蒙古莸叶片解剖结构的地理种源变异及其对环境变化响应的意义

长期受到生长环境影响而形成的遗传变异对植物生长发育有着显著的影响。叶片是植物对环境变化最敏感的器官, 了解叶片解剖结构在不同环境中产生的适应性变异是探索植物对环境适应的基础。同质园试验是研究遗传与环境因素对植物生长代谢等影响的一种有效方法, 该研究利用同质园试验排除了环境梯度的影响, 通过常规石蜡切片、多重比较、相关性分析、一般线性模型分析等方法, 对7个不同种源地的蒙古莸(Caryopteris mongholica)叶片解剖结构及其影响因素进行了定量比较。结果表明, 7个种源地的蒙古莸叶片均为等面叶, 无海绵组织分化, 其上表皮细胞较下表皮细胞厚, 上栅栏组织较下栅栏组织厚; 叶片各解剖结构参数间存在显著的自相关性, 不同种源叶片解剖结构存在显著差异: 随种源地年平均气温升高, 叶厚度、栅栏组织厚度呈增大趋势, 其中, 最西南部的阿左旗种源蒙古莸叶片的上下栅栏组织、叶厚度及叶片结构紧密度值均最大, 表现出明显的抗旱特征。种源地经纬度、气温、降水等对解剖结构指标有显著的影响, 其解释程度为34.09%-81.43%。同质园试验说明, 种源地气候差异驱动的遗传变异是引起不同种源叶片解剖结构差异的重要因素。     

蒙古莸叶片解剖结构的地理种源变异及其对环境变化响应的意义

长期受到生长环境影响而形成的遗传变异对植物生长发育有着显著的影响。叶片是植物对环境变化最敏感的器官,了解叶片解剖结构在不同环境中产生的适应性变异是探索植物对环境适应的基础。同质园试验是研究遗传与环境因素对植物生长代谢等影响的一种有效方法,该研究利用同质园试验排除了环境梯度的影响,通过常规石蜡切片、多重比较、相关性分析、一般线性模型分析等方法,对7个不同种源地的蒙古莸(Caryopteris mongholica)叶片解剖结构及其影响因素进行了定量比较。结果表明,7个种源地的蒙古莸叶片均为等面叶,无海绵组织分化,其上表皮细胞较下表皮细胞厚,上栅栏组织较下栅栏组织厚;叶片各解剖结构参数间存在显著的自相关性,不同种源叶片解剖结构存在显著差异:随种源地年平均气温升高,叶厚度、栅栏组织厚度呈增大趋势,其中,最西南部的阿左旗种源蒙古莸叶片的上下栅栏组织、叶厚度及叶片结构紧密度值均最大,表现出明显的抗旱特征。种源地经纬度、气温、降水等对解剖结构指标有显著的影响,其解释程度为34.09%–81.43%。同质园试验说明,种源地气候差异驱动的遗传变异是引起不同种源叶片解剖结构差异的重要因素。     

延安城区10种阔叶园林植物叶片结构及其抗旱性评价

利用石蜡切片法和指甲油印迹法,对延安城区10种阔叶园林植物叶片解剖结构——叶片厚度、上下表皮角质层厚度、上下表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、中脉厚度、维管束厚度、下表皮气孔密度、气孔长度、气孔宽度等进行测定,对栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度比、叶片结构紧实度、维管束厚度与叶脉厚度比等15个植物抗旱性指标进行分析,并运用方差分析和主成分分析,结合抗旱隶属函数法对物种间的抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明:(1)15个旱性指标在10种阔叶园林植物间差异显著,变异系数为19.34%～73.73%,均具有较高灵敏度。(2)10种植物叶片均具备抵抗干旱环境的解剖结构,表皮、角质层、栅栏组织、叶脉、维管束等较为发达,气孔主要分布在下表皮,国槐为等面叶,其余为异面叶。(3)叶片上下表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、维管束厚度、气孔密度可作为园林植物抗旱性综合评价的主要指标,10种阔叶园林植物的抗旱性大小顺序为:樱花>月季>红叶李>国槐>紫丁香>紫藤>爬山虎>丝绵木>连翘>紫叶小檗。     

