半湿润常绿阔叶林次生演替阶段植物多样性和群落结构特征

以飒马场不同次生演潜阶段的半湿润常绿阔叶林为对象,测定物种丰富度、群落数量特征指标,分析植物多样性与群落结构特征之间的关系.结果表明,随着植物群落演替,物种丰富度不断增加,物种丰富度最高演替阶段的乔木层物种达到24个;植物多样性与植物个体密度间呈正相关关系;乔木层植物个体平均高与植物多样性间呈负相关关系;群落郁闭度和胸高断面积与植物多样性之间则呈对数函数关系.植物多样性与优势种个体密度和群落地上部分现存量间未呈现一致性规律.植物种-个体数间呈幂函数关系.随着植物多样性增加,种间竞争加剧.每个植物种为了维持临界最低种群,可能采取最大种群策略,导致群落植物个体数增加,密度增大,从而改变了群落结构特征.     

东北地区阔叶红松林的群落结构及其物种多样性比较

利用在长白山、小兴安岭、张广才岭设置的 9个样方的调查资料 ,对我国东北地区阔叶红松林的群落结构及其物种多样性进行了对比分析。结果表明 ,在 9个样方共记录到物种 137种 ,隶属于 5 3科 98属。利用TWINSPAN将 9个样方分为 3组 4个类型 ;同时 ,TWINSPAN还将 2 7个乔木种划分为 7个群落类型。不同样方的群落结构指标相差较大 ,这与群落所处的环境、地理位置以及年龄有关。平均胸径与立木密度之间呈幂函数关系 ,后者随前者增加而递减。群落结构特征之间存在显著的关系 ,但与物种丰富度的关系不显著。对于多样性(H′)和均匀度 (E)来说 ,一般有草本层 >灌木层 >乔木层的趋势 ;而在各自的取样面积内 ,物种丰富度 (S)差异不大。对所有调查区域内的植物而言 ,长白山的阔叶红松林在三地中拥有最高的丰富度 ,并且这主要来源于草本层和灌木层的贡献 ,乔木层的丰富度在三地并没有明显差异。     

兴隆山阴暗针叶林空间格局及其利用光能的对策

采用点-四分法和样方法观测了青杄Picae wilsonii林群落。以样点到四象限最近青杄植株距离与各自个体高度的比值之和,定义为开敞度。以此作为林下光水平的参量,从而定量地分析了它与下层植物的关系。群落空间格局与在利用光能时的调节性和互补性的功能作用相对应。青杄幼苗仅在高开敞度下生长;Shannon-Wiener种多样性指数随开敞度而增加。各个种群在光资源轴上不同分布的生态位重叠指数等多方面研究,证明种群分布对光照水平差异的选择性。     

山西霍山山核桃群落生态特征及其区系分析

应用样方法和无样方法调查霍山山核桃群落。计测了34种乔木植物的重要值;分析了种类组成、群落外貌、垂直结构等3个方面群落生态特征;统计分析了187种维管植物科、属组成及其生活型组成和分布区类型;并对23个样方调查中出现的26种乔木和20种灌木组成的23个群落进行了物种多样性和生态优势度的分析。阐明了山核桃群落和环境之间相互作用的规律。为群落经营和资源评价及其开发利用提供了依据。     

黄河中下游典型河岸带植物物种多样性及其对环境的响应

为维持河岸带生态系统的完整,对河岸带的物种多样性研究十分必要。本研究采用Braun-Blanquet多度等级划分标准结合样方法调查了黄河中下游典型河段河岸带植物群落物种多样性特征,并探讨其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:黄河中下游典型河段河岸带调查的52个群落样方中,共有36科78属86种植物,群落物种组成较为丰富,但优势种并不明显。单一群落样方中,物种组成简单,不同样方之间物种组成与多样性存在明显差异,其中,受干扰较重的样方物种多样性较低,表明研究区河岸带植物物种多样性深受人为干扰所造成的生境破碎的影响。冗余分析表明,海拔和至河流距离是黄河中下游河岸带植物多样性的重要影响因子。     

海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林60 ha大样地木本植物性别系统数量特征

热带山地雨林中植物不同性别系统的数量和空间分布特征如何? 是否受自然环境条件影响? 这些问题的回答有助于更深入理解群落物种多样性是如何形成的。本文以海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林60 ha大样地中胸径大于1 cm的木本植物为研究对象, 描述了样地内木本植物性别系统的数量特征, 分析了雌雄异株植物空间分布与地形因子的相关关系。结果表明: 大样地内289种木本种子植物中有两性花植物176种, 单性花植物113种; 在单性花植物中, 51种为雌雄同株, 62种为雌雄异株。单性花植物植株数占所有植株总数的36.2%; 雌雄异株植物植株数占所有植株总数的21.5%, 占单性花植物植株数的59.5%。在20 m × 20 m样方的空间尺度, 雌雄异株植物呈现聚集分布的物种共有31种。以20 m × 20 m样方为分析单元, 雌雄异株植物种类的性别比例与海拔、凹凸度和坡度呈弱正相关; 个体相对多度仅和海拔呈弱正相关, 与坡度和凹凸度无相关; 而3个性别系统多样性指数与海拔、凹凸度和坡度均无显著关联。可见雌雄异株植物在海南热带山地雨林中占据了较大的比例, 但大部分种类种群较小, 其数量分布特征与地形因素紧密相关, 雌雄异株植物的存在对群落物种多样性的形成有较大贡献。     

大丰麋鹿保护区不同生境梯度下滩涂湿地植被的群落特征

以江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区第三核心区内的滩涂湿地植被为对象,采用样线法结合样方法进行野外调查,并采用等级聚类分析、主成分分析(PCA)和Shannon-Wiener物种多样性、Simpson生态优势度、Pielou群落均匀度等指数分析群落特征。结果表明,34个样地共有植物5科11属11种,划分为5种群落类型,群落优势种明显,伴生种较少,种类组成单调,均为草本植物;从近海至近岸滩涂湿地植被的分布呈现出较为明显的规律性变化:互花米草群落→碱蓬群落→大穗结缕草群落→芦苇群落→白茅群落,其物种多样性、生态优势度和群落均匀度均较低,物种丰富度呈现出由低到高再降低的趋势;PCA和植物生理特性分析结果暗示,土壤盐分梯度是影响植物群落分布的主要因素。     

长期封育演替下典型草原植物群落生产力与多样性关系

封育是退化草地的重要恢复措施, 理解长期封育过程中草地群落生产力和植物多样性变化特征及两者间关系, 有助于草地植被的恢复管理与利用。该研究依托宁夏云雾山国家级自然保护区典型草原长期封育演替梯度, 选择持续放牧、封育9年、26年和34年的草地群落作为研究对象, 分析其地上生产力、物种多样性和功能多样性的变化特征及内在联系。结果表明, 封育显著提高典型草原植物群落的地上生产力、凋落物生物量、功能丰富度和功能离散度, 未改变草地群落的物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数和功能均匀度, 但Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数在长期封育(34年)后显著下降。此外, 封育对不同植物群落加权平均功能性状的影响存在差异。随机森林模型和方差分解结果显示, 群落加权平均功能性状对封育草地群落地上生产力变异的解释度高达70.70%, 其中植株高度是最主要的解释因子; 功能多样性的解释度为36.86%, 主要由功能丰富度贡献; 而物种多样性的解释度仅为14.72%。由此可见, 植物功能性状和功能多样性对草地群落地上生产力的贡献远高于物种多样性, 建议将其纳入植物群落恢复演替动态研究, 以便全面了解植物多样性与生态系统功能的关系, 为更好地实现生态恢复目标奠定基础。     

七姊妹山自然保护区黄杉林群落学特征

黄杉为国家Ⅱ级保护植物,是我国特有的第三纪孑遗的珍贵树种,主要分布在我国亚热带的中山地带。采用Braun-Blanquet的植物社会学调查方法并结合典型样方法对七姊妹山自然保护区的原生黄杉群落进行调查,并对其群落特征进行了分析。结果表明:在2300 m~2的调查样地,共有维管束植物52种,隶属24科38属,群落物种组成主要以杜鹃花科、豆科、五加科、壳斗科等种类为主;群落生活型组成分析显示,该黄杉群落高位芽植物占绝对优势,高位芽植物、地面芽植物占比分别为76.9%、13.5%,地上芽和地下芽植物较少,植物的生活型谱大致呈"L"型;群落重要值分析表明,黄杉重要值为53.6,占较大优势,是群落建群种,乌冈栎、石韦分别是灌木层及草本层的优势种,其重要值分别为24.0、54.8;该黄杉群落物种多样性指数整体较低,除均匀度指数外,优势度指数、多样性指数、丰富度指数总体表现出灌木层乔木层草本层,上坡山脊的规律;种群年龄结构分析表明,七姊妹山自然保护区黄杉种群年龄结构呈"L"型分布,属于增长型种群,在一定时间内,表明黄杉仍为该群落的优势种群,林窗的出现使该黄杉群落保持持续更新。     

Plant functional groups mediate effects of climate and soil factors on species richness and community biomass in grasslands of Mongolian Plateau

植物功能群在调控气候和土壤因子对蒙古高原草原群落物种丰富度和生物量影响中的作用 植物功能群组成主要受环境因素驱动,同时植物功能群组成也是影响草地生物多样性和生产力的主要因素之一。因此,理解植物功能群在调控环境因素对生态系统功能和生物多样性影响中可能发挥的作用至关重要。通过对蒙古高原草原65个样点的植物生物量和物种丰富度的调查,将157种多年生草本植物分为两种植物功能群(即禾草和杂类草)。通过随机森林模型和普通最小二乘回归,确定与植物功能群物种丰富度和地上生物量显著相关的环境因素(即干燥度、土壤总氮和pH),并利用结构方程模型探讨筛选出的环境因素与群落物种丰富度和生物量间的关系,以及植物功能群在驱动这种关系中发挥的作用。干燥度与禾草、杂类草以及整个群落的地上生物量和物种丰富度均呈显著的单峰关系。所有的物种丰富度和生物量指标均与土壤总氮和pH值显著相关。禾草在维持蒙古高原草原生态系统群落生物量中起着关键作用,并受气候因素的直接影响。而杂类草物种丰富度决定了群落总丰富度,并受到土壤因素直接的调控。因此,群落组成在调控环境因素对群落生物量和植物多样性的影响中起着关键作用。     

松嫩平原草原植被分类系统的探讨

 本文在对松嫩平原的草原植被作了全面调查,记录了760多个样方以及对生境,特别是土壤的一些主要因子做了分析的基础上,采用植物与生境和定性与定量相结合的方法;确定以植物种类组成(特别是生态种组)、群落相似性的数量指标和动态特征为依据的分类原则。划分了4个群目、12个群属和40个群丛,建立了三级的分类系统,并阐明各等级分类单位的特征,揭示了松嫩平原草原植物的组合规律及其与环境的关系。不同等级分类单位的相似和差异,体现了分类系统是一个有机的整体和调查区植被的连续性和间断性．此外,分类系统的高级分类单位与立地类型的对应关系,为草原的经营管理提供了依据。     

Diversity of phytophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomeloidea,Curculionoidea) in steppe communities in the forest-steppe of the High Trans-Volga region

A total of 551 species from 10 families of phytophagous beetles (superfamilies Chrysomeloidea and Curculionoidea) have been recorded in the steppe communities of the High Trans-Volga forest-steppe zone, 62% of which belong to the steppe landscape-geographic complex. The vast majority of the species belong to three families: Curculionidae (254 species; 46%), Chrysomelidae (186 species; 34%), and Apionidae (51 species; 9%). The regional steppe fauna has a complex arealogical structure combining the Western Scythian and Sarmatian elements, as well as relict species of the Angarian origin and some Eastern European ones. The highest diversity of phytophagous beetles is observed in the zonal meadow steppe communities (299 species; 54%). The most specific are the petrophilous steppe complexes which also include the greatest number of relict forms. Xerophilous Kazakhstan- Turanian species are mostly concentrated in the saline steppe communities of the southernmost forest-steppe zone. The species diversity is also high (249 species) in the open ruderal communities dominated by species characteristic of the pioneer stages of the steppe successions. Some steppe reservations include over 50% of the entire regional fauna of phytophagous beetles. The species diversity in the steppe localities decreases northward due to a gradual decrease in the number and proportion of the Scythian species: from 55% in the middle of the foreststeppe zone to 36% near its northern boundary. The species diversity of the slope communities in the forest-steppe zone is at least not lower than that in the similar areas of the steppe zone. The ratio of the number of Curculionoidea species to that of plant species is very high, reaching about 3: 4 in the model steppe localities of the High Trans-Volga forest-steppes, as compared to 1: 2 in the zonal steppe communities (according to the published data). The data considered confirm the significance of the forest-steppe zone as an important biodiversity center in the East European Plain and as a reservation of relicts of different origins.     

德国南部落叶阔叶林下常见植物的光适应性研究：—以德国Kraichtal地区落叶阔叶林为例

通过在13个样地中测定林下相对照度和多个植物物种的盖度指标,建立了林下相对照度与林下植盖度变化的相关关系,对德国南部落阔叶林下12种植物的光适应性进行了分析。结合植物的生态因子指示值和种在群落中的恒有度等生态指标,探讨了林下植物群落地位的形成原因。结果表明：1）在散射光条件下进行森林群落中的光照分布特征测定,能够降低光斑造成的干扰,获得相对稳定的光分布;2）在被研究的12个物种中,有9种植物在林下的分布与光照条件相关显,其中7种植物的盖度与相对照度之间具有正相关关系;2种植物具有负相关关系。其科3种植物的盖度与相对照度之间无显的线性相关;3）与光指示值相比,盖度与照度之间关系的定量分析能够更清楚地反映林下植被的光适应性,揭示植物的光生态幅特征;4）光适应性直接影响着林下植物的种间关系,也影响着物种的群落地位和作用。光生态幅广的植物,在群落中具有较强的适应能力,因此能够在多种群落类型中出现,表现出较高的恒有度值。     

Study on the Adaptation of Certain Species to Light Condition Under the Deciduous Broad-leaved Forests in Southern Germany?aTaking the Forest Communities in Kra ichtal,Germany as an Example

This study was conducted at the Kraichtal, southern Germany. Through the measurements of the relative illuminance under canopy and the coverage of many undergrowing species in 13 plots of forest communities, the correlation between the relative illuminance and the coverage of the species was calculated. The adaptation of 12 undergrowing species to light condition was determined based on the above calculation. Combining the indicator values of the species to ecological factors like light, humidity, temperature, acidity and nitrogen content in the soil with the constancy values of species in communities, the ranking order of undergrowing species in the communities was also examined. The results show: 1) In determining the light distribution in a forest community, scattered light condition is preferable because the interference from the drifting of light spots under the tree canopy can be reduced, and thus relatively stable distribution of light radiation can be obtained. 2) The distribution of 9 species, out of 12 species studied, was linearly correlated with the light condition under the canopy. For 7 of the 9 species, the correlation between the coverage of species and the relative illuminance was positive, and negative for 2 of them. For the other 3 species under the canopy the coverage was not correlated with the relative illuminance. 3) Compared with the light indicator values of species, the quantitative analysis of the relationships between species coverage and relative illuminance is more effective to reflect the adaptation of the species to light conditions under canopy and to reveal the ecological range of illuminance level of the species. 4) The relative adaptability of different species to light conditions directly affects the inter-specific relationships of the undergrowing species and may determine their ranking order in a community. The species with euphotic ecological range of illuminance level were easier to adapt to different light conditions under tree canopy and thus were able to exist in most forest community types with high constancy values.     

松嫩平原南部植物群落的分类和排序

 松嫩平原南部的气候具有温带半湿润大陆性的特点。地带性植被为草甸草原。由于小地形起伏,土壤盐碱和水分含量有差异,影响植物的分布和组合,形成不同的群落。本文采用定性和定量相结合的方法,对该地区的植物群落进行了分类和排序,划分了11个群落类型,归为5类生态组合。通过样地和群落的排序说明植被既是连续的,又是间断的,同时明显看出植物群落随着土壤盐碱和水分含量的变化。     

克氏针茅草原群落物种多样性与生物量关系对放牧强度的响应

放牧强度引起的草原植物群落物种多样性与地上生物量变化是近年来草地生态系统研究的热点问题。以内蒙古锡林郭勒克氏针茅草原为研究对象,探究植物群落结构特征、物种多样性与地上生物量之间相互关系及其对不同放牧强度的响应。结果表明：随着放牧强度的增加植物群落结构逐步向退化方向演替;植物群落高度逐渐降低（P<0.05）,密度逐渐增加（P<0.05）,盖度总体呈下降趋势（P<0.05）;植物群落和原有群落优势种地上生物量总体呈下降趋势（P<0.05）,而退化指示物种的地上生物量逐渐增加（P<0.05）;轻度、中度放牧条件下群落物种Margalef指数、Pielou指数、Simpson指数均显著高于重度放牧（P<0.05）;地上生物量与Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数和Pielou指数呈正相关关系,而与Simpson指数呈负相关关系。综上所述,克氏针茅草原植物群落结构和功能在不同放牧强度下产生不同的响应,适度放牧有利于提高群落物种多样性与生物量。     

短花针茅荒漠草原土壤微生物群落组成及结构

为详细了解内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原生态系统中土壤微生物群落组成与结构。对其土壤中微生物的总DNA提取后,采用高通量测序技术对土壤中细菌的16Sr DNA和真菌的ITS基因进行了序列测定,分析了短花针茅荒漠草原土壤中微生物群落结构特征。结果表明,共获得细菌OTUs13711个,真菌OTUs 5929个。物种分类显示,细菌种类隶属于29门57纲111目191科485属,其中优势类群为Gammaproteobacteria和Thermoleophilia,它们的相对丰度分别为32.68%和26.83%。真菌隶属于4门16纲45目78科105属,优势类群为Ascomycota和Basidiomycota,它们的相对丰度分别为35.76%和25.90%。土壤中细菌群落的多样性和丰富度均高于真菌。     

Fauna and population structure of springtails (Hexapoda,Collembola) in zonal forest-steppe biotopes of the Middle Volga River basin

A total of 92 springtail species were revealed in forest-steppe areas of the Privolzhskaya Lesostep nature reserve. The considerable part of the species (25–40%) are inhabitants of steppe and open sites with the predominance of soil forms. The specific features of the chernozem soil fauna are determined by the rare species occupying deep soil layers. In different forest-steppe biotopes, the springtail communities are similar in the species composition but differ in the structure. Steppe and forest types of communities were distinguished. When the steppe is forested, the most drastic changes in the collembolan population are revealed in the transitional shrub zone. The marginal community is characterized by the most even structure and a variable set of dominants.     

Patterns of zonal changes in the spatial structure of Orthopteran communities in the European steppe

Patterns of zonal changes in the species composition, diversity, and community structure of Orthoptera were studied along the latitudinal series of steppe types from meadow to desert steppe in European Russia. The maximum abundance of Orthoptera was recorded in the typical steppe, while the maximum species richness shifted to the southern dry steppe. Changes in the ecological preferences of orthopterans due to aridization are shown by the example of zonal communities. A gradual decline of the forest-steppe orthopteran complex and an increase in the number of semidesert and desert species are demonstrated. The changes in the species composition are accompanied by the intra-landscape shifts of areas with high species diversity. Most species in the meadow steppe occupy mesophytic habitats in depressions. In the typical and dry steppe, the species richness and abundance are restricted to habitats with zonal and xerophytic vegetation. In the desert steppe, the species diversity is the highest in dry habitats, including halophytic ones, where xerophilic and desert species predominate. The diversity and evenness indices increase in the northern and southern ecotones of the steppe zone.     

Characteristics of zonal distribution of the gamasid mites connected with small mammals and their nests in Western Siberia

Analysis of long-term data on the fauna, landscape distribution, and structure of communities of the gamasid mites (Acari:Parasitiformes:Mesostigmata) connected with small mammals and their nests in the plain part of Western Siberia is carried out. By now, presence of 249 gamasid mite species is established in the territory under study, including 193 free-living and 56 parasitic species. Gamasid mites are represented by the maximal number of species on small mammals and in thers nests in northern forest-steppe (102 and 105 species respectively). Nine parasitic species from two ecological groups (epizoic and nidicolous) were found in all landscape zones of the West Siberian Plain, namely: 1) epizoic species Laelaps clethrionomydis Lange, 1955, Laelaps hilaris C. L. Koch, 1836, and Hyperlaelaps arvalis Zachvatkin, 1948 (obligatory non-exclusive hematophagous); 2) nidicolous species Androlaelaps casalis Berlese, 1887 (obligatory non-exclusive hematophagous), Eulaelaps stabularis C. L. Koch, 1836, Haemogamasus nidiformnes Bregetova, 1955 (facultative hematophagous), Haemnogamnasus ambulans Thorell, 1872 (obligatory non-exclusive hematophagous), Hirstionyssus isabellinus Oudemans, 1913, and Hirstionyssus eusoricis Bregetova, 1956 (obligatory exclusive hematophagous). Last three species demonstrate the mixed type of parasitism. The population of gamasid mites on small mammals is most specific in tundra, southern forest-steppe and steppe; the fauna of gamasid mites in nests is most specific in southern forest-steppe and steppe.