机载激光雷达的中亚热带常绿阔叶林林窗特征

机载激光雷达(LiDAR)是一种新型主动式遥感技术,能直接获取多尺度高精度的冠层三维结构信息,将其推广到森林干扰生态学领域,可为林窗研究提供应用支撑.以湖南中亚热带常绿阔叶林为研究对象,利用小光斑LiDAR数据进行林窗识别和几何特征估测.选择合适的分辨率和内插方法生成冠层高程模型,采用计算机图形学方法估测林窗面积、边界木高度和形状指数,并进行野外观测验证.结果表明: 林窗识别率为94.8%,主要影响因素是林窗面积和林窗形成木类型;估测的林窗面积和边界木高与野外观测值呈较强线性相关,R²值分别为0.962和0.878,其中估测的林窗面积平均比野外观测值高19.9%,估测的林窗边界木高度平均比野外观测值低9.9%;区域内林窗密度为12.8个·hm^-2,占森林面积13.3%;林窗面积、边界木高和形状指数的平均值分别为85.06 m²、15.33 m和1.71,区域内多为较小面积、边缘效应不太显著的林窗.
     

河北省塞罕坝保护区天然植物群落数量分类

运用双向指示种(TWINSPAN)和除趋势典范对应分析(DCCA)等方法定量分析了河北省塞罕坝保护区天然植物群落分布与环境因子的关系.结果表明: 塞罕坝保护区天然植物群落可划分为8种类型,即地榆+异穗苔草+金莲花群落、地榆+老芒麦+毛蕊老鹳草群落、披针叶苔草+铁丝草群落、柔毛绣线菊-铁杆蒿群落、山杏+柔毛绣线菊-铁杆蒿+披针叶苔草群落、蒙古栎+硕桦-胡枝子+柔毛绣线菊-披针叶苔草群落、白桦+山杨-毛榛+山刺玫-糙苏+披针叶苔草+唐松草群落、云杉+白桦-山刺玫+河北柳-披针叶苔草+节节草群落;DCCA分析表明,坡位和土壤养分是影响塞罕坝保护区天然植物群落空间分布的主要因子.地形、空间和土壤因子解释了物种格局变异的34.02%,其中,土壤因子占15.67%,地形因子占10.05%,空间因子占6.00%.在各类因子间的交互作用(2.30%)中,土壤和地形因子的交互作用最大(0.93%),土壤、地形和空间因子三者的交互作用最小(0.16%).65.98%未能解释的部分,可能归因于未被选取的因子如种间的协同和竞争作用或者人为干扰.     

Effects of ecological factors on plant communities of Ziwuling Mountain, Shaanxi Province, China

This paper explores the relationships between environmental factors and community patterns. In 60 plots in the Malan Forest Region of the Loess Plateau, 17 variables were used as indicators of spatial position, soil and topography characteristics. Plant community types were analyzed by TWINSPAN (Two-way Indicator Species Analysis). Significant environmental factors were selected by forward selection and Monte Carlo tests. The relationship between communities and environmental factors was identified by DCCA (Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis). Partial CCA (Canonical Correspondence Analysis) partitioned observed compositional variation into components explained by environment, locality and covariation between them. The results showed that: (1) the plant communities can be divided into 13 types including 4 different successional stages. (2) Salt and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen are the significant factors related to plant community distribution at early stage. Elevation and humus thickness are the significant factors in the transitional stage. Elevation, slope, aspect, thickness of forest floor, humus thickness and pH are the significant factors for the sub-climax stage. Elevation, slope, aspect, pH and available phosphorus are the significant factors for the climax stage. (3) The ecological characters and the distribution patterns of plant communities in different successional stages are consistent with environmental gradients. (4) As succession proceeds, the impact of environmental conditions on plant communities increases, while the total influence of spatial location, and the interaction between the spatial location and environmental factors decrease.     

Effects of ecological factors on plant communities of Ziwuling Mountain, Shaanxi Province, China

This paper explores the relationships between environmental factors and community patterns. In 60 plots in the Malan Forest Region of the Loess Plateau, 17 variables were used as indicators of spatial position, soil and topography characteristics. Plant community types were analyzed by TWINSPAN (Two-way Indicator Species Analysis). Significant environmental factors were selected by forward selection and Monte Carlo tests. The relationship between communities and environmental factors was identified by DCCA (Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analysis). Partial CCA (Canonical Correspondence Analysis) partitioned observed compositional variation into components explained by environment, locality and covariation between them. The results showed that: (1) the plant communities can be divided into 13 types including 4 different successional stages. (2) Salt and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen are the significant factors related to plant community distribution at early stage. Elevation and humus thickness are the significant factors in the transitional stage. Elevation, slope, aspect, thickness of forest floor, humus thickness and pH are the significant factors for the sub-climax stage. Elevation, slope, aspect, pH and available phosphorus are the significant factors for the climax stage. (3) The ecological characters and the distribution patterns of plant communities in different successional stages are consistent with environmental gradients. (4) As succession proceeds, the impact of environmental conditions on plant communities increases, while the total influence of spatial location, and the interaction between the spatial location and environmental factors decrease.     

DCCA排序轴分类及其在关帝山八水沟植物群落生态梯度分析中的应用

首次在ＤＣＣＡ排序的基础上使用排序轴分类法（ＯＡＣ）,将其发展为一个新的典范分类方法,并应用这种方法对山西关帝山八水沟的植物群落进行了数量分类,共划分出５类,效果较好。方差分析与多重比较表明,环境与群落结构因子在不同群落之间存在较为显著的差异,表明ＤＣＣＡ排序轴分类法能较好地反映群落与环境的变异。因为ＤＣＣＡ排序轴分类同时结合了植被因子与环境因子,所以它能较好地表达植物群落的环境梯度和结构梯度,反     

薇甘菊对内伶仃岛植被危害的相关分析

对广东内伶仃岛群落受薇甘菊危害的植物种类分析表明,58种乔木、小乔木和灌木种不同程度地受薇甘菊的影响,约占样地中木本种类的67%;其中受薇甘菊影响最大的主要是小乔木和阳生性灌木.薇甘菊危害与群落类型的关系表现为,由5、6个优势种组成的结构复杂的具有较大郁蔽度的群落受薇甘菊的危害轻微,而仅由2个优势种组成结构简单且郁蔽度很小的群落受薇甘菊的危害较严重.薇甘菊危害与群落结构的相关分析表明,群落垂直高度越大、片层越丰富,群落中薇甘菊的盖度越小;群落物种越丰富,群落密度越大,个体受害比例越小;群落中其他藤本盖度越大,个体受薇甘菊危害的程度越高.     

张家口市坝上地区生态足迹初步研究

1　引　　言张家口市坝上地区是我国重要的农牧交错区 .长期以来在农牧交错区 ,由于人类对自然资源的强度利用 ,已经超过了生态系统的承载力 ,生态退化非常严重 .定量地计算农牧交错区生态系统承载力 ,确定其阈值 ,是生态保护和建设急需解决的问题 .加拿大生态经济学家ＷｉｌｌｉａｎＲｅｅｓ等提出的生态足迹的概念以及生态足迹、生态承载力的计算方法[2～ 4 ] ,为这一问题的解决 ,指出了简洁的思路和方法 .国内已介绍和进行区域研究[1,5,6 ] .本文应用该方法 ,以张家口市坝上地区为例 ,研究了农牧交错区的生态承载力阈值和人口容限值 ,提…     

Multivariate analysis of plant communities in the Narok district, Kenya: The influence of environmental factors and human disturbance

Species type in 42 samples was examined using ordination analysis to establish whether the vegetation pattern displays gradation due to environmental factors, and whether the pattern was being altered by human disturbance. The analysis displayed two patterns. First, the ordination on axis 1 demonstrated vegetation gradation from xeric communities on the plains to humid forests on the highland. This pattern is explained on the basis of moisture and nutrient variations. Vegetation vectors based on species presence-absence were correlated with average rainfall, carbon, nitrogen and zinc.The second was separation of disturbed and undisturbed forest and bushland site categories on axis 2 of the ordination space. This pattern suggests that disturbance response is interactive with moisture so that only in moist communities does a significant vegetation response to disturbance occur.     

Distribution,species diversity and life-form spectra of plant communities along an altitudinal gradient in the northern slopes of Qilianshan Mountains,Gansu, China

We studied the distribution pattern, species diversity and life-formspectra of plant communities along an altitudinal gradient in the mid-sectionofthe northern slopes of Qilianshan Mountains by means of multivariate analyses.Two data sets (167 species × 75 plots, 10 environmental variables ×75 plots), originated from the fieldworks in 1998–1999, were subjected toTWINSPAN and DCCA, resulting in 8 major plant communities: 1)Asterothamnus centraliasiaticus–Halogetonarachnoideus desert grassland on azonal substrates from 1450 to 1600m and 2) zonal Reaumuria soogorica desertgrassland on gravels from 1470 to 1900 m; 3) Stipaprzewalskii–Stipa purpurea montane grassland from 2200 to 2900m; 4) Polygonum viviparum alpine grasslandfrom 2900 to 3700 m; 5) Caraganastenophylla–Ajaniafruticulosa dry-warm shrubland from 2350 to 2800 m; 6)Sabina przewalskii mid-wet warm forest from 2700 to 3300m; 7) Picea crassifolia cold coniferousforestfrom 2450 to 3200 m; 8) Caragana jubatawet-cold alpine shrubland from 3100 to 3700 m. Species diversityand species richness of both grasslands and forests peaked at the intermediateportion of the elevational gradient. Evenness might be strongly influenced byeither biotic or abiotic factors at a local scale, while seems quiteindependentof an elevational gradient at landscape scales. Beta-diversity decreased from1500 to 3700 m, indicating that species turnover declined withincreased elevation. Both richness of life-form and total species richness in agiven altitudinal belt (gamma-diversity) peaked at intermediate elevations,while relative species richness of different life-form varied differently alongthe altitudinal gradient.     

祁连山北坡中段植物群落多样性的垂直分布格局

利用DCCA排序和海拔高程排序相结合的方法 ,对祁连山北坡中段植物群落物种多样性垂直分布格局进行了初步研究。结果表明 :1)植物群落草本层和灌木层物种丰富度和多样性在环境梯度上呈单峰曲线变化趋势 ,乔木层的物种丰富度和多样性在环境梯度上无变化。物种丰富度和多样性对环境梯度变化敏感程度的次序是草本层 >灌木层 >乔木层 ;2 )植物群落各层次均匀度在环境梯度上没有表现出一定的变化规律 ,均匀度可能更多地受制于群落自身动态的影响 ,而独立于生境的资源水平 ;3)草地群落物种多样性在DCCA环境梯度上曲线的拟合效果优于按海拔高程排序效果 ,灌木群落则相反 ;4)低海拔、中低海拔和中海拔地带的草本层物种丰富度和Shannon Wiener多样性指数 (H′)显著高于灌木层 (p <0 .0 1) ;高海拔地带草本层仅丰富度指数显著高于灌木层 (p <0 .0 5 )。在整个海拔范围内 ,草本层和灌木层的均匀度无显著差异。就资源的可利用性而言 ,研究区域植物群落物种多样性在垂直环境梯度上的变化规律表达了物种多样性与资源生产力的单调关系内涵。