介绍几种植物实验材料

(一)观察叶的结构和气孔的材料适于叶结构观察的植物有蚕豆、女贞、花生、丁香、石竹、山茶、海桐、桃、梅等,因这些植物叶片的栅栏组织与海绵组织分化明显,也易于徒手切片。有些植物如鸢尾科、石蒜科、百合科的一些植物的叶片与日光平行,在接近下表皮处都是栅栏组织,沉水植物叶肉不发达,无栅栏和海绵组织的分化,这些都     

湖南安息香属植物的叶片比较解剖学研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对湖南产安息香属10种植物叶表皮微形态和解剖结构进行了观察和测量。结果表明:(1)表皮均由单层细胞构成,细胞形状为多边形和无规则形,垂周壁式样为平直、弓形、波状;(2)气孔器大小及密度在种间的差异明显;(3)气孔外拱盖内缘主要为波状和浅波状,气孔器外围角质纹饰以越南安息香的鸟巢状和栓叶安息香的碗状为显著区别特征;(4)老鸹铃、垂珠花和白花龙的气孔器保卫细胞两极有"T"形加厚;(5)栓叶安息香和大果安息香叶上表皮由大型细胞组成;(6)叶肉分化为栅栏组织和海绵组织,二者的厚度及比值在种间有明显的差异,其中越南安息香栅栏组织分化为2层;(7)大果安息香和芬芳安息香的主脉维管组织构成一圈封闭的环状结构,而其他种则为开放的半圆形结构;(8)叶片及主脉的厚度在种间差异明显。安息香属植物的表皮微形态及解剖结构特征比较稳定,可作为种间鉴定和分类的重要依据。     

鼎湖山森林群落不同演替阶段优势种叶生态解剖特征研究

对南亚热带鼎湖山森林群落不同演替阶段8种优势树种进行了叶生态解剖学研究。观察的叶片解剖特征有：叶腹角质膜厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、叶背角质膜厚度及叶总厚度等。马尾松（Pinus massoniana)在针叶林群落和针阔叶混交林群落生境中,针阔叶混交林中叶片厚度变小,主脉管胞、树脂道平均直径变小。从针阔叶混交林演替阶段到季风常绿阔叶林演替阶段,锥栗（Castanopsis chinensis)叶片厚度、海绵组织厚度增加,栅栏组织厚度、P／S值（栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度比）减少;荷木（Schima superba)和黄果厚桂（Cryptocarya concinna)叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、叶腹及叶背角质膜厚度差异显著;从针阔叶混交林演替阶段到季风常绿阔叶林演替阶段,锥栗、荷木、黄果厚寺叶片厚度和栅栏组织厚度等差异均显著。不同生境下林内气温、相对湿度、光合有效辐射等小气候特征是叶片结构特征差异的主要影响因子,叶片结构差异反映了叶片结构在一定程度上对生境的适应。     

太湖不同污染区域荇菜叶的比较解剖研究

观察了太湖3个不同污染区域内荇菜[Nymphoides peltatum (Gmel.) O.Kuntze]叶的形态和结构.结果表明:污染重的贡湖地区荇菜叶片的栅栏组织和海绵组织基本不分化,薄壁细胞发达,细胞间隙小;苏州东太湖和西太湖2个污染较轻的采集点,荇菜叶片的叶肉栅栏组织和海绵组织明显分化,细胞间隙组织发达;3个地点叶片的维管组织逐渐退化.测量数据的统计分析表明:贡湖地区荇菜叶的叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度和海绵组织厚度等解剖参数与其他2个样点差异显著.而苏州东太湖与西太湖两个区域叶片解剖参数之间,除海绵组织厚度和下表皮厚度有差异外,其他参数无明显差异.     

不同倍性盾叶薯蓣营养器官解剖结构比较

运用石蜡切片法对三个倍性盾叶薯蓣营养器官的解剖结构进行比较研究。结果表明,不同倍性盾叶薯蓣的结构差异主要表现在叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、栅栏组织厚度/海绵组织厚度(P/S)、栅栏组织厚度/叶片厚度(P/L)、茎维管束中导管所占比例(VR)以及根状茎周皮厚度,其中栅栏组织厚度、P/S、P/L和VR在三倍体植株中表现最高,叶片厚度和周皮厚度则是四倍体植株表现最高,多倍体植株的表现总体优于二倍体植株。     

新疆四种补血草属植物叶片的解剖学研究

利用叶片离析法和石蜡切片法研究了补血草属4种植物叶片的形态结构。结果表明:(1)4种植物的叶片有许多共同的结构适应特征,表皮细胞排列紧密,表面有厚的角质层;气孔类型均为不等型,气孔位置为平置或略微下陷;上下表皮还具有多细胞构成的盐腺;栅栏组织发达,多为等面叶;存在粘液细胞和单宁细胞;机械组织和维管组织都不发达等。(2)不同种间有不同的结构适应特征,如表皮细胞的形状、大小、垂周壁饰样,气孔密度,盐腺密度,叶片厚度和栅栏组织厚度等。通过叶的结构特征反映出盐生植物与旱生植物的不同。     

栓皮栎叶片解剖结构种群变异及其对环境因子的适应

【目的】厘清天然广布树种栓皮栎叶片解剖结构的种群变异及其与环境因子的关系。【方法】以中国28个天然分布栓皮栎种群叶片为研究对象,用常规石蜡切片结合光学显微技术对栓皮栎叶片解剖性状进行研究,用巢式方差分析、Pearson相关性分析等方法对栓皮栎叶片解剖结构的种群变异与环境因子关系进行分析。【结果】(1)栓皮栎叶片解剖性状在28个种群间存在显著差异,平均变异系数为7.84%～15.16%,且同一叶片解剖性状在不同种群间的变异范围不同;(2)9个解剖性状在种群内及种群间均存在极显著差异,平均表型分化系数为37.44%,解剖性状变异主要来自种群内;(3)叶片厚度、上表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度与纬度呈显著正相关关系,年均气温及年降水量对上表皮厚度和栅栏组织厚度有显著影响。【结论】栓皮栎具有丰富的遗传多样性,为适应低温与干旱,栓皮栎叶片整体呈增厚趋势。研究结果为了解栓皮栎环境适应策略提供理论依据。     

在SO2、Cl2污染环境栽培抗性植物的试验研究

<正> 工业生产排放出的有害气体对大气的污染,不但影响人的健康,而且也影响工厂区的植物生长。植物种类不同,对有害气体反应也不一样。通过试验筛选一批对有害气体具有较强抗性的植物,用以绿化工矿区,不仅可保持环境美化,还可以适当减轻大气污染的危害程度。 筛选抗性植物的科学试验程序包括:现场调查,熏气室试验、现场盆栽试验和现场地栽观测。地栽观测的目的在于取得植物在低浓度、长期和高浓度、短期的大气污染条件下的抗性反应和绿化效应的试验资料。     

Putting plant resistance traits on the map: a test of the idea that plants are better defended at lower latitudes

? It has long been believed that plant species from the tropics have higher levels of traits associated with resistance to herbivores than do species from higher latitudes. A meta-analysis recently showed that the published literature does not support this theory. However, the idea has never been tested using data gathered with consistent methods from a wide range of latitudes. ? We quantified the relationship between latitude and a broad range of chemical and physical traits across 301 species from 75 sites world-wide. ? Six putative resistance traits, including tannins, the concentration of lipids (an indicator of oils, waxes and resins), and leaf toughness were greater in high-latitude species. Six traits, including cyanide production and the presence of spines, were unrelated to latitude. Only ash content (an indicator of inorganic substances such as calcium oxalates and phytoliths) and the properties of species with delayed greening were higher in the tropics. ? Our results do not support the hypothesis that tropical plants have higher levels of resistance traits than do plants from higher latitudes. If anything, plants have higher resistance toward the poles. The greater resistance traits of high-latitude species might be explained by the greater cost of losing a given amount of leaf tissue in low-productivity environments.     

Fungal endophytes of wild barley and their effects on Diuraphis noxia population development

Laboratory experiments were conducted to compare the expression of Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Homoptera: Aphididae) resistance in four plant introduction (PI) lines of wild barley (Hordeum) infected with different species or strains of endophytic fungi (tribe Balansieae, family Clavicipitaceae, Neotyphodium gen. nov. [formerly Acremonium]). Aphid densities were significantly lower on endophyte-infected plants of PI 314696 (H. bogdanii Wilensky) and PI 440420 (H. brevisubulatum subsp. violaceum (Boissier & Hohenacker)), compared with densities on endophyte-free plants of both PI lines in population growth experiments. This endophyte- associated resistance was the result of antibiosis effects or starvation. In other experiments, endophyte-free plants of PI 269406 and PI 440413 (H. bogdanii) were not superior to endophyte-infected conspecifics as host plants of D. noxia. Our results demonstrate the influence of host plant species/genotype and endophyte species/strain on expression of aphid resistance, provide an explanation of the high levels of D. noxia resistance in PI 314696 and PI 440420 previously reported in the literature, and underscore the potential importance of endophytic fungi in conferring insect resistance in wild barley.     

TISSUE CULTURE IN THE PRODUCTION OF NOVEL DISEASE-RESISTANT CROP PLANTS

1. Plant tissue cultures form the basis of a number of techniques which have been developed to effect genetic changes in plants. Progress is being made in the application of these techniques in breeding new, disease-resistant cultivars. 2. It is possible to induce and select for mutants among populations of cultured plant cells. Novel disease-resistant plants of a small number of species have been regenerated from cells selected in culture for their resistance to toxins produced by pathogens, both with and without prior exposure to mutagens. It is not known whether such procedures are widely applicable, and the nature of the genetic changes involved has not yet been determined. 3. The tissues of plant species which are propagated vegetatively are normally genetic mosaics with regard to many characteristics, including resistance to disease. Thus, some of the plants regenerated from cultured cells of such species are more resistant to pathogens than the parent plants. Novel plants produced in this way are already being used in some breeding programmes. 4. Many attempts have been made to modify the genomes of cultured plant cells by means of exogenous nucleic acids. The evidence for integration and replication of this genetic material is equivocal. The technique, therefore, offers no immediate prospects for the development of novel disease-resistant plants, but may be important in the long term as methods are perfected for using plasmids and other agents as carriers of useful genes. 5. Steady advances are being made in producing somatic hybrids of crop plants by fusion of isolated protoplasts. In the long term it may be possible to use protoplast fusion to transfer desirable disease-resistance traits between related species which cannot be hybridized by conventional breeding methods. 6. The culture of excised embryos may be used to grow interspecific and inter-generic hybrid plants in cases where incompatibility occurs after normal fertilization. The technique is already being used by breeders in the production of disease-resistant hybrids of crop species. 7. It is concluded that tissue culture has a limited but useful role to play in the development of novel disease-resistant crop plants.     

APHID DISTRIBUTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF GOLDENROD RESISTANCE

Although there is considerable evidence indicating that herbivory is detrimental to plant fitness, some recent studies of the evolution of plant resistance have concluded that insects do not impose selection on their host plants. A previously untested assumption that underlies most studies of the evolution of plant resistance is that insect distribution patterns are controlled directly by the effects of plant genotype on insect preference and performance. The experiments described here explicitly tested this assumption using the specialist herbivore Uroleucon tissoti (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its host plant Solidago altissima (Asteraceae). Measures of aphid preference and performance were used to predict aphid distribution patterns, and then the predicted distribution patterns were compared with the natural distribution pattern. Although goldenrod genotype had a strong effect on aphid distribution, aphid distribution was not controlled directly by the effect of goldenrod genotype on aphid preference and performance. Instead, a second experiment demonstrated that aphid and spittlebug (Philaenus spumarius and Lepyronia quadrangularis Homoptera: Cercopidae) distribution is controlled largely by genetic variation for resistance to a suite of “branch-causing” herbivores. These herbivores induce branching and aphids and spittlebugs are more abundant on branched plants than unbranched plants. These results indicate that any natural selection imposed by aphids and spittlebugs on goldenrod will depend on the presence or absence of branch-causing herbivores. Thus, selection for plant resistance may depend as much on the assemblage of insect species present as on the identity of each individual species.     

Transfer of transformed chloroplasts from Nicotiana tabacum to the Lycium barbarum plants

Plastid transformation is an attractive technology for obtaining crop plants with new useful characteristics and for fundamental researches of plastid functioning and nuclear-plastid interaction. The aim of our experiments was to obtain plants with Lycium barbarum nucleus and transformed Nicotiana tabacum plastids. Plastome of previously engineered transplastomic tobacco plants contains reporter uidA gene and selective aadA gene that confers resistance to antibiotics spectinomycin and streptomycin. Asymmetric somatic hybridization was performed for transferring transformed tobacco plastids from transplastomic tobacco plants into recipient L. barbarum wild type plants. Hybrid L. barbarum plants containing transformed tobacco plastome with active aadA and uidA genes were obtained as a result of the experiments. The work shows the possibility of obtaining transplastomic plants by transferring the transformed plastids to remote species by using somatic hybridization technology. The developed technique is especially effective for obtaining transplastomic plants that have low regeneration and transformation ability.     

木兰科植物的嫁接繁殖

本文对38种木兰科植物的嫁接繁殖进行了试验,全部嫁接成功,平均成活率为44．0％。不同属的木兰科植物之间有较大的亲和力,多数种可进行属间嫁接。嫁接时间和砧木选择是影响木兰科植物嫁接成活率的主要因素,嫁接方法对成活率也有一定的影响。木兰科植物的嫁接苗比实生苗具有更强的适应性和速生性。     

油菜的遗传转化及抗溴苯腈转基因油菜的获得

以油菜(Brassica napus L.)的下胚轴和子叶为转化受体,建立了油菜的高效转化系统。在此基础上,将抗除草剂溴苯腈基因(bxn基因)导入油菜,获得了抗溴苯腈转基因油菜。分子检测实验证明,转基因油菜中含有bxn基因。转基因油菜可抗高达10~(-3)mol/L的溴苯腈。     

Molecular epidemiology of plasmid mediated resistance to fosfomycin among bacteria isolated from different environments

In this report we present data on the dispersion of a gene responsible for the plasmid-mediated resistance to fosfomycin among bacteria isolated from four hospitals and seven geographically separated domestic sewage treatment plants. Colony hybridization experiments, using a 0.85 kbp DNA fragment which carried the fosfomycin resistance determinant, have shown that the gene was present in isolates from three hospitals and six sewage plants although with different incidence and that it is carried by species of Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus and Bacillus .     

IN-SITU SELECTION OF SUITABLE PLANTS FOR THE PHYTOREMEDIATION OF MULTI-METALS–CONTAMINATED SITES IN CENTRAL TAIWAN

Soils contaminated with metals are a serious problem in central Taiwan; 70% of the metals-contaminated soils in Taiwan are distributed there. We used soil turnover and dilution methods to reduce the total concentration of metals in soil, but this technique may be not suitable for other sites because of their shallow soil depths, which were less than 60 cm. Central Taiwan has the largest flower market in Taiwan and we propose that using local flower species to clean up the metals-contaminated soils is a feasible solution. A 1.3-ha area contaminated by multiple metals (As, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn) located in central Taiwan was selected for this large-area phytoremediation experiment. According to the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration project contract, in-situ selection experiments were conducted to select 12 potential species from 33 tested species for further large area experiment. After in-situ planting of 33 species of plants in the contaminated soil for 33 d, bougainvillea and cockscomb showed yellow-colored leaves and withered as the result of the toxicity of metals. Herbaceous plants can accumulate higher concentration of metals and have higher bioconcentration factor in relative to woody plants. Three weighting models of growth condition and the metal-accumulated concentration of plants growing in the site were evaluated and compared. Six woody plants and six herbaceous plants were selected as high potential metal accumulators for a further large-area experiment